Objective To investigate the mosquito population, density and distribution in different habitats at Yunfu port in Guangdong province, and to provide the scientific evidence for controlling mosquito and vector - born infectious diseases. Methods Labour hour method, CDC light traps and mosquito magnet were taken for the survey of adult mosquitoes, scoop dipping method for the survey of larvaes and pupaes which would be identified after captured at the mosquito breeding site. The density of adult mosquitoes was obtained by monitoring mosquitoes with labour hour method in typical habitat. Results A total of 42 367 adult mosquitoes and 3680 larvaes were collected from May to November in 2011, which belong to 3 subfamily, 8 genera and 12 species. The dominant species are Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus successively. There were two peaks of adult mosquitoes density from May to November. The first is May and June, and the second is August. The biting activity of Ae. albopictus arised almost in one day, but the biting rate in the daytime was obviously higher than that at night. There were three biting peaks at one cycle. Conclusion It is the first time to obtain the original information of mosquito population at Yunfu port, which presented the mosquito population under natural conditions and would be useful to the ongoing survey and control of mosquitoes in the future.

【Abstract】 Objective To assess the killing efficacy of three  photosensitizers such as rose bengal（RB）, erythrosin B and  α-terthiophe to the fourth-instar larvae of Aedes albopictus in the laboratory and the field. Methods The number of dead larvae was recorded after application of RB, erythrosin B and α-terthiophen at different illumination conditions, and experimental parameters affecting photoinsecticidal was analyzed. The toxicity mechanism of RB, erythrosin B and α-terthiophen was studied by histochemistry method.  Results RB, erythrosin B and α-terthiophen showed less activity in dark .  The killing effect to larvae could reach 100% using 10 or 25 μg/ml RB and 100 or 150 μg/ml erythrosin B after exposed to 320×102 lx of light intensity generated by daylight lamp (100 W) for 6 h. The killing effect of α-terthiophen also achieved 100% at the concentration of 1 μg/ml after exposure to moderate or low intensity sunlight for 5 h. Erythrosin B and α-terthiophen was applied to control Ae.albopictus larvae in the clear water or muddy water of the field respectively. The result showed the killing rates of RB and α-terthiophen were 46% and 49% in the muddy water body, and 67% and 89% in the clear water body. However, that of α-terthiophen reached 98% in the above mentioned water body after continuously exposed to strong sunlight. Severe pathological damage of larvae caused by RB,erythrosin B and α-terthiophen were observed with optical microscopic. The damage were as follows: villus of midgut disappeared,  midgut cells swell and cell nucleus disappeared. Fat body widely distributed under the epidermis and the shape of malpighian tubes was abnormal and its lumens narrowed. Conclusion RB, erythrosin B and α-terthiophen are high?efficiency and applied photo-insecticides.

The calculation procedure of KT₅₀ of pesticides was conducted with SPSS 15.0, with a full explanation of the main outputs and detailed discussion of the issues that needs to be taken seriously in designing the experiment and processing the data.

The DNA barcode technology enables rapid, accurate detection and identification of species through the use of short standardized DNA fragments. This paper reviews the major research methods, advancing progress and current difficulties and controversies of DNA barcodes, the possibility of global adoption of this technology and the highlights in the DNA barcode research at the present, and analyzes the prospect of domestic application of this technology.

Objective To analyze the overall situation and development trends of professionals in pest control organization (PCO) in China. Methods The staff composition (including practice time, age and education background), training, remuneration and health insurance in this domestic industry were compared with the foreign counterparts. Results Professionals in China’s PCO had short practice time, wide-span age distribution, deficient experience, low educational level, unstable performance, poor remuneration and shortage of corresponding occupational health insurance, indicating significant difference with the same industry in foreign countries. Conclusion PCO professionals are the key to the development of an enterprise, or even the whole industry. Their quality is determinant of the industry’s overall service quality. With the overall improvement of the quality of PCO professionals in China, this industry will achieve rapid development and present a new image.

Aedes albopictus, also named “Asian Tiger” mosquito, is a common mosquito species in China. Ae. albopictus is an important vector for a large number of pathogens. In recent years, it has spread from Asia to at least 70 countries worldwide, among the world's top 100 animals that spread most rapidly over the past 20 years. The migration and spread of Ae. albopictus have drawn global attention. This paper aims to review the trend in global distribution and spread of Ae. albopictus from the perspectives of time and space and investigate the influence of its spread and the related control measures.

Dengue fever (DF), widely prevalent in the tropic and subtropic regions, is an important infectious disease transmitted by mosquito biting. With the global climatic warming and rapid development of the tourism and transport industry, the geographic distribution of Aedes aegypti as the major vector of DF virus has changed in China, with the variation of its ecological behaviors occurring in response to the measures long taken for mosquito control. Researches on the relationship between Aedes aegypti and the spreading of dengue virus have showed that both the horizontal and the vertical transmissions are the important patterns for Aedes aegypti to save dengue virus. Aedes aegypti is highly susceptible to dengue virus with a high rate of virus infection. This paper reviews the geographic distribution, ecological behaviors and relationship of Aedes aegypti with DF spreading in China.

【Abstract】 Cockroaches are the important vectors. The aim of our paper is to understand the biology and ecology of cockroaches, and analyze the present situation of the damage of cockroaches in China. The investigation finds that the invasive species Blattella germanica has become the dominant species and its damage was increasing in urban in China. A brief review is given on the development of the equipments and methods, their advantages and limitations in the control of cockroaches. Cockroaches also play an important role in the infection and allergy. The research and control of cockroaches in China started one century ago and cockroaches control was a long?term and arduous work as facing the challenge of pesticide resistance and pesticide pollution on environment.  It suggests that it should put the emphasis on environment improvement and chemical control to control cockroach, adding law and regulation control, pesticide control, biological control and genetic control, especially the rotational use of control equipment.

The An.anthropophagus density and malaria incidence were observed in the areas that were discontinued bednets impregnation with deltamethrin in Seng Qiao and Zao Wu town of Jing Shan County and Zao Shi town of Tian Men city.Average density of An.anthropophagus was 0.53 per net pretreatment,0 per net during treatment,0.029、0.056 and 0.28 per net respectively were observed in 1st、2nd、3rd year after discontinuing bednets impregnation.Malaria incidence was 51.17 per ten thousand before treatment,4.10 per ten thousand during treatment,4.63、14.55 and 9.50 per ten thousand respectively in 1st、2nd、3rd year after discontinuing treatment. An.anthropophagus density and malaria incidence were decreased very soon during bednets impregnation,but they rised again during discontinuing bednets impregnation year by year.

Objective To develop a diagnostic key with third-instar larvae of common flies for habitat investigation and fly larvae identification. Methods A retrieval table was constructed using systematic inductive method and illustrated using dendritic tree. Results The retrieval table included fly larvae of 26 species. All records were divided into two categories according to the existence of posterior process on the 8th abdominal segment. Larvae without posterior process on the 8th abdominal segment were further divided into two categories according to peritreme integrity. Conclusion The retrieval table is simple, intuitive, and easy to use. It can be applied in habitat investigation, monitoring of fly larvae, hygiene assessment, management for epidemic foci of vector-borne diseases, and forensic insect identification.

Objective To evaluate the impact Wenchuan earthquake exerted on vectors and vector-borne diseases and identify the species, density dynamics and ecologic patterns, providing scientific basis for the risk assessments of vector-borne diseases. Methods The density of vectors was monitored using such approaches as cage traps, light traps, visual observation and mist net capture, the species of mosquitoes and flies investigated. Results Low density of mosquitoes, flies, mice and fleas in the earthquake-stricken areas was identified, clearly below the reference indexes. However, high positive rates of larvae in stool were found. More than 800 mosquitoes and flies were captured, flies belonging to 42 species, 28 genera and 4 families and mosquitoes belonging to 5 species, 3 genera and 1 family. Helicophagella melanura, Mascina stabulans, Musca domestica, Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus were dominant species there. Conclusion Aggregate analysis revealed that vector control was effective and played a key role in preventing the occurrence of major epidemics after the earthquake. However, redundant and inadequate vector control was still noticed. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a long-term effective mechanism in conjunction with comprehensive responding teams for prompt emergency response.

At present, there are many methods for bacterial molecular typing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) is widely used as the“gold standard”for bacterial molecular typing due to its good repeatability and high resolution. Using PFGE for bacterial molecular typing and bacterial type differentiation, we can effectively monitor diseases, trace the source of infection, specify the route of infection, and determine the genetic characteristics of bacteria, thus providing a molecular biological basis for the prevention and control of bacterial diseases.

Objective To establish the method for the detection of host odor selection of fleas using the Y-tube olfactometer, and to learn the host selecting behaviors of Ctenocephalides felis felis, Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis between white rat and white mice, providing evidence for the study of flea host selection and the relationship of “fleas-host/human-diseases”. Methods With X. cheopis used as the test insect and Y-tube olfactometer as the test device, the effect of Y-tube wind speed, the arm-tube position of the Y-tube olfactometer and test room light on the flea host selection behaviors were studied. With this method, the host selection behaviors between rats and mice of C. felis felis, X. cheopis and L. segnis laboratory populations were measured. Results It was found that in the period of detection that lasted for 20 min there was no significant differences in the selection behaviors of X. cheopis when the air flow rate was 0.6-1.5 L/min, neither were the arm-tube position of the Y-tube olfactometer and the changes in light. C. felis felis was found to have significant selectivity for rats by the established method, while X. cheopis and L. segnis had no significantly different behavior response to the rats and mice. Conclusion The host selection behaviors of fleas can be measured with Y-tube olfactometer. Host selection behaviors are helpful in understanding their host specificity and in learning the correlation of “flea-host/human-diseases”.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the relationships of meteorological factors, animal host and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome （HFRS） incidence, and construct mathematical model for the forecast of HFRS. Methods Firstly, air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, sunshine duration and sunshine percentage were selected from all meteorological factors of Huludao city. Secondly, Pearson, Kendall and Spearman correlation analyses were used to describe the relationships among meteorological factors, animal host situation including rodent density and viral carriage of rodents and HFRS incidence. Thirdly, Bayesian discrimination analysis (BDA) was adopted to forecast HFRS incidence on the premise of meteorological factors and animal host formation as explanatory variables. Results There was the close relation between rodent density and annual HRFS incidence(r＝0.738, P＝0.000), and the rodent density was also influenced by sunshine duration, sunshine percentage and precipitation.  A positive correlation was found between rodent density and sunshine time(r＝0.494, P＝0.016), and the correlation between rodent density and precipitation was negative(r＝-0.350, P＝0.101). The step wise BDA and all variables discrimination analysis had all good effect on the forecasting of HFRS based on meteorological factors and animal host data. The accuracy rate of fitting and leave?one?out (LOO) cross-validation of stepwise BDA all reached 82.6%(19/23) , however, that of  fitting of all variables BDA was 90.9%(20/22) and 81.8%(18/22) for LOO cross-validation. For next year incidence prediction, the accuracy rates of fitting and LOO cross-validation step-wise were all 86.4%(19/22) for step-wise BDA, while for all variables BDA, its accuracy rate of fitting was 100%(21/21) and that of LOO cross-validation was 57.1%(12/21). Conclusion HFRS incidence was related to animal epidemic situation which was influenced by meteorological factors. Stepwise BDA offered useful information in the discrimination and forecasting of HFRS incidence, which had a good application in the future.

Foundation of China(No. 31060279)and the National Key Technology R & D Program(No. 2008BAI56B02) Abstract: DNA barcode is a diagnostic technique in which short DNA sequences can be used for species identification. In this article, the background knowledge and principles of DNA barcode were reviewed simply. Also illustrated application research on classification, identification and genetic diversity in species and some existed problems of DNA barcode.

Objective To screen highly attractive formulations to Musca domestica under simulated field conditions in order to determine the optimal bait that can be commercialized for fly density monitoring. Methods Two different bait formulations were used on fly traps in a simulated field to compare their attraction effects. Results After two rounds of screening, SA-8 baits (50 g stale fish gel, 100 g brown sugar and 100 g water) were remarkably superior over other compounds considering the capture rate and cost-effectiveness; its capture rate (36.95%) was higher than that of sugar-vinegar baits (12.64%) with significant difference (χ²＝214.35, P＜0.01). Conclusion SA-8 could be subject to the field test as a candidate bait for further verification of its attraction effect on M. domestica and other fly species.

【Abstract】 Objective To study medical mollusc in Beijing region.  Methods All medical molluscan specimens were collated and analyzed, which were collected from Beijing and deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, based on field work, literature, museum records and expert assistant.  Results A total of 29 important species of molluscs related to 48 kinds of parasites in Beijing region had been identified, which belonged to 10 families, 2 Class.  Conclusion Molluscs played a key role in transmitting parasitic diseases as intermediate host. There were no reports on medical molluscan diversity, distribution and its parasites in Beijing region for more than thirty years. This study showed that so many medical mollusc could survive in Beijing region and it should be paid more attention for department of public health management.