Objective To investigate the density changes and seasonal fluctuations of Aedes albopictus in Huangpu District, Guangzhou, China, and evaluate the risk of dengue fever transmission, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of the dengue vector. Methods The surveillance data on the density of Ae. albopictus between 2019 and 2023 were collected from 17 subdistricts/townships in Huangpu District. The data were sorted and analyzed for changes in indices such as Breteau index (BI), standard space index (SSI), mosquito ovitrap index (MOI), and adult mosquito density index (ADI). Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the data and determine the risk levels of mosquito vector density based on larval mosquito indices (BI or SSI) and adult mosquito densities (MOI or ADI). Chi-square tests were used for comparing the rates. Results From 2019 to 2023, BI, SSI, MOI, and ADI in Huangpu District were 2.91-5.58, 0.64-1.41, 4.18-7.52, and 2.63-5.15 mosquito/person·h, respectively. The population density of Ae. albopictus was at a relatively low level from November of one year to March of the following year and showed a rapid upward trend starting in April; it remained at a peak plateau from May to September and gradually decreased after October. The proportion of subdistricts/townships grade 0 risk was highest in January and February, and the proportion of grades 1, 2, and 3 risks peaked from April to October. From 2019 to 2022, the proportion of subdistricts/townships grades 2 and 3 risks at the mosquito vector density surveillance sites showed a decreasing trend year by year, while it significantly increased in 2023. Conclusions The inspection and cleaning of mosquito breeding sites should begin earlier than April. The mosquito vector density peaks from May to September, posing a high risk of dengue fever transmission. It is necessary to raise public awareness of mosquito prevention, conduct timely mosquito control, and prevent the development and spread of dengue fever.

Objective To explore the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of reported hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) cases in Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture (Chuxiong Prefecture), Yunnan Province, China, 2014-2023, so as to provide scientific evidence for precise prevention and control. Methods The HFRS data, including both clinically diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed cases, were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were conducted using Geoda 1.22 software, spatiotemporal scan statistics was performed using SaTScan 10.12 software, and a seasonal autorgressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model was established using R 4.3.2 software for incidence prediction. The reported incidence rates were calculated and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics were analyzed at the township level. Results A total of 1 106 HFRS cases and 2 deaths were reported in Chuxiong Prefecture during 2014-2023, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 4.19/100 000. The reported incidence showed a significant increase (Z=2.683, τ=0.689, P=0.007) and marked seasonality, with the primary peak in April and secondary peak in June. Males (male-to-female ratio 2.31:1) and farmers (74.05%) accounted for the majority of cases, with the proportion of cases in the ≥60 age group showing a yearly increase (Z=3.041, τ=0.778, P<0.002). Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed significant spatial clustering during 2014-2023, with hotspots shifting from the central area (2014-2016) to the northwestern area (post-2020) of Chuxiong Prefecture. Spatiotemporal scan statistics identified a pattern of narrowing spatial range and increasing clustering intensity. Three clusters involving 31 townships were identified during 2014-2018, while two clusters involving 13 townships were identified during 2019-2023, centered in the Dongchuan Township of Yao'an County (log-likelihood ratio=476.245, P<0.001, relative risk=19.51) and the Ziwu Township of Chuxiong City (log-likelihood ratio=19.739, P<0.001, relative risk=3.25), respectively. The SARIMA(1,0,0)(0,1,2)₁₂ model predicted that the HFRS epidemic would remain at a relatively high level in 2024. Conclusions The HFRS epidemic in Chuxiong Prefecture shows an increasing trend with significant spatiotemporal clustering. Comprehensive prevention and control measures should be implemented in key areas.

Objective To analyze the effect of integrated cockroach control and the cost of each component in a catering service environment, so as to provide a reference for cockroach control strategy and cost control. Methods In a catering service environment (86.5 m², including kitchen and dining room), integrated pest management (IPM) in combination with insecticide resistance assessment (glass bottle method), density surveillance (sticky trapping method), environmental management, physical control, chemical control, and health education were used. Then the cockroach density changes were continuously monitored and the cost of each component (labor, insecticides, consumables, equipment, etc.) was recorded. Excel 2021 software was used for data analysis and description. Results Under four spray-type insecticides treatments, all the mortality rates of Blattella germanica exceeded 90.00%. This control process lasted 4 weeks, including 6 times of density surveillance and 4 times of integrated control. The density was 43.50 cockroaches/night·trap before control. The control was conducted once a week. The density declined to 6.50, 3.50, and 0.50 cockroaches/night·trap at weeks 1-3, respectively. Then the density declined to zero at week 4 and remained at zero in the following five months. The costs of this control totaled 1 723.22 yuan (equivalent to 19.92 yuan/m²). The labor cost was the highest, amounting to 1 470.00 yuan and accounting for 85.31% of the total cost. The labor cost during the first integrated control, which included comprehensive environmental management, accounted for 64.29% of the total labor cost. Chemical control insecticides cost ranked second, which accounted for 6.59% of the total cost. Conclusions For cockroach control in the catering service environment, especially with a high cockroach density, IPM strategy based on environmental management can achieve rapid and long-lasting cockroach control. Despite the high labor cost in the early stage, the cost in the later stage will decrease to a level similar to that of chemical control alone. This is an environmentally friendly and sustainable control strategy.

Objective To investigate the differences in mosquito species composition and density fluctuation between different terrains and habitats in Zhejiang Province, China from April to November 2021, so as to provide a scientific reference for mosquito control and mosquito-borne disease prevention. Methods From April to November 2021, five types of habitats were selected in counties/cities/districts of Zhejiang Province, including residential areas, parks, hospitals, rural households, and livestock sheds, and mosquitoes were monitored once at the beginning of each month using the light trap method. Excel 2021 software was used to summarize the mosquito population and density data, and SPSS 15.0 software was used for statistical analysis. A descriptive analysis was employed to investigate the difference in mosquito density fluctuation. The Chi-square test was used for the difference in mosquito species composition between different terrains and between habitats. The rank-sum test was used for the difference in mosquito density. Results In 2021, 103 669 female adult mosquitoes were captured in Zhejiang Province, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant mosquito species, accounting for 53.40%. There was a significant difference in the species composition of mosquito between different terrains (χ²=40 563.669, P<0.001) and between habitats (χ²=60 457.931, P<0.001). Apart from Aedes albopictus, other species of mosquitoes were numerous in livestock sheds. The mosquito density was 8.48 mosquitoes/light·night in Zhejiang Province in 2021, and the mosquito density fluctuation curve showed a single-peak from April to November, reaching a peak in June, which was 25.48 mosquitoes/light·night. Conclusions There exist significant differences in mosquito species composition and density fluctuation trend between different terrains and between habitats in Zhejiang Province. Counties/cities/districts in Zhejiang Province should develop different mosquito surveillance programs and preventive and control measures based on the distribution and density fluctuation of mosquito populations in their respective region.

Objective To isolate and identify viruses in Aedes albopictus specimens from Shunyi District, Beijing, China in 2021. Methods The virus was isolated by parallel inoculation of Syrian hamster kidney cell line BHK-21 and Ae. albopictus C6/36 cells with mosquito grinding liquid, and molecular biological identification was carried out for the virus isolates. Results A virus isolate (AalDV-8) was isolated from Ae. albopictus specimens collected from the field in Shunyi District, Beijing in 2021, which could cause C6/36 cell lesion. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the virus genome coding region showed that AalDV-8 virus was a single-stranded DNA virus with a total length of 3 335 nt, encoding 2 non-structural proteins (NS1 and NS2) and 1 capsid protein (VP). The nucleotide (amino acid) sequence lengths of the three proteins were 2 376 nt (791 aa), 1 092 nt (363 aa), and 1 071 nt (356 aa), respectively. The phylogenetic analysis showed that AalDV-8 virus belonged to Brevihamaparvovirus group and was closely related to AalDV-7 virus isolated from Ae. albopictus in Guangzhou, China. Conclusion This is the first time to isolate Brevihamaparvovirus from the field Ae. albopictus collected from in Beijing.

Objective To investigate the resistance level of Aedes albopictus to three pyrethroid insecticides and the distribution of their knockdown resistance genotypes in Liaoning Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of Ae. albopictus and the standardized use of insecticides in the region. Methods From July to August 2023, adult mosquitoes and larvae were collected from breeding sites of Ae. albopictus in Dalian and Yingkou in Liaoning Province. After mosquitoes were identified by morphology as Ae. albopictus, their resistance to three pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin) was determined by the adult mosquito WHO tube assay. The genomic DNAs of single mosquito were extracted, and the partial fragment of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Descriptive statistical analysis method was used for the analysis of knockdown resistance genes mutations in Ae. albopictus after sequencing. Results Adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in Dalian had have possible resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin. Adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in Yingkou area had developed resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin. A total of 110 Ae. albopictus from two field populations were detected, and 220 gene sequences were obtained, with the length of about 400 bp. Mutations were detected at 1016, 1532, and 1534 loci of Ae. albopictus. At the 1016 locus, there were two alleles, namely wild-type GTA/V (82.73%) and mutant GGA/G (17.27%); there were three genotypes, namely wild-type homozygote V/V (68.18%), wild-type/mutant heterozygote V/G (29.09%), and mutant homozygote G/G (2.73%). At the 1532 locus, there were two alleles, namely wild-type ATC/I (86.82%) and mutant ACC/T (13.18%); there were three genotypes, namely wild-type homozygote I/I (76.36%), wild-type/mutant heterozygote I/T (20.91%), and mutant homozygote T/T (2.73%). At the 1534 locus, there were four alleles, namely wild-type TTC/F (50.46%), mutant TCC/S (23.64%), mutant TGC/C (15.45%), and mutant CTC/L (10.45%); there were eight genotypes, namely wild-type homozygote F/F (24.55%), wild-type/mutant heterozygotes F/S (24.55%), F/C (11.82%), and F/L (15.45%), mutant homozygotes S/S (9.09%) , C/C (7.27%), and L/L (2.73%), and mutant heterozygote S/C (4.54%). Conclusions Adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in Dalian of Liaoning Province have possible resistance to the three pyrethroid insecticides, and adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in Yingkou are resistant to the three pyrethroid insecticides. The knockdown resistance gene of Ae. albopictus is mutated in Dalian and Yingkou areas, with a high mutation rate and complex and diverse mutations at the 1534 locus. Sustained attention should be paid to the resistance level of Ae. albopictus and reduce the use of pyrethroid insecticides, so as to delay the emergence and development of insecticide resistance.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of three chemical attractants (A, B, and C) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) as well as their combinations in attracting and trapping common mosquitos by conducting experiments in large residential areas, so as to provide a scientific basis for the application of chemical attractants and CO₂ in mosquito surveillance and control. Methods Mosquito attracting and trapping experiments were conducted in the field using three attractants over 10 consecutive days. The mosquito attracting and trapping abilities were analyzed for each day. Experiments with the attractants and combination of the attractants and 150 ml/min flow CO₂ were conducted using Latin square design and cross-over method. Analysis of variance and rank sum test were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the attractants and CO₂ in mosquito attracting and trapping, as well as the impact of CO₂ on the species and sex of mosquitos attracted and trapped. Results The average numbers of mosquitos attracted and trapped by attractants A, B, and C over 10 consecutive days were 220.00, 203.67, and 16.67, respectively, with the maximum number being 46, 49, and 5 per day, respectively. Attractant A, double attractant A, and attractant A combined with 150 ml/min flow CO₂ attracted and trapped 358, 784, and 1 268 mosquitos, respectively, with significant differences in any two of the three groups (all P<0.05). Attractants A and B combined with 150 ml/min flow CO₂ respectively enhanced the effectiveness of attracting mosquitos, with significant differences observed in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus (all P<0.001) and between the female and male mosquitoes ofthem(all P<0.001). Conclusions Chemical attractants have a certain lasting effect in trapping mosquitos in the field. The combination of attractants with CO₂ can enhance the trapping effect more significantly than increasing the portion of attractants, making them applicable in mosquito surveillance and control.

As a mosquito-borne infectious disease, malaria remains a significant global public health threat. After generations of control efforts, China was certified as a malaria free country by the World Health Organization in 2021, which was a remarkable achievement for global malaria control. Recently, a special collection titled "Malaria control lessons from China" was published in the BMJ, comprising five analysis articles. The collection highlights China's strategies for malaria elimination, including innovative Anopheles larval control strategies, post-elimination preparedness, vector surveillance in high-burden areas, and cross-border collaboration in border regions.

Objective To investigate the population composition and arbovirus infection of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Jinghong, Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture (Xishuangbanna Prefecture), Yunnan Province, China during the dengue fever epidemic season in 2023, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of dengue fever and other arboviral diseases. Methods During the dengue fever epidemic season in 2023 (from August to October), the change of population composition of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus was monitored in urban areas and Aedes mosquitoes were collected using the double mosquito net method. The infections with Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus were detected using quantitative PCR (qPCR). The E gene sequences of the viruses were amplified using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and a phylogenetic analysis was performed for homological analysis. Results A total of 730 Aedes mosquitoes were collected, of which 548 (75.07%) were Ae. aegypti and 182 (24.93%) were Ae. albopictus. All mosquitoes were divided into 76 groups (21 groups for Ae. albopictus and 55 groups for Ae. aegypti) based on species, sex, and time and location of acquisition. Out of the 76 groups, 11 (14.47%) tested positive for Dengue virus type 1 (DENV-1), yielding an infection rate of 9.52% (2/21) for Ae. albopictus and an infection rate of 16.36% (9/55) for Ae. aegypti, with no significant difference between the two species (χ2=0.574, P=0.449). Zika virus and Chikungunya virus were not detected in any of the mosquitoes. Four DENV-1 E gene sequences (1 from Ae. albopictus and 3 from Ae. aegypti) were successfully obtained from the 11 groups of DENV-1 positive specimens. The sequence similarity of the four sequences was 100%, and all sequences belonged to genotype Ⅰ. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strains were closely related to the 2023 Jinghong strain, 2023 Guangzhou strain, 2019 Laos strain, and 2019 Myanmar strain. Conclusions Ae. aegypti is more widely distributed than Ae. albopictus in Jinghong during the dengue fever epidemic season, and DENV-1 is detected in both species. Investigation and research should be enhanced for arboviral infection with Aedes mosquitoes.

Objective To investigate the main species, density, and seasonal variation of vectors in Jianglang Mountain scenic area, Jiangshan, Zhejiang Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for vector control in mountain and river scenic areas. Methods According to the Zhejiang Province Vector Monitoring Work Plan, small mammal, mosquito, and tick surveillance were carried out in Jianglang Mountain scenic area, Jiangshan from 2019 to 2021. Small mammal surveillance was conducted using the night trapping method, adult mosquito surveillance using the mosquito trap lamp method, mosquito larva surveillance using the Breteau index (BI) method, and tick surveillance using the tick inspection on the body surface of animals and the drag-flag method. The descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the species composition, density, and variation trend of vectors in different environments. Results The small mammal density in Jianglang Mountain scenic area in Jiangshan from 2019 to 2021 was 5.76%, with the dominant species being Apodemus agrarius, accounting for 48.10%. A total of 171 small mammal lung specimens were collected for Hantavirus antigen detection, with a positive rate of 2.34% (4/171); 171 small mammal blood samples were collected for Hantavirus antibody detection, with a positive rate of 2.92% (5/171). The dominant species of mosquitoes were Culex pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus, accounting for 73.45%, followed by Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus, and Anopheles sinensis. The mean BI value from 2019 to 2021 was 17.83. No tick was captured. Conclusions The dominant species of small mammals in Jianglang Mountain scenic area is A. agrarius, and the dominant species of mosquitoes is Cx. pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus. Comprehensive prevention and control measures should be taken to control the breeding of vectors and the spread of related infectious diseases.

Objective The epidemiological characteristics of plague cases in high altitude areas were evaluated by meta-analysis, so as to provide a reference for plague prevention and control. Methods Use the Chinese and English key words such as altitude, altitudes, highland, plateau, tableland, plateaus, high altitude, altiplano, mountain, high plateau, elevation, height, plague, Yersinia pestis infection, black death, black plague, pneumonic plague, pulmonic plague, bubonic plague, septicemic plague, inguinal plague and meningeal plague to systematically search Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data Service platform, VIP Chinese scientific journals and other databases. The time range of the search is from the establishment of the database to March 14, 2024. Excel 2019 was used to extract literature data, and R 4.3.3 software was used for meta analysis. Results Finally, 72 literatures were included, all of which were descriptive studies. Heterogeneity test found that there was heterogeneity in the included studies (I²>90.00%, P<0.01), so random-effects model was used to merge the studies, and the combined annual reported incidence of plague was 0.08/100 000 people [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.06/100 000-0.11/100 000]. Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable, and Egger test and Begg test showed all P<0.05, indicating possible publication bias in included studies. Subgroup analysis of regional distribution showed that the average annual reported incidence of plague was 0.17/100 000 (95%CI: 0.11/100 000-0.23/100 000) in high altitude areas of Tibet, 0.08/100 000 (95%CI: 0.05/100 000-0.11/100 000) in the high altitude area of Qinghai Province, 0.01/100 000 (95%CI: 0.00/100 000-0.02/100 000) in the high altitude area of Gansu Province, 0.33/100 000 (95%CI: 0.20/100 000-0.48/100 000) in high altitude areas of Mongolia, and 0.02/100 000 (95%CI: 0.01/100 000 to 0.04/100 000) in high altitude areas of Peru. The analysis of disease subgroups showed that the proportion of cases with glandular type of plague was 27.26%, lung type was 43.91%, rancidity type was 5.32%, and other types of cases accounted for 10.88%. Conclusions This study synthesizes 72 descriptive studies and reveals significant regional differences in plague incidence at high altitude areas. The analysis showed that Mongolia had the highest incidence at high altitudes, while Peru had the lowest. In addition, pneumonic plague accounts for the highest proportion of cases. The findings highlight the endemic characteristics of different regions and types of plague and suggest that these differences be taken into account when developing public health strategies.

Objective To establish biplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods for rapid detection of six rodent-borne pathogens, including Francisella tularensis, Bartonella spp., Leptospira interrogans, Rickettsia typhi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Orientia tsutsugamushi. Methods Three biplex qPCR methods were established based on the reported qPCR assays for detection of F. tularensis and O. tsutsugamushi, Bartonella spp. and L. interrogans, R. typhi and A. phagocytophilum, respectively. Standard curves were plotted, and the sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of these methods were determined. Meanwhile, simulated nucleic acid samples of rodent tissues infected with six rodent-borne pathogens and positive samples were detected to validate the reliability of the method. Results The three established biplex qPCR methods amplified only the target pathogens, and other pathogens and negative controls did not show fluorescence signals. The lower limit of detection for all six pathogens was 1×10¹ copies/μl; the coefficient of variation of cycle threshold values ranged from 0.04% to 1.20%. The results of the simulated and positive samples were positive, with 100% consistency. Conclusion These biplex qPCR methods have good specificity, high sensitivity, and good repeatability, which can be used to rapidly and accurately detect F. tularensis, Bartonella spp., L. interrogans, R. typhi, A. phagocytophilum, and O. tsutsugamushi.

Objective To explore the sample conditions for the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) method used for mosquito species identification, so as to provide a basis for establishing a MALDI-TOF MS method for rapid and accurate mosquito species identification. Methods Four laboratory mosquito strains, namely Aedes albopictus, Culex pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Anopheles sinensis, were selected as the study subjects. The MALDI-TOF MS method was used to analyze the samples from these mosquitoes for collecting peptide mass fingerprint and establishing a fingerprint database for mosquito species identification. The samples varied by body part (whole body, head, thorax, and foot), preservation method (cryopreservation at -20°C or dry preservation in silica gel), and blood-sucking status (non-blood-sucked and blood-sucked). The accuracy of this database was evaluated through internal cross-validation with 120 samples and identification scores using the software's standard parameters. Results Except for the abdomen, the fingerprints of the thorax, foot, and head of each mosquito species were clustered into one group, and different preservation method and blood-feeding status of those mosquitoes did not have any impact on the clustering results of mosquito species identification. At the same time, 120 samples were cross validated within the database, and the results were consistent with the morphological identification results, with identification scores >2.00. Only 1 μl of protein extract was allowed for the identification of mosquito species. Conclusions The head, thorax, and legs of mosquitoes can all be used for mosquito species identification by the MALDI-TOF MS method, and the blood-feeding status of mosquitoes and sample preservation methods do not affect mosquito identification results.The MALDI-TOF MS method can be used for mosquito species identification and offers the advantages of rapidity, accuracy, and sensitivity. These features make it highly useful for mosquito species identification.

Objective To investigate the species composition and seasonal variations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Yingkou, Liaoning Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis. Methods From May to October during 2021 to 2023, mosquito density was monitored using the light trapping method in five habitats, including residential areas, parks, hospitals, rural households, and livestock sheds. Excel 2010 and SPSS 22.0 softwares were used to perform analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis H tests on data from different years and habitats. Levene's test was used to assess the homogeneity of data. Results From 2021 to 2023, the mean constituent ratio of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was 9.45%, increasing from 0.01% to 26.12%. Additionally, the density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus increased annually, specifically, from 0.02 to 44.25 mosquitoes/light·night. The density peak occurred from August to September. From 2021 to 2023, there were significant differences in the seasonal variation of mosquito density between different years (H=13.374, P=0.001). In 2023, there were significant differences in mosquito density between different habitats (H=31.628, P<0.001). Conclusions In the prevention and control of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Yingkou, attention should be paid to livestock sheds as key habitats, particularly during August and September. Prevention and control of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is essential to reduce the outbreak and spread of Japanese encephalitis.

Objective To investigate the potential geographic distribution of Dermacentor everestianus in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region and explore the main factors influencing its potential geographic distribution, so as to provide a scientific basis for the tick surveillance and prevention and control of related tick-borne diseases in China. Methods Based on the distribution sites of D. everestianus, 27 environmental variables, and the data of current periods (1970-2000) and four future periods (2030s, 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s) under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario, the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS 10.8 software were used to predict, project, and visualize the potential geographic distribution of D. everestianus in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Results Currently, D. everestianus is mainly distributed in western Qinghai Province, northwest Sichuan Province, eastern Xizang Autonomous Region, and surrounding areas of Lhasa City, with sporadic distribution in the Ngari Prefecture of Tibet. The suitable habitat area covers approximately 15.66% of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The main factors influencing the distribution include annual mean temperature, mean temperature of the driest season, human footprint index, and altitude. In future periods, the area of highly suitable habitats is expected to decrease to varying extents, while the total area of suitable habitats is projected to increase. Under future climate conditions, D. everestianus is expected to migrate westward. Conclusions D. everestianus may be present in most areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with a broad distribution wide due to the influence of environmental factors and human activities, and posing the greater potential harm. Especially in areas with dense human activities and low temperatures, the probability of the occurrence of D. everestianus is higher.

Objective To investigate the infection status and epidemic characteristics of Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus (SFTSV) in different domestic animals in Tiantai County, Zhejiang Province, China, so as to provide basis for SFTS prevention and control. Methods Serum samples were collected from pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, and geese for double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of total SFTSV antibody. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the associations of SFTSV infection with the factors. Results In 2023, a total of 2 439 serum samples were collected from the six animal species, and the total positive rate was 17.51% (427/2 439). The infection rates of SFTSV in cattle, pigs, sheep, ducks, geese, and chickens were 35.05% (190/542), 25.34% (74/292), 16.80% (145/863), 4.17% (2/48), 3.33% (1/30), and 2.26% (15/664), respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that the positive rate of total SFTSV antibody in domestic animals in areas with more than 10 cases (37.26%) was higher than those in areas with 1-10 cases (13.29%) and 0 cases (9.56%), the positive rate of SFTSV antibody in mountain area (30.57%) was higher than those in towns (14.33%) and subdistricts (10.70%), and the positive rate of SFTSV antibody was higher in cattle (35.05%) than in sheep (16.80%) and in chickens (2.26%)(all P<0.05). Conclusions SFTSV infection was detected in different domestic animals and townships of Tiantai County in Zhejiang Province, but with various positive rates, suggesting that comprehensive measures such as animal management, tick control, and personal protection publicity can be implemented before peak season of SFTS in key areas in Tiantai County to effectively reduce the incidence of the disease.

Objective To investigate the species and positive rates of viruses carried by ticks and rodents in northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), so as to provide reference for prevention and control of related diseases, China. Methods Questing ticks were collected using the drag-flag and human landing collection methods in 11 counties (cities/districts) in northern Xinjiang from 2013 to 2024. Nocturnal rodents were captured using 5-meter line trapping method with medium-sized plate clamps, while Rhombomys opimus and Spermophilusundulatus were captured using bow-shaped clamps. RNAs were extracted from the brain, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and intestines of rodents and ticks and prepared into cDNAs. Sequencing was conducted using 454 high-throughput, Illumina HiSeq 2500, and Illumina NovaSeq 3000. The sequences were assembled and spliced using Trinity 2.5, followed by alignment and annotation with the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST). Based on the sequence information, specific primers were designed for targeted viruses, and viral nucleic acids were detected using reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Results High-throughput sequencing was performed on 4 076 ticks in 42 groups, establishing 23 sequencing libraries. Twenty-four viruses in 12 families and 10 unclassified viruses were identified. Among them, Dermacentor nuttalli, Hyalomma asiaticum,and Hy. scupense carried 33, 24, and 10 viruses, respectively. RT-PCR was performed on 56 042 ticks in 596 groups, detecting 14, 12, and 10 viruses in D. nuttalli, Hy. asiaticum, and Hy. scupense, respectively. Significant zoonotic pathogens were found in ticks of 5 species in 4 families, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Guertu virus (GTV), Dhori virus (DHOV), Bole tick virus 1 (BLTV 1), and Tacheng tick virus 5 (TCTV 5). The positive rates in D. nuttalli, Hy. asiaticum, and Hy. scupense were 1.46%, 5.00%, and 6.25% for CCHFV; 11.04%, 15.00%, and 18.75% for GTV; 3.31%, 9.46%, and 0.00% for TAMV; 11.16%, 20.27%, and 66.67% for BLTV1; and 12.10%, 23.00%, and 12.50% for TCTV 5. High-throughput sequencing was performed on 125 tissue samples from 25 rodents, establishing 113 sequencing libraries. Fifty-five species in 23 families and 4 unclassified viruses were identified. Among them, Meriones meridianus, Cricetulus migratorius, Mus musculus, Dipus sagitta, and R. opimus carried 45, 13, 7, 6, and 5 viruses, respectively. RT-PCR was performed on 1 092 rodents in 153 groups, with positive results of CCHFV and GTV in R. opimus, Me. meridianus, and S. undulatus. The positive rates in R. opimus, Me. meridianus, and S. undulatus were 6.50%, 9.09%, and 9.09% for CCHFV; 16.00%, 18.18%, and 20.00% for GTV. The positive rate of CCHFV in D. sagitta was 25.00%. Significant zoonotic viruses included TAMV, BLTV 1, rat hepatitis virus (RHV), and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV).ConclusionThere are abundant viruses carried by ticks and rodents in northern Xinjiang, including CCHFV, GTV, TAMV, TCTV 5, and BLTV 1, which are capable of infecting both humans and animals.

China is a major endemic area for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), with rodents serving as the primary reservoirs of hantaviruses. This study presented a comprehensive summary and analysis on surveillance data of hantaviruses carried by rodents in China, focusing on detection methods, rodent species and distribution, and Hantavirus genotypes and distribution. According to statistics, 76 species of rodents were positive for hantaviruses in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). Of these, 54 species belonged to the order Rodentia and the highest diversity was observed in Yunnan Province (42 species). Rattus norvegicus carrying hantaviruses showed the widest distribution in 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), followed by Mus musculus in 24 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). A total of 20 genotypes of hantaviruses were identified. Seoul virus (SEOV) and Hantaan virus (HTNV) genotypes were identified in 26 and 24 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), respectively. Yunnan Province exhibited the highest Hantavirus diversity (11 genotypes). The analysis of hantaviruses carried by rodents in China offers valuable insights into the distribution of rodent species, the hantaviruses they harbor, and the genotypes of these viruses. Additionally, it provides a reference for the prevention and control of rodents and HFRS.