Objective To select palatable rodenticide baits, so as to provide support for reducing time invested and improving rodent control quality in large-scale rodent control activities. Methods Wax block baits, rice baits, corn baits, wheat baits, and peanut baits containing 0.005% brodifacoum were each paired up with a type of bait base (naturally dried peanuts) in a 1∶1 ratio. The baits were placed in a saturated manner. Bait consumption was monitored and recorded consecutively for seven consecutive days. Analysis of variance and bivariate correlation analysis were performed. Results The 7-day cumulative feeding coefficient (FC) was 0.57 for the peanut baits, indicating good palatability; 0.18 for the rice baits, 0.18 for the wax blocks, and 0.17 for the corn baits, indicating moderate palatability; and 0.10 for the wheat baits, indicating poor palatability. There were significant differences in the 7-day cumulative FC of different baits in paddy field ( F=25.340, P<0.001), residential area ( F=5.667, P=0.002) and forest habitat ( F=3.190, P=0.022), and the 7-day cumulative FC of peanut bait was the highest in the three habitats, which was 0.69, 0.54 and 0.49, respectively. The corn baits also showed good palatability in residential areas with a 7-day cumulative FC of 0.41. Conclusion Before starting construction at construction sites in the eastern coastal area of Shanghai, China, peanut baits containing brodifacoum can be used for large-scale rodent control work, which can improve the efficiency of rodent control.

Dengue fever, a vector-borne infectious disease caused by Dengue virus and transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes, has imposed a significant disease, economic, and social burden on both the global and China. Influenced by multi-dimensional driving factors including climate change, globalization, urbanization, and public health insecticide resistance, the risk of dengue transmission and outbreaks are escalating worldwide and in China. Currently, traditional surveillance and control technologies for Aedes vectors have already revealed certain limitations in preventing and controlling dengue. The research and development of innovative surveillance and control tools and products, as well as application technologies for Aedes vectors, are relatively insufficient, making it challenging to meet the demands of dengue prevention and control in the new era. In future, it is imperative to actively implement sustainable Aedes management, control Aedes vectors based on a graded response approach for dengue prevention, and comprehensively utilize various appropriate techniques. This will provide a solid foundation for the risk assessment, early warning, and scientific and precise prevention and control of dengue in China.

Objective To investigate the species composition, density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for developing effective mosquito control measures and forecasting and early warning of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Mosquito density was monitored by using the lamp trapping method in five types of habitats (urban residential areas, parks, hospitals, farmers’ houses, and livestock sheds) in Yancheng. The species composition, population density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes were analyzed. With SPSS 20.0 software, the Chi-square test was performed on the mosquito species composition ratios of different years and different habitats, analysis of variance was performed for different years, different species, and different habitats of mosquito densities, and trend analysis was performed for different years and different species of mosquito densities. Results From 2016 to 2023, a total of 132 432 female mosquitoes were caught in Yancheng, with an average density of 13.59 mosquitoes/light·night. Culex pipiens pallens/ quinquefasciatus, Anopheles sinensis, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were the top three mosquito species, accounting for 68.62%, 13.95%, and 12.09% of the total catches, respectively. There was a significant difference in the composition of mosquito species between different years ( χ ²=9 026.399, P<0.001). Mosquito density and trend changes differed significantly in different mosquito species (both P<0.001). By habitat, the highest mosquito density was in livestock sheds (28.37 mosquitoes/light·night), while the lowest mosquito density was in hospitals (7.84 mosquitoes/light·night), with significant differences in the species composition ratio and density of mosquitoes between habitats (both P<0.001). Seasonal fluctuations in mosquito density showed unimodal distributions for all habitats and for all species, peaking during June and September. Conclusions Cx. pipiens pallens/ quinquefasciatus, An. sinensis, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus are the dominant species in Yancheng. Livestock sheds and farmers’ houses are the key places and June to September is the key time for mosquito control. Specific mosquito control measures should be taken based on the population distribution, density change, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes.

Objective To analyze the changes in plague host animals and vector populations in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, so as to provide data support for plague prevention and control. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the distribution of plague hosts and vectors based on the surveillance data in Wenzhou from 2013 to 2022. The rates between groups were compared using the Chi-square test. The flea index distribution between groups was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The temporal trend of the flea index was determined using the Mann-Kendall trend test. The temporal trends of the flea infestation rate and small mammals capture rate were determined using the Cochran-Armitage trend test. Results From 2013 to 2022, a total of 37 851 small mammals were captured in Wenzhou, belonging to 15 species, 11 genera, 4 families, and 3 orders. The overall capture rate was 9.44 %. Suncus murinus (48.98 %), Rattus norvegicus (29.03 %), and R. tanezumi (9.32 %) were the dominant species. From 2013 to 2022, the capture rate of S. murinus showed an upward trend ( Z=-27.408, P<0.001), while the capture rates of R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi showed a downward trend (both P<0.001). A total of 17 144 small mammals were combed, and fleas were detected in 629 small mammals (3.67 %). The total number of fleas collected was 1 962, and the flea index was 0.11. The flea infestation rate between different small mammals was significantly different ( χ ²=875.254, P<0.001). A total of 33 761 animals were dissected, and no Yersinia pestis was detected and all negative for a total of 36 958 serum samples. Conclusions Epizootic plague in Wenzhou is at a resting state, but the risk of plague spread remains existing. It is necessary to further strengthen plague surveillance and emergency preparedness and response.

Objective To investigate vector density changes in the flood-stricken areas of Hebei Province, China, so as to provide a basis for vector control and the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases in a scientific and orderly manner. Methods The daily monitoring data on the density of mosquitoes, flies, and rodents were collected at 192 resettlement sites in 21 counties/cities/districts of 7 flood-stricken prefecture-level cities in Hebei Province from August to October 2023. The density of mosquitoes and flies was monitored through visual inspection, and the density of rodents was measured using the footprint tracking method. R 4.2.2 software was used to perform the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Friedman test, and Pearson correlation analysis. Results The average densities of mosquitoes, flies, and rodents of all the resettlement sites were 1.05 inds/labor hour, 0.45 inds/m ², and 0.037 tracks/2 000 m, respectively. The average mosquito density of the resettlement sites showed a slowly fluctuating downward trend, with the highest level on the 1st day of surveillance, reaching 1.97 inds/labor hour, which was lower than the reference level for mosquito control (10 inds/labor hour). The density of flies showed a slowly fluctuating downward trend, with the higher levels on the 1st day (0.71 inds/m ²) and the 25th day (1.00 inds/m ²) of surveillance, approximating or reaching the reference level for fly control (1 ind/m ²). The average rodent density showed a rapidly downward trend, with the peak on the 1 st day at 0.181 tracks/2 000 m, far lower than the rodent control reference level (5 tracks/2 000 m). Pest and rodent control work was completed for a total of 12 586 points covering 1 353 104 m ² of three types of habitats, including resettlement sites and their surroundings, toilets, and garbage points. In August 2023, there were 729 cases of vector-borne diseases in the flood-stricken areas, which were more than the cases in the same period of 2022 ( t=-1.429, P=0.002) and 2021 ( t=-0.929, P=0.119), similar to the number in the same period of 2020 ( t=-0.024, P=1.000), and more than the number in September 2023, the late stage of the flood disaster ( W=44.500, P=0.013). From August to September 2023, the local reported no case of mosquito-borne infectious diseases, 1 case of rodent-borne typhus, and 1 215 cases of fly-related diseases (can be mechanically carried and transmitted by flies) diseases such as the other infectious diarrhea and bacillary dysentery; and the number of daily cases was not correlated with the density of flies ( r=-0.195, P=0.146). Conclusions The density of mosquitoes, flies, and rodents was low at the resettlement sites of flood-stricken areas in Hebei Province in 2023. When the density exceeded the vector and rodent control reference levels, the implementation of emergency vector and rodent control effectively limited the density of vectors and rodents in the flood-stricken areas and prevented the outbreak of the related diseases.

Objective To investigate the resistance levels of Blattella germanica to five commonly used insecticides in Zhejiang Province, China, so as to provide a basis for rational use of insecticides and scientific control of cockroaches. Methods From 2017 to 2022, field population of B. germanica were collected in different surveillance areas of Zhejiang Province in different years. The resistance of B. germanica to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, acephate, dichlorvos, and propoxur was measured by using the residual film method with a conical flask. The median knockdown time and resistance ratio (RR) were calculated using a probit regression model. Results From 2017 to 2022, the overall resistance of B. germanica to pyrethroid insecticides was relatively high in Zhejiang Province. The RR for beta-cypermethrin was 11.49 in Jinhua in 2022, 6.48 in Shaoxing in 2021, 16.00 in Wenzhou in 2018, and 6.87 in Lishui in 2018, indicating medium-to-high resistance levels. The RR for deltamethrin was 8.66 in Quzhou in 2020, 10.20 in Wenzhou in 2017, 11.66 in Jinhua in 2018, and 7.58 in Lishui in 2018, showing medium-to-high resistance levels. The RR for dichlorvos was 7.86 in Jinhua in 2022, 7.33 in Shaoxing in 2021, and 7.05 in Wenzhou in 2017, showing medium resistance levels. In general, B. germanica was sensitive or lowly resistant to acephate and propoxur in Zhejiang Province. B. germanica developed from sensitive to lowly resistant to propoxur in Ningbo since 2020, developed moderately resistant to deltamethrin in Quzhou since 2020, and developed from sensitive to moderately or lowly resistant to both pyrethroids and dichlorvos from 2018 to 2021. In 2022, insecticide resistance levels were higher in Jinhua, with high resistance to beta-cypermethrin, medium resistance to deltamethrin (RR=8.87) and dichlorvos (RR=7.86), and low resistance to propoxur (RR=2.36) and acephate (RR=1.16). Conclusions B. germanica cockroaches in Zhejiang Province are highly resistant to pyrethroid insecticides, with certain resistance to other insecticides. Future control strategies should choose appropriate insecticides according to the resistance of B. germanica.

Objective To investigate and analyze the changes in tick density by time, region, host animal, and habitat based on tick surveillance results in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China from 2017 to 2019, so as to provide a basis for developing tick prevention and control measures. Methods At six surveillance sites set in Shaoxing, the parasitic ticks were monitored by animal body surface inspection, and the questing ticks were monitored using the drag-flag method. Descriptive statistical analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results For parasitic ticks, the average tick index in Shaoxing from 2017 to 2019 was 0.53; by month, the highest tick index was 0.78 in September, and the lowest was 0.03 in March; by host animal, goats had the highest tick index (0.77), followed by rural dogs (0.21); and by region, the tick index in Shangyu District was the highest (1.59), while no ticks were detected in Yuecheng District. For questing ticks, the average density was 0.90 ticks/flag·100 m; by month, the highest density was 1.63 ticks/flag·100 m in September, and the lowest density was 0.10 ticks/flag·100 m in March; by habitat, the highest density was 6.57 ticks/flag·100 m on rural sloped grassland, followed by 0.09 ticks/flag·100 m around rural natural villages; and by region, the highest densities were in Shangyu District (5.67 ticks/flag·100 m) and Shengzhou (0.02 ticks/flag·100 m). Conclusions In Shaoxing, the density of questing ticks was highest in rural sloped grassland, and the density of parasitic ticks was highest on goats. In the areas with a high incidence of tick-borne diseases, targeted tick control measures should be taken based on the results of surveillance.

Objective To investigate Hantavirus infection and genotype characteristics in small mammals in Anhui Province, China. Methods From September 2021 to December 2022, small mammal specimens were collected in Anhui Province in accordance with the National Biovector Etiology Surveillance Program ( Trial). Hantavirus nucleic acid of small mammal’s lung specimens were detected by reverse transcription real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR, and for positive samples, full-length amplification, sequencing, and sequence analysis of the S fragment were conducted. Results A total of 4 075 specimens of 8 species of samll mammals were examined in 16 cities of Anhui Province. The dominant species were Rattus norvegicus (32.15%), Mus musculus (21.87%), R. tanezumi (21.72%), and Apodemus agrarius (20.86%). The positive rate of hantaviral nucleic acids was 1.47% (60/4 075), including Hantaan virus (HNTV) and Seoul virus (SEOV). From the 60 positive samples, 19 S sequences were obtained by cross-species PCR amplification. Genetic evolution analysis showed that HNTV was H5 and SEOV was S3 subtypes, respectively. The similarity of the nucleotide sequences was 72.00% to 100% and that of amino acid sequences was 83.00% to 100%, respectively. Conclusions HNTV and SEOV infections were present in small mammals in Anhui Province. It is necessary to strengthen Hantavirus surveillance in small mammals to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.

Objective To investigate changes in the density, infestation rate, and insecticide resistance of Blattella germanica in Nanjing, China, so as to provide a theoretical basis for scientific and rational use of insecticides. Methods From 2012 to 2022, the density and infestation rate of B. germanica were monitored in the 12 districts of Nanjing, and the resistance of the samples to propoxur, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, acephate, and chlorpyrifos was tested by using the residual film method. The data were processed using the Probit module of SPSS 22.0 software. Spearman’s rank correlation analysis was conducted to correlate year with density, infestation rate, and resistance ratio. Results From 2012 to 2022, the densities of cockroaches were 1.01, 1.62, 2.17, 1.36, 1.21, 0.77, 0.58, 0.39, 0.39, 0.29, and 0.24 individuals/trap, respectively; and the infestation rates were 20.79%, 28.80%, 32.45%, 28.89%, 17.31%, 10.92%, 6.73%, 5.64%, 4.67%, 5.00%, and 3.36%, respectively. The density and infestation rate reached their peaks both in 2014, and decline since 2015, showing significant negative correlations between the year of investigation and the density and infestation rate ( ρ=-0.897, P<0.001; ρ=-0.909, P<0.001). Propoxur resistance commenced at a low level in 2015, and the resistance ratio peaked at 4.73 in 2020, showing a significant positive correlation between the year and the resistance ratio ( ρ=0.929, P=0.003). Beta-cypermethrin resistance increased to a medium to high level since 2015, and the resistance ratio reached the peak of 40.53 in 2020, showing a significant positive correlation between the year and the resistance ratio ( ρ=0.821, P=0.023). Deltamethrin resistance increased to medium to high or even to extremely high levels since 2015, with no significant correlation between the year and the resistance ratio ( ρ=0.714, P=0.111). The levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos and acephate were low in general, with no significant correlation between the year and the resistance ratio ( ρ=-0.003, P=0.624; ρ=-0.771, P=0.072). Conclusions From 2012 to 2022, the density and infestation rate of B. germanica in Nanjing showed a downward trend, while the resistance to propoxur and beta-cypermethrin increased. The increasing resistance of B. germanica may lead to a rebound in its density and infestation rate, which should be paid more attention to.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a device called “rodent station” for rodent monitoring and control in farmland. Methods This device was placed on the field ridge of Nanfan Breeding Base in Yazhou District, Sanya, Hainan Province, China. The feasibility of the device for rodent surveillance was determined by using the built-in snap traps to monitor rodent density at night. Its efficacy for farmland rodent control was tested through bait feeding method. The palatability of base baits for rodent control was tested by selective feeding. Results From September to December in 2023, a total of 91 small mammals were captured in the four catches, including Rattus losea, R. tanezumi, R. norvegicus, and Mus musculus (in the order of the number of catches from large to low). The capture rate of four catches were 8.75%, 8.33%, 7.50%, and 4.58%, respectively, with 47.66% of efficacy against rodent. The selective feeding results showed that rodents preferred paddy, corn grits, corn flour, and rice from most to least. Conclusion The “rodent station” can be used as a tool to monitor and control rodent density in farmland and other outdoor environments, although the operation method needs to be improved.

Objective To investigate the species composition, density, habitat distribution, and seasonal fluctuations of fly in Hebei Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for fly control in Hebei Province. Methods From April to November in 2011 to 2023, fly density was monitored using cage traps with sugar-vinegar baits at four types of habitats (farmers' markets, catering surroundings, green belts, and residential areas) in the fly surveillance areas of 17 cities and counties. WPS Excel 11.1.0.11045 and R 4.2.2 softwares were used to process the data. The species composition of fly was analyzed and fly density and fluctuations between different species were compared in different years, months, habitats and regions by using the Chi-square test, t-test, analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Friedman test. Results From 2011 to 2023, a total of 9 349 cages were placed in Hebei Province, trapping a total of 42 647 flies, with an average density of 4.56 flies/cage. The dominant populations were Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Sarcophagidae flies, and Lucilia sericata, accounting for 52.91%, 13.46%, 9.26%, and 5.54% of the total catches, respectively. In 2019-2023, the total density of flies in Hebei Province showed a downward trend. Fly total density showed a single peak in August at a density of 7.25 flies/cage, and the unimodal pattern occurred in all habitats, with peaks in July to August. Among the four types of habitats, the density of flies in farmers' markets was highest, reaching 6.13 flies/cage, followed by residential areas, green belts, and catering surroundings, showing a significant difference in fly density between different habitats ( Q=26.012, P<0.001). Fly density was highest in farmers' markets from 2011 to 2020 and highest in green belts from 2021 to 2023, with a significant difference in annual density fluctuation between different habitats ( F=15.541, P<0.001). The average fly density in southern Hebei was 5.88 flies/cage, while that in the northern region was 3.98 flies/cage, which were significantly different ( t=-3.055, P=0.009). Conclusions The focus of fly control in Hebei Province should be on Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Sarcophagidae flies, and L. sericata and in farmers' markets. In recent years, the density of flies in green belts has increased. The peak period of fly activity is from July to August. The control measures should be taken before the peak period according to the law of fly activity in different regions of Hebei Province.

Objective To analyze the monitoring data on the dengue vector Aedes albopictus and find out the breeding environment of Aedes mesquito in Shanxi Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for the risk assessment, prediction and early warning, and prevention and control of dengue fever. Methods Ecological data of dengue vector Ae. albopictus were collected from five surveillance sites in Shanxi Province from June to September of 2015 to 2021. The Breteau index (BI), container index (CI), and house index (HI) were used for analysis. Chi-square test and analysis of variance were used to compare mosquito seasonality, the type of standing water, and mosquito breeding site at the five surveillance sites in different years. Results For Ae. albopictus in Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2021, the total BI was 4.48, CI was 3.30, and HI was 4.24. There was no significant difference in the BI values of different years ( F=0.613, P=0.719). There were significant differences in CI ( χ ²=21.218, P=0.002) and HI ( χ ²=72.243, P<0.001) among different years. Among stagnant water types, the number of unused containers (bowls, bottles, tanks, and jars) was the largest, accounting for 41.18%. By monitored habitat, the mean annual BI of waste tires was highest (13.37), and by breeding site, the positive rate of tires/waste tires was highest (5.64%). The density of Ae. albopictus mainly peaked in July to August, with the highest BI being 15.35 in Yaodu District in August. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the management of waste tires and water containers, especially in July and August, and knowledge popularization about mosquito prevention and control, so as to prevent the local transmission of dengue fever.

Objective To analyze the seasonal fluctuation and distribution in different habitats of Culex pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus in Changsha, Hunan Province, China from 2017 to 2022, so as to provide a scientific basis for the control of Cx. pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus and mosquito-borne infectious diseases in Changsha. Methods According to the National Vector Surveillance Program, Cx. pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus mosquitoes were obtained using the light trap method in urban residential areas, parks, hospitals, residential houses, and pig pens from April to November of 2017 to 2022. The mosquito population density, seasonal fluctuation, and distribution were analyzed. The mosquito density of different years was compared through analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a completely randomized design, and mosquito density in different months and different habitats was analyzed by two-way ANOVA. Results The mean annual density of Cx. pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus in Changsha from 2017 to 2022 was 17.83 mosquitoes/light·night. Throughout a year,mosquito density showed a bimodal distribution,peaking in May-June and September. Density differed significantly in different months ( F=15.921, P<0.001),which was highest in May (38.92 mosquitoes/light·night) and June (40.42 mosquitoes/light·night). The mosquito densities of different habitats were also significantly different ( F=36.014, P<0.001),with the highest levels in pig pens (40.06 mosquitoes/light·night) and residential houses (30.23 mosquitoes/light·night). There was interaction between "month" and "habitat" ( F=5.563, P<0.001). Conclusions The peak activeity of Cx. pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus is in May and June, and the density in pig pens and residential house is high. Specific control programs should be development depending on habitat and season, and mosquito control should be strengthened in rural areas in May and June.

Objective To investigate the density, species composition, and seasonal fluctuations of mosquitoes in human settlements and surrounding environments in Liaoning Province, China from 2020 to 2022, so as to provide a basis for effective prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods From May to October of 2020 to 2022, mosquitoes were monitored using the light trap method in residential areas, parks, hospitals, rural households, and livestock sheds in 14 cities. The surveillance data were analyzed using Excel 2016, ArcGIS 10.7, and SPSS 27.0 softwares. The Chi-square test was used to compare the composition ratio of mosquito species. The Levene's test was used to assess the homogeneity of variance of mosquito densities by year and by habitat. The Friedman test for multiple paired samples was used to compare their differences between groups. Results From 2020 to 2022, a total of 4 239 mosquito lamps were deployed in Liaoning Province, capturing 238 193 female mosquitoes. Anopheles sinensis was the dominant species, accounting for 40.22 % of the total mosquitoes, followed by Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes dorsalis, accounting for 22.11 % and 20.25 %, respectively. The total mosquito density was 56.19 mosquitoes/light·night. The mosquito densities of 2020-2022 were 45.67, 42.72, and 80.84 mosquitoes/light·night, respectively. The mosquito density of livestock sheds was the highest, reaching 206.48 mosquitoes/light·night, followed by rural households with a density of 17.04 mosquitoes/light·night, and the lowest was in residential areas with a density of 5.25 mosquitoes/light·night. The mosquito density of livestock sheds was highest for all species except for Ae. albopictus, which only appeared in residential areas, parks, and hospitals. Among the surveillance points in the province, Anshan had the highest mosquito density of 215.27 mosquitoes/light·night, followed by Yingkou with 157.28 mosquitoes/light·night, and Dalian had the lowest density of 3.11 mosquitoes/light·night. The overall seasonal fluctuation in mosquito density showed a single-peak curve, reaching the highest in early August with a density of 179.48 mosquitoes/light·night. The seasonality of mosquito density differed significantly between different years ( χ ²=36.440, P<0.001) and between different habitats ( χ ²=26.272, P<0.001). Conclusions An. sinensis, Cx. pipiens pallens, and Ae. dorsalis are the dominant species in human settlements and surrounding environments in Liaoning Province. Mosquito density in rural habitats is high, especially in livestock sheds, which are major breeding sites and need strengthened mosquito control. Comprehensive prevention and control measures should be taken before the peak period of mosquito activity from June to August, to reduce mosquito density and the risk of mosquito-borne diseases.

Objective To evaluate and compare the efficacy of polydimethylsiloxane liquid film against the larvae and pupae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus, and Ae. aegypti at different instars under laboratory conditions. Methods Thirty samples each of larvae of different instars and pupae were selected and placed in water containing the liquid film (1 ml/m ²). The growth,development,and death of the larvae or pupae were observed in a laboratory environment or in an artificial incubator at different temperatures. The data were organized and analyzed using Excel 2016 and SPSS 27.0 softwares. The survival curves of larvae or pupae exposed to the liquid film between different groups were compared using the log-rank test. The length of larvae was compared using the independent samples t-test. Results After exposure to the 1 ml/m ² liquid film,the median lethal times for the larvae at Ⅰ-Ⅱinstars of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus, Ae. albopictus, and Ae. aegypti were 2.67, 7.04, and 6.45 d, respectively; for the larvae at Ⅲ-Ⅳ instars, the values were 0.53,1.64, and 1.71 d, respectively; and for the pupae, the values were 96.68,115.54, and 109.77 min, respectively. After 7 days of rearing, the mean larval lengths for Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus, Ae. albopictus, and Ae. aegypti exposed to the liquid film were (3.28±0.40), (3.17±0.61), and (3.21±0.47) mm, respectively, which were significantly shorter than their respective control groups (all P<0.001). Across the temperatures of 20, 25, 30, and 35 ℃, the mortality rates of larvae in the liquid film groups increased with rising temperatures:the mortality rates on the first day were 66.67 %, 71.11 %, 91.11 %, and 100 % for Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus, respectively; 8.89 %, 30.00 %, 55.56 %, and 81.11 % for Ae. albopictus, respectively; and 14.44 %, 25.56 %, 56.67 %, and 75.56 % for Ae. aegypti, respectively. Conclusions The polydimethylsiloxane liquid film can well control the larvae and pupae of the three mosquito species and impede larval growth and development, and high temperatures can enhance the effectiveness. The polydimethylsiloxane liquid film is suitable for controlling various types of mosquitoes.

Mouse-like animals, mostly rodents, play an important role in biodiversity indication and zoonotic disease control research, due to their large populations, wide distribution, and close relationship with the environment and natural focal diseases. With deepening communication and cooperation between Lancang-Mekong countries, the risk of rodent-borne diseases continues to rise at intra-regional and trans-regional levels. This paper aims to present the composition of mouse-like animals and associated zoonotic diseases in Thailand.

Objective To investigate the density and seasonality of the dengue vector Aedes populations in Henan Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for the risk assessment, monitoring, early-warning, and control of dengue fever. Methods From May to October of 2019 to 2022, Aedes vectors were monitored using the Breteau index (BI) method at 14 surveillance sites of Henan Province. Excel 2010 software was used to pool data, determine risk levels, and calculate the seasonal index. SPSS 25.0 software was used to perform the t-test and analysis of variance to compare the BI of different years and regions. Results The BI of Aedes mosquitoes from 2019 to 2022 were 15.31, 14.27, 11.34, and 12.32, respectively. The peaks occurred in July and August. Among 330 monitoring tasks over the four years, a regional spread risk was indicated in 85 (25.76%), an outbreak risk indicated in 70 (21.21%), a transmission risk indicated in 77 (23.33%), and no risk indicated in 98 (29.70%). The proportion of areas reaching a regional spread risk in southern Henan Province was higher than that in the northern part and along the Yellow River. The BI results of 2020, 2021, and 2022 were not significantly different from that of 2019 (all P>0.05). The BI showed no significant difference between regions (all P>0.05). Conclusions The density of Aedes mosquitoes is high in Henan Province, and there is a potential risk of dengue transmission in the peak season of Aedes for most surveillance sites. The number of imported dengue cases is expected to increase substantially in the future, highlighting the need for close attention to domestic and international dengue changes and emergency response and preparedness.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and spatial distribution of scrub typhus in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China, so as to provide a theoretical basis for formulating scientific and effective prevention and control strategies and measures. Methods Based on the data on reported scrub typhus cases and population data from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, the incidence and trend of scrub typhus were described in Xuzhou from 2013 to 2022 by using descriptive epidemiological methods; the peak season and time of scrub typhus were determined by using the concentration method and circular distribution method; the regional distribution of scrub typhus was visualized with the use of ArcGIS 10.3 software; and spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted with the use of GeoDa 1.14 software. Results A total of 259 cases of scrub typhus were reported in Xuzhou from 2013 to 2022, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 0.30/100 000. By occupation, the patients were mainly farmers (230/259, 88.80%), followed by homemakers and the unemployed (8/259, 3.09%), and workers (6/259, 2.32%). By age, the reported cases were mainly concentrated in the age group of 40 to <80 years (225/259, 86.87%), most common in the age group of 60 to <70 years (80/259, 30.89%). Remarkable seasonality was observed in the incidence of scrub typhus, which was higher during October to November of each year (243/259, 93.82%). The circular distribution model suggested that November 2 was the peak day of the incidence of scrub typhus, with the peak period lasting from October 10 to November 25. The global autocorrelation Moran's I of the annual average incidence rate was >0 ( P<0.05), and the local autocorrelation results indicated Pizhou as a "high-high" cluster area and Suining County as a "high-low" cluster area. Conclusions The incidence of scrub typhus shows stringent seasonality in Xuzhou, which is an autumn-type epidemic area. The reported incidence rate of scrub typhus shows an overall upward trend with age, and the reported incidence is mainly concentrated in three eastern areas of Xuzhou. It is necessary to timely carry out health education for key populations and vector control in key areas.