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An investigation of the distribution of dengue vector Aedes in the main urban areas of 129 counties (cities, districts) of Yunnan province, China
ZHOU Ke-mei, YANG Ming-dong, LAN Xue-mei, ZHENG Yu-ting, TANG Ye-rong, WU Chao, JIANG Jin-yong
Abstract374)      PDF (887KB)(1829)      
Objective To investigate mosquito in Yunnan province, China, as well as the population density, distribution, regional differences, and breeding habits of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in main urban areas. Methods Breteau index (BI) was used to investigate Aedes in the main urban areas of 129 counties, cities, and districts of Yunnan province, and all water containers in residential areas and special places (including park and green spaces in the urban area, recycling stations, tire collection stations, and hospitals) were checked. Water containers infested with larvae or pupae of Aedes vector were marked as positive, and the larvae in positive containers were collected and morphologically identified. Descriptive statistics was used to describe general information; the Chi-square test was used to investigate the difference in Aedes breeding sites between different areas and ecological environments, and the Chi-square test for trend was used to investigate the association between altitude and mosquito breeding density. Results Among the 129 counties, cities, and districts of Yunnan province, 71 (55.04%) were found to have Aedes vector, among which 68 (52.71%) were found to have Ae. albopictus alone and 3 (2.33%) were found to have both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. A total of 37 198 households were investigated, among which 1 068 households were positive for Aedes; a total of 167 206 water containers were found, among which 2 135 were positive, with a mean BI of 5.74, a house index of 2.87%, and a container index (CI) of 1.28%. Special places had significantly higher BI and CI than residential areas ( χ 2=4 509.220 and 128.591, both P<0.001). Tires were the most common type of water container and accounted for 44.84%, followed by other temporary containers (12.55%) and buckets (13.64%). Tires had the highest positive rate of 1.73%, followed by buckets (1.25%), other temporary containers (1.02%), waste bottles (0.95%), pool (0.59%), other permanent containers (0.56%), and vase (0.48%). In terms of water containers, Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture had the highest positive rate of 8.72% (583/6 689), followed by Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefecture (285/10 053, 2.83%), Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture (124/4 587, 2.70%), Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefecture (271/10 662, 2.54%), and Pu'er city (308/12 691, 2.43%). Among the 2 135 positive containers, 1 849 (86.60%) were found to have Ae. albopictus, 251 (11.76%) were found to have Ae. aegypti, and 35 (1.64%) were found to have both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti. The composition of Ae. aegypti was 79.66% in Mengla county, 67.03% in Ruili city, and 34.55% in Jinghong city, and there was a significant difference between them ( χ 2=28.194, P<0.001). The Chi-square test for trend showed a linear relationship between Aedes breeding rate and altitude ( χ 2=1 413.993, P<0.001), and Aedes breeding rate gradually decreased with the increase in altitude. Conclusion Ae. albopictus is widely distributed in Yunnan province and Ae. aegypti has become the dominant species in some areas. Special places have a higher breeding rate of Aedes than residential areas, and border regions tend to have a high mosquito density. The density of Aedes vector gradually decreases with the increase in altitude, and no Aedes breeding is observed in the places with an altitude above 2 000 m. Buckets, tires, and waste cans are the main contributors for Aedes breeding in residential areas, while tires and other waste containers are the main contributors for Aedes breeding in special places.
2021, 32 (2): 150-157.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.006
Reported cases of vector-borne diseases in China, 2005-2020: Epidemic trend, challenges in prevention and control, and related coping strategies
LIU Qi-yong
Abstract770)      PDF (3128KB)(1553)      
Objective To analyze the data of reported cases of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in China in 2005-2020, and to investigate the epidemic characteristics and trend of VBDs, challenges in prevention and control, and related coping strategies. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data of reported cases of VBDs in China in 2005-2020, and the challenges in prevention and control and related coping strategies were determined based on the epidemic characteristics of VBDs, current policies, and related literature domestic and abroad. Results A total of 905 092 cases of 14 VBDs were reported in China in 2005-2020, among which malaria, scrub typhus, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) accounted for 66.94%, the ten notifiable VBDs accounted for 76.01%. A total of 5 076 death cases were reported, among which the death cases due to Japanese encephalitis (JE), HFRS, severe fever with thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS), and malaria accounted for 93.26%. The incidence of VBDs fluctuated and decreased in 2005-2020. The number of cases showed two significant peaks in 2006 and 2014-2015. The Mann-Kendall trend test showed a significant trend of reduction in JE, malaria, typhus, and leptospirosis ( P<0.01) and a significant trend of increase in SFTS and scrub typhus ( P<0.01). At the same time, the incidence of VBDs showed marked seasonality with a peak in October. About 2 165 districts/counties reported VBDs annually, mainly in the east of the Heihe-Tengchong line. The Mann-Kendall trend test showed that the number of districts/counties reporting such cases tended to increase with no significance ( P=0.367). Over the past 16 years, the number of cases of vector-borne diseases tended to decrease in northeast China, while this number tended to increase in southwest China. Different diseases had different ages of onset, and the peak age of onset of VBDs was 20-44 years. The male population tended to have a higher incidence rate than the female population. Conclusion The number of cases of VBDs tends to decrease with fluctuation in China, but it still remains at a relatively high level, and the epidemic area tends to expand, with continuous increases in the incidence rate or mortality rate of some VBDs. As for the new challenges in the control of VBDs, it is necessary to implement related strategies and measures including the integrated vector management and sustainable vector management, so as to further reduce the morbidity and mortality of VBDs and achieve the targets and goals of Health China and Global Vector Control Strategies.
2022, 33 (1): 1-7.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.01.001
Epidemiological and cluster characteristics of dengue fever in Yunnan province, China, 2013-2020
WEI Chun, GUO Xiao-lian, YANG Rui, TANG Ye-rong, YUE Yu-juan, LIU Xiao-bo, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract322)      PDF (1445KB)(1526)      
Objective To investigate the epidemiological and spatial cluster characteristics of dengue fever in Yunnan province, China, and to provide evidence for the formulation and improvement of targeted prevention and control measures in future. Methods The data of dengue cases in Yunnan province from 2013 to 2020 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Software ArcMap 10.7 was used to plot the geographical distribution, and software SaTScan v9.3 was used to analyze the spatial clustering. Results A total of 14 031 dengue cases were reported in Yunnan province from 2013 to 2020, including 11 505 indigenous cases, 2 507 overseas imported cases, and 19 cases imported from other provinces. The epidemic showed a "zigzag" increase. The overall spatial scan statistics detected two class I clusters in Jinghong city (log-likelihood ratio[LLR]=22 647.97) and Ruili city (LLR=10 125.08), and two class II clusters in Mengla county (LLR=1 167.76) and Gengma county (LLR=1 061.22). Class I clusters were detected in 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019. The indigenous cases were found in 10 border counties. The overseas imported cases were mainly from southeast Asian countries and African countries, and Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos were the main source countries. The reported cases were mainly imported in the first half of the year and were mainly indigenous in the second half of the year. The number of cases began to increase in July, peaked in August to October, and began to decline in November. Among the 14 031 dengue cases, the male/female ratio was 1:0.88, and 79.78% of the cases were aged from 15 to 60 years. The top five occupations in terms of incidence were business services (20.95%), farmers (20.52%), unemployed people (11.17%), retired people (8.97%), and students (7.31%). Conclusion The situation of dengue fever in Yunnan province is serious. It is urgent to do a good job in the control and management of imported cases and the monitoring and control of vector Aedes, thus providing guarantee for sustainable control of dengue fever.
2021, 32 (6): 720-724.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.06.013
Study on the lethal rate of six active ingredients to Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana
TANG Li-ping, ZHU Jian, LIAO Guo-dong, WU Ying-hua
Abstract1169)      PDF (749KB)(1480)      
Objective To test and compare the speed of death of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana treated with six active ingredients, and to provide theoretical basis for consumers' experience. Methods Using the open square box method, 30 test insects were starved for one day had allowed access to cockroach baits containing each of the six effective components. The number of dead insects was counted at regular time intervals, and LT 50 and LT 95 were calculated according to the weighted linear regression method. Results Without other feed, the LT 50 for B. germanica was in the order of 0.5% dinotefuran>2.5% imidacloprid>1.5% propoxur>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.1% indoxacarb, and the order of the LT 50 for P. americana was 2.5% imidacloprid>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>1.5% propoxur>0.1% indoxacarb. The LT 95 for B. germanica was in the order of 0.5% dinotefuran>2.5% imidacloprid>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.1% indoxacarb>1.5% propoxur, and the LT 95 for P. americana was in the order of 0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.05% fipronil>0.1% indoxacarb>1.5% propoxur>2.5% imidacloprid. Dinotefuran had almost no toxic effect on P. americana. Cockroaches fed less on the diets of dinotefuran, imidacloprid and propoxur, which had a faster death rate in the early stage, and fed more on the diets of chlorpyrifos, fipronil and indoxacarb, which had a slower death rate in the early stage. Conclusion On the whole, cockroach baits with different active ingredients had different lethal rates to different species of cockroaches. Dinotefuran, imidacloprid and propoxur were quicker to kill B. germanica, while chlorpyrifos and fipronil were quicker to kill P. americana.
2022, 33 (3): 340-345.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.005
Development and application of a portable intelligent rodent tele-monitoring system
HUANG Qing-zhen, JIA Rui-zhong, WANG Xu, TIAN Zhi-bo, ZHU Qing-wei
Abstract276)      PDF (2255KB)(1239)      
Objective In order to overcome the disadvantages of traditional rodent monitoring methods which were labor-intensive, time-consuming, and of low accuracy, this article used a new portable and efficient electronic monitoring system to monitor the rodents in the target areas in real time. Methods In 2016-2017, the convolutional neural network recognition technology based on deep-learning artificial intelligence was used in laboratory to recognize rodent species and analyze and record their activities, habits, and numbers in the target areas. The system box was developed after continuous adjustment and improvement. In the field application test, a categorical data analysis was performed. Results The system had over 95.00% accuracy of rodent recognition, recording, and analysis and about 90.00% counting accuracy in laboratory, which could monitor the rodent activities within 50 m in diameter in real time with clear images. In the field application, the catching rate was significantly higher than that using sticky boards. Conclusion This portable monitoring system/box realizes the intelligent real-time rodent monitoring based on the local area network, which changes the traditional rodent monitoring methods and provides a digital and smart solution of rodent surveillance information.
2021, 32 (3): 344-347.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.03.017
Epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever and monitoring of Aedes vector mosquitoes in Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, China, 2013-2019
LIU Yong-hua, YIN Xiao-xiong, ZHANG Hai-lin, YANG Zhao-lan, DONG Chao-liang, CHEN Si-yu, GUO Zhao-sheng, LI Ping
Abstract451)      PDF (1089KB)(1223)      
Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever (DF) and the distribution characteristics of Aedes vector mosquitoes in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (Dehong prefecture) of Yunnan province, China in 2013-2019. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data of DF cases. Breteau index (BI) was used to monitor the density of Aedes larvae, and species identification was performed for the mosquitoes collected. Results A total of 4 974 confirmed DF cases were reported in Dehong prefecture in 2013-2019, with 2 504 (50.34%) imported cases and 2 470 (49.66%) indigenous cases. The mean annual incidence rate was 56.23/100 000, with the highest incidence rate of 112.61/100 000 in 2019. The prevalence of DF was observed in Ruili, Mangshi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, and Lianghe counties/cities of Dehong prefecture; the cases in Ruili accounted for 88.18% (4 386/4 974) of all cases in Dehong prefecture, with a mean annual incidence rate of 320.93/100 000 and an annual incidence rate as high as 661.45/100 000 in 2019; the cases in the other 4 counties/cities accounted for 11.82% (588/4 974). Imported cases from Myanmar were reported in each month, mainly from July to December, while indigenous cases only occurred from June to November, with a peak in September and October. The age of patients ranged from 5 months to 92 years, mainly 20-49 years, and the male/female ratio was 1.06:1. As for occupation, 41.86% were business service providers, 17.01% were engaged in housework or were unemployed, 11.58% were students, and 9.28% were farmers. Family clusters were observed in 403 households involving 992 cases in Ruili. As for mosquito density in Ruili in 2013-2019, BI was 10-45 from June to November and <5 in the other months. Among the 39 469 larvae collected in 2019, Ae. aegypti accounted for 47.80%, Ae. albopictus accounted for 29.25%, and other mosquito species accounted for 22.95%. Ae. aegypti was mainly distributed in Ruili city, Zhangfeng town of Longchuan county, Labang town of Yingjiang county, and Manghai and Zhefang towns of Mangshi city, and Ae. albopictus was widely distributed in Dehong prefecture. Conclusion Both imported and indigenous DF cases are reported in Dehong prefecture in 2013-2019, and imported cases from Myanmar are the main cause of local prevalence of DF in Dehong prefecture. The epidemic areas of DF in Dehong prefecture are consistent with the distribution of Ae. aegypti, and the seasonal distribution of DF cases is closely associated with the increase in mosquito density. Strengthening the surveillance and management of the cross-border transmission of DF along the Sino-Myanmar border and conducting regular mosquito control are the key measures to control DF in this region.
2021, 32 (2): 173-180.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.011
Distribution characteristics of plague epidemics in animals in natural plague foci of Hebei province, China
BAI Xue-wei, CHEN Yong-ming, NIU Yan-fen, WANG Hai-feng, YAN Dong, SHI Xian-ming, DU Guo-yi
Abstract376)      PDF (663KB)(1220)      
Objective To analyze the epizootic trend of animal plague in the natural plague foci of Hebei province, China, and to provide evidence for formulating the strategies for the prevention and control of plague in Hebei province. Methods The monitoring data of animal plague in the natural plague foci of Hebei province from 1950 to 2019 were analyzed using Excel 2007 and SPSS 19.0 softwares. The number of Yersinia pestis positive animals was described as constituent ratio. The distribution of different groups was compared by the χ 2 test. The seasonal distribution of animal plague was analyzed by concentration degree. Results The median interval of plague epizootics in the natural plague foci of Hebei province was 9.5 years. The epizootics had certain seasonality ( M=0.387), with a high frequency during October to November and then during April to May. Kangbao pasture (constituent ratio 73.13%) and Zhaoyanghe town (constituent ratio 26.12%) were the main epizootic areas. Meriones unguiculatus (constituent ratio 87.31%) was the main animal involved in the epizootics. The main vectors were Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi (constituent ratio 1.49%) and Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus (constituent ratio 1.49%). Among positive rodents, 92.25% were naturally dead rodents. The number of Y. pestis strains isolated from M. unguiculatus was significantly different between five rounds of plague epizootics ( χ 2=20.026, P<0.001). The average density of M. unguiculatus was 1.98/hm 2, the average flea index of body fleas was 1.12, and the average flea index of nest fleas was 3.19. Conclusion Plague epizootics in the natural plague foci of Hebei province show intermittent and relatively stable characteristics. In order to reduce the risk of animal plague, close attention should be paid to the density and parasitic flea index of M. unguiculatus, and measures should be taken timely to kill rodents and fleas in spring and autumn. At the same time, the searching for naturally dead rodents in historical epizootic areas should be strengthened to discover plague epizootics in time and prevent the spread of plague.
2021, 32 (3): 324-328.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.03.013
Ecological investigation of Aedes vector in 12 provinces of China in 2020-2021
LIU Xiao-bo, YUE Yu-juan, JIA Qing-chen, ZHAO Ning, GUO Yu-hong, ZHAO Chun-chun, LIANG Ying, WANG Jun, WU Hai-xia, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract488)      PDF (1214KB)(1207)      
Objective To analyze the ecological surveillance results of Aedes vector in 12 provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities) in China in 2020-2021, and to provide a scientific basis for risk assessment, prediction, early warning, and control of Aedes-borne diseases. Methods The surveillance data of larval and adult Aedes densities at the special investigation sites of Aedes vector in 12 provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities) in China were collected and statistically analyzed by SPSS 18.0 software. Results In 2020-2021, the mean Breteau index (BI) was >10.00 in Hainan, Zhejiang, and Hunan provinces and >5.00 in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi) and Yunnan, Henan, and Shandong provinces. The mean mosq-ovitrap index (MOI) was >5.00 in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, and Shandong. The mean net trap index was ≥2.00 mosquitoes/net·hour in Henan, Hubei, and Shandong and >1.00 mosquito/net·hour in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Fujian, and Hunan. There were no statistical differences in BI, MOI, and net trap index between class I provinces (Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, and Zhejiang) and other classes of provinces ( t=0.766, 1.030, and -0.745, all P>0.05). The mean BI in 2020-2021 was higher than that in 2017-2019 in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Shandong, but lower than that in the three years in other provinces. The Aedes vector was found to be active throughout the year at the investigation sites in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan, from March to December in Fujian, Zhejiang, and Hubei, and from April to November in Chongqing municipality, Shandong and Henan, and from April to December in Jiangxi. The results of BI and MOI were inconsistent in Yunnan, Guangxi, and Hubei. During the study period, the BI of Aedes vector was >5.00 in areas where dengue outbreaks and local cases occurred, and >10.00 in Ruili city in Yunnan, Cenxi city of Wuzhou in Guangxi, and Sanjiao town of Zhongshan in Guangdong; the net trap index in Cenxi city of Guangxi was >2.00 mosquitoes/net·hour. Conclusion In 2020-2021, the mean Aedes density in the provinces with local cases of dengue fever in China was high, with spatio-temporal heterogeneity among different regions. It is suggested that in the local transmission areas of dengue in China, it is necessary to adjust moderately annual surveillance periods, to continuously strengthen Aedes vector surveillance and risk assessment, and to systematically sort out the ecological investigation results of Aedes vector, so as to provide a scientific basis for the revision and improvement of Aedes vector surveillance scheme and the outbreak control of Aedes-borne diseases in China.
2022, 33 (1): 8-15.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.01.002
Catalogue of major invasive alien vectors and pathogens in China (2023 version)
LIANG Ying, XU Ye, YIN Ying-xuan, LI Xue-rong, MAO Fan-zhen, DAI Yang, LI Hong-yun, LI Chao, MA De-long, ZHOU Ruo-bing, WEI Xiao-hui, WANG Xiao-xu, JI Hao-qiang, YUE Yu-juan, HOU Xue-xin, LI Ming-hui, LI Zhen-jun, CAI Hui-ling, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract1268)      PDF (1007KB)(1182)      
Objective To formulate a catalogue of alien vectors and pathogenic organisms for early warning and effective prevention of alien species invasion. Methods The authors searched literature, online databases, and published catalogues for alien vectors and pathogens that can seriously threaten the health of human and animals and agricultural and ecological security. They were evaluated for the risk of invasion to China by using a suitable habitat prediction model and a comprehensive evaluation system of multiple indicators. Candidate species with the potential of invasion were included in this catalogue. Results A total of 304 alien species were screened out and listed in this catalogue for China, including 69 vectors and 235 pathogenic organisms. Among them, 275 species (47 vectors and 228 pathogens) had high probability of invading China. Conclusion This catalogue can be used as an early warning directory to prevent alien vectors and pathogenic organisms from invading China, which provides a reference for relevant departments to formulate preventive management strategies and measures.
2023, 34 (2): 129-136.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.02.001
Investigation of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses in some regions of Guizhou province, China, 2019
YAN Dong-ming, WANG Wen-zhou, WANG Xue-shuang, LIU Qiang, WU Xing-bin, ZHAO Ning, LIANG Wen-qin, ZHOU Jing-zhu, WANG Dan, WANG Jun, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract382)      PDF (1268KB)(1175)      
Objective To investigate the mosquito species and the distribution of mosquito-borne viruses in some regions of Guizhou province, China, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases in this area. Methods Mosquitoes collected with trapping lamps were identified, mosquito-borne viruses were identified by molecular biological methods, and a phylogenetic tree of virus strains was constructed using bioinformatics software. Results A total of 27 169 mosquitoes (9 species, 3 genera) were collected in Zhongchao town of Liping county and Yangchang town of Wudang district (Guiyang city) of Guizhou province in June 2019. The dominant species was Anopheles sinensis (13 712/27 169,50.47%), followed by Culex tritaeniorhynchus (12 444/27 169,45.80%) and other species (70/27 169,0.26%). A virus strain isolated from a mosquito sample (LK6110) from Zhongchao town was identified as Japanese encephalitis virus genotype Ⅲ (JEV Ⅲ). Conclusion In this investigation, Yangchang town was dominated by An. sinensis and Zhongchao town was dominated by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and JEV Ⅲ was isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Zhongchao town.
2021, 32 (4): 422-427.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.04.007
Advances and achievements in the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China,2012-2021
LIU Qi-yong, LIU Xiao-bo, CHANG Nan, ZHANG Lu
Abstract844)      PDF (1117KB)(1170)      
Objective To analyze the policies,strategies,techniques,actions,and achievements in the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China since 2012. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze and summarize the epidemiologic situation and challenges of vectors and vector-borne diseases,the surveillance of vectors,and the advances in the control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China in the past ten years.The Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the trend of the incidence rate of vector-borne diseases in the past decade using R 4.0.4 software. Results A series of policies,strategies,measures,and techniques were formulated and released for sustainable vector management in China in the past decade.The vector surveillance program in China had been continuously upgraded and improved,and a national vector surveillance network integrating ecology,etiology,and insecticide resistance had been established and improved.The number of national vector surveillance sites (1 097) in 2021 was increased by 54 times,and the funds input in national vector surveillance was increased by 127 times.Direct network reporting was realized for surveillance data,and there was a significant increase in the timely utilization rate of surveillance data,which provided better support for risk assessment,prediction and early warning,decision making,and control effect evaluation.The total annual incidence rate of vector-borne diseases in China in 2021(3.060/100 000) was reduced by 8.66% compared with that in 2007-2011(3.350/100 000),and the total annual mortality rate of vector-borne diseases in 2021(0.016/100 000) was reduced by 33.33% compared with that in 2007-2011(0.024/100 000).China had achieved the goal of malaria elimination and mitigated the accelerating increases in the incidence rates of dengue fever,scrub typhus,and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Conclusion In 2012-2021,leapfrog development has been achieved for the policies,strategies,techniques,and actions for the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China,and there are significant reductions in the incidence and mortality rates of vector-borne diseases.In view of the natural and social driving factors at present,the prevention and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases still face severe challenges,and therefore,it is urgent to further promote the strategies and measures for sustainable vector management,implement Global Vector Control Response 2017-2030,build proactive defense based on"reverse microbial etiology",so as to prevent and control major vector-borne diseases.
2022, 33 (5): 613-621.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.05.001
National surveillance report on rodent-borne pathogens of disease vectors in 2021
National Vector Surveillance System, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Abstract633)      PDF (892KB)(1085)      
In 2021, the national surveillance of rodent-borne pathogens of disease vectors had been started up, and a total of 123 prefectures were selected as national surveillance sites. Sampling was completed at 95 surveillance sites. A total of 17 910 rodent specimens were collected, and 16 891 of them were tested. The completion rate of pathogen detection was 94.31%. The overall infection rate of eight monitored rodent-borne pathogens around China was 2.43% (407/16 716) for Hantavirus, 0.02% (4/16 154) for Dabie bandavirus (i.e., severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus), 5.75% (624/10 850) for Leptospira interrogans, 0.11% (5/4 470) for Rickettsia mooseri, 0.05% (5/10 790) for Orientia tsutsugamushi, 2.39% (75/3 136) for Bartonella, and 0.04% (2/5 075) for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Francisella tularensis was not detected. More than ten species of rodents were found to be infected with different pathogens in 18 provinces across China. The infection rates of pathogens in rodents in southern regions were relatively high, and the positive rates of pathogens carried by various rodents differed. Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius were the species in which the most pathogens were detected.
2023, 34 (1): 1-8.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.01.001
Advances in the research and application of disease vector tropism
XIN Zheng, MA Hong-wei, WANG Dong, ZHANG Xiao
Abstract373)      PDF (549KB)(1084)      
Phototaxis, chromatics tropism, and chemotaxis are the main behavioral characteristics of disease vectors and play important roles in the life activities of vectors. At present, induced killing and repelling techniques based on tropism have been widely used in vector monitoring and control. With in-depth studies on tropism in recent years, various technologies are gradually improved and optimized and are developing along the direction of high efficiency, strong specificity, and environmental protection. This article reviews the data on the research and application of vector tropism published in the recent 20 years, summarizes the research advances in common tropisms of vectors and their application in the control of vectors such as mosquitoes, flies, rodents, and cockroaches, and points out current problems and shortcomings and the future prospects and directions of tropism research, in order to provide a reference for better application of vector tropism in prevention and control.
2021, 32 (2): 121-126.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.001
Anopheles vector control strategy and technology for eliminating the malaria in China
LIU Qi-yong, LIU Xiao-bo
Abstract434)      PDF (972KB)(1079)      

Malaria is a major vector-borne disease transmitted by the bite of Anopheles mosquito,which has caused a heavy disease, economical and social burden to China. After long-term effective malaria control and elimination actions,China was officially granted a malaria-free certification by the World Health Organization (WHO) in June 30, 2021. From "Eliminate the four pests to prevent diseases" initiated by the Patriotic Health Campaign Committee in the early years of the founding of the people’s Republic of China,to the integrated mosquito management strategy in the 1980s, to the sustainable vector management proposed in 2004,and then to Anopheles control of the epidemic spot in the stage of malaria elimination,the Anopheles control strategies and techniques in China have been evolved and innovated with stratified sustainable Anopheles control in the past 70 years,which has played a key role in malaria elimination in China. At present,there are still severe challenges and great pressure in controlling the risk of re-transmission caused by malaria importation and maintaining the malaria-free in China. It is necessary to continue to carry out sustainable control of Anopheles in China,and share the stratified sustainable Anopheles control strategies and practical experience for actively participating in the global action to eliminate malaria,so as to contribute Chinese efforts to realizing the vision of a Malaria-Free world and a community of common health for mankind.

2021, 32 (5): 513-518.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.05.002
Epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis in eight provinces and municipalities of northern China, 2005-2019
WANG Zhi-hui, LI Wen, GUO Yu-hong, YUE Yu-juan, WANG Jun, MA Xin-ran, XU Ming-fang, WU Hai-xia, LIU Qi-yong, MENG Feng-xia
Abstract332)      PDF (2138KB)(1073)      
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in eight provinces and municipalities of northern China (Gansu, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, and Liaoning) from 2005 to 2019, to investigate the pattern of the development of JE, and to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control of JE. Methods A descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed for JE cases in the above eight northern provinces and municipalities from 2005 to 2019, which were collected through the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and JE Surveillance Information Reporting and Management System. Results From 2005 to 2019, the mean annual incidence rate of JE was 0.14/100 000 and there were 390 deaths, with a case fatality rate of 7.25%. The distribution of JE expanded from 157 counties/districts in 2005 to 254 counties/districts in 2018. The number of cases from August to September accounted for 81.26% of all cases, and August and September were the peak periods for the onset of JE. The proportion of patients aged 0-14 years decreased from 54.55% in 2005 to 3.96% in 2019, and the proportion of patients aged ≥ 15 years increased from 45.18% in 2005 to 96.03% in 2019 ( χ 2 trend=998.524, P<0.001). Farmers, preschool and scattered children, and students accounted for 58.76%, 14.81%, and 12.38%, respectively. The proportion of farmers increased from 37.19% in 2005 to 79.21% in 2019. Conclusion The distribution of JE has expanded in the eight provinces and municipalities of northern China, and age distribution tilts toward high age. As for occupational composition, there is an increase in the proportion of farmers.
2021, 32 (2): 197-203.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.015
A collection directory and one new species of the genus Atrichopogon (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Jiangxi province, China
LIU Yang-qing, YU Yi-xin, CHEN Hai-ying
Abstract286)      PDF (1133KB)(1065)      
Objective To investigate the species and distribution of the genus Atrichopogon in Jiangxi province, China, and to provide basic data for the biological research of Atrichopogon in this area. Methods The netting and light trapping methods were used to collect midges from 2008 to 2017. Results A total of 16 species belonging to 5 subgenera from the genus Atrichopogon were identified. Atrichopogon formosanus, A. spartos, and A. pileolus were the widely distributed species in Jiangxi province. One new species from the genus Atrichopogon was reported, which was named as A. ( Psilokempia) ruijinensis, sp. nov., and its morphological characteristics were described. The type specimens of the new species were deposited at Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Nanchang 330038). Conclusion With the deepening of taxonomic research and investigation, more species from the genus Atrichopogon will be discovered in Jiangxi province.
2021, 32 (4): 461-463.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.04.015
Transovarial transmission of a new genotype Candidatus Rickettsia longicornii of spotted fever group Rickettsia in Haemaphysalis longicornis
LI Ji-xu, PIAO Wen, JIN Guang-jun
Abstract332)      PDF (613KB)(1059)      
Objective To investigate whether Haemaphysalis longicornis can transovarially transmit the spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) new genotype Candidatus Rickettsia longicornii. Methods Feeding H. longicornis was collected from cattle body surfaces and induced to oviposit in the laboratory. The polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the nucleic acid of Candidatus R. longicornii in tick eggs. The gene sequences of Candidatus R. longicornii in the mothers and eggs of H. longicornis were amplified. An analysis was performed on the homology and phylogenetic relationship. Results A total of 55 feeding H. longicornis (adult female ticks) were collected, among which 21 (38.18%) were positive for Candidatus R. longicornii according to the nucleic acid test. About 2 500 H. longicornis eggs were collected and divided into 50 groups, of which 6 groups were positive for Candidatus R. longicornii. The minimum infection rate was 0.24% in tick eggs. The homology analysis showed that the gene sequences of Candidatus R. longicornii from H. longicornis mothers and eggs had more than 99.79% homology with that of the tick-derived ROK-HL727 strain first found in South Korea. The Candidatus R. longicornii gene sequence homology between H. longicornis mothers and eggs was over 99.69%; the gene sequences were in the same branch and had close phylogenetic relationships with that of the ROK-HL727 strain. Conclusion The infection rate of H. longicornis mothers with the SFGR Candidatus R. longicornii genotype is relatively high, and the genotype can be transovarially transmitted.
2021, 32 (2): 139-143.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.004
Establishment and application of RT-hemi-nested PCR assay for detection of mosquito-borne alphaviruses
XUE Zhi-jing, ZHAO Ning, WANG Jun, SONG Xiu-ping, MENG Feng-xia, LIANG Wen-qin, ZHOU Jing-zhu, WANG Dan, ZHANG Zhong, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract307)      PDF (2981KB)(1055)      
Objective To establish a RT-hemi-nested PCR assay for laboratory detection of mosquito-borne alphaviruses based on the universal primers of mosquito-borne alphaviruses. Methods Three universal primers of mosquito-borne alphaviruses were designed in the conserved regions based on the whole genome sequence of alphaviruses in GenBank. The RT-hemi-nested PCR assay was established using the cDNAs of Sindbis virus (SINV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) as templates under optimized conditions; the sensitivity and specificity of this method were validated and mosquitoes collected in the field were tested. Results The sensitivity test results showed that the lowest detection limit of SINV and CHIKV was 3×10 3 and 3×10 4 copies/µl. The sensitivity test results showed that the RT-hemi-nested PCR was only able to amplify the alphavirus. The established method was used to detect mosquito specimens collected in the field. The results showed that mosquito-borne alphavirus was not detected in all samples . Conclusion The RT-hemi-nested PCR assay established in the study is highly specific and sensitive and can be used for epidemiological survey on alphavirus infection.
2021, 32 (2): 132-138.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.003
An investigation of the hosts, vectors, and pathogens of scrub typhus in Pinggu natural focus of Beijing, China
LI Gui-chang, WANG Yu-jiao, MU Qun-zheng, XIA Qing, LI Dong-mei, YUE Yu-juan, LU Liang, ZHAO Ning, LI Wen, SONG Xiu-ping, WANG Jun, WU Hai-xia, LI Xing-zhou, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract280)      PDF (6664KB)(1047)      
Objective To investigate the species of hosts and vectors, seasonal variation, and pathogen genotypes in the natural focus of scrub typhus in Pinggu district of Beijing, China through field investigation and laboratory study, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of scrub typhus. Methods Rat traps were placed in field every month for one year, and small mammals were captured to collect chigger mites on body surface and analyze the number, species composition, seasonal variation, and spatial distribution of chigger mites. The small mammals were dissected to collect the liver and the spleen and extract DNA from the tissue, and nested PCR amplification was used to detect the 56 kDa protein gene of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot). The genotype of Ot was determined by nucleic acid sequence alignment and the positive rate in small mammals was calculated. Results A total of 734 small mammals belonging to 7 species were captured from September 2018 to August 2019, among which Apodemus agrarius and Mus musculus accounted for 65.26% and 30.52%, respectively, and were the dominant species in Pinggu district. Three genotypes of Ot, i.e., Shimokoshi, Kawasaki, and Japan Gilliam, were detected in the liver and spleen of small mammals, among which Shimokoshi and Kawasaki were more common. The positive rate of Ot was 10.90% in small mammals. The positive rate of Ot was 14.86% in M. musculus and 9.30% in A. agrarius, and thus they were the main hosts in Pinggu district. A total of 31 321 chigger mites belonging to 10 species were collected on the body surface of the small mammals, and Leptotrombidium subpalpale, L. linhuaikongense, and L. scutellare accounted for 84.79%, 6.49%, and 3.63%, respectively. The seasonal variation of L. scutellare was generally consistent with that of scrub typhus cases, and thus L. scutellare might be the main vector in this epidemic focus. L. scutellare was only distributed in the mountainous area and the piedmont transitional zone of Pinggu district. Conclusion A. agrarius and M. musculus are the main hosts and L. scutellare is the main vector in the natural focus of scrub typhus in Pinggu district, and there are at least three genotypes of scrub typhus pathogens. This investigation clarifies the basic elements in the natural focus of scrub typhus in Pinggu district and provides a basis for the prevention and control of scrub typhus, but further studies are needed to investigate the vector effect of other species of chigger mites.
2021, 32 (3): 291-297.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.03.007
Gene polymorphisms of Bartonella species in small mammals in Maixiu National Forest Park in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
RAO Hua-xiang, YU Juan, LI Shou-jiang, SONG Xiu-ping, LI Dong-mei
Abstract261)      PDF (925KB)(1046)      
Objective To investigate the prevalence of Bartonella infection and gene polymorphisms of Bartonella in small mammals in Maixiu National Forest Park in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the control and prevention of local natural focal diseases. Methods The night trapping method was used to capture small mammals, whose liver and spleen tissues were collected and cultured for Bartonella isolation. The suspected positive colonies were confirmed using PCR amplification and sequencing of the citrate synthase ( gltA) gene. BLAST and MEGA 7.0 softwares were used to perform the nucleotide sequence homology comparison and phylogenetic analysis, and DnaSP 5.10 software was used to analyze the genetic diversity. Results A total of 21 rodents were captured, including 10 Cricetulus longicaudatus rodents, 6 Apodemus speciosus rodents, 4 Mus musculus rodents, and 1 Microtus oeconomus rodent. In addition, one small mammal of Soricidea, which belonged to Insectivora, was also captured. Except M. oeconomus, Bartonella was detected in all the other four species of small mammals, with an overall positive rate of 59.09% (13/22). Specifically, nine cases showed positive results in both the liver and spleen tissues, one showed positive results in the liver tissue alone, and three showed positive results in the spleen tissue alone. There was no statistical difference in the positive rate between liver and spleen tissues (45.45% vs 54.55%, P=0.625). The phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated Bartonella species were as follows: Bartonella grahamii (10 strains), B. taylorii (1 strain), B. khabarovsk (1 strain), and B. japonica (1 strain), among which B. grahamii was the dominant prevalent species with potential pathogenicity. In addition, the traceability analysis showed that the B. grahamii isolates from C. longicaudatus and M. musculus belonged to the same cluster as those from A. speciosus in Japan, and the B. grahamii isolates from A. speciosus belonged to the same cluster as those from Ochotona curzoniae in this area. The genetic diversity analysis showed that the nucleotide sequences in B. grahamii were quite different between various rodent species. There were 8 polymorphic loci in the 10 sequences, resulting in 3 haplotypes. The haplotype diversity (Hd) was 0.622±0.138; the average number of nucleotide differences (k) was 3.200, and the nucleotide diversity ( π) was 0.010. The fragment diversity was highest between 152 bp and 251 bp. Conclusion The small mammals in Maixiu National Forest Park have a high infection rate with Bartonella, and B. grahamii is the dominant species, which has genetic diversity and may cause human infection and diseases.
2021, 32 (4): 398-403.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.04.003
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