Objective: To analyze the species, composition, density, distribution, and seasonal fluctuation of flies in Fengxian District, Shanghai, China, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of flies in Fengxian District. Methods: The fly surveillance data in Fengxian District, Shanghai from 2011 to 2021 were collected, and Excel 2013 was used to summarize and analyze of the data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to compare the density of flies in different habitats. Results: From 2011 to 2016, there was no significant change in the population density of flies in Fengxian District, ranging from 0.50 to 1.02 flies per cage of average annual density. In 2017 and 2018, the density of flies (1.76 and 5.25 flies per cage, respectively) increased significantly, by 70.87% and 409.71%, respectively, compared with 1.03 flies per cage in 2015. The fly density decreased year by year in 2019 and 2020, and increased in 2021, second only to the peak density in 2018. A total of 2 996 adult flies were captured, with an average density of 2.02 flies per cage. Muscina stabulans was the main species (accounting for 31.38%), followed by Boettcherisca peregrina (accounting for 28.64%). The flies density in large-scale green belts was highest with 2.32 flies per cage. The density of flies reached its peak in June, dropped sharply from July to August, and steadily decreased from September to November. Conclusions: There are more flies in large-scale green belts of Fengxian District, and the fly density peaks in June. The critical period to prevent fly-borne diseases is before June. Relevant departments in Fengxian District should raise and strengthen awareness of fly control. The environment management of large-scale green belt should be strengthened to reduce the breeding environment of flies.

Objective: To investigate the density distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in different habitats and seasonal fluctuation in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China from 2017 to 2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control, risk assessment, and early warning of dengue fever. Methods: According to the National Vector Surveillance Implementation Plan and the Zhejiang Provincial Vector Surveillance Plan, Aedes mosquitoes were monitored in 15 districts (counties and cities) in Hangzhou. Adult mosquitoes were monitored using the double-layered mosquito net method, and larvae were monitored using the Breteau index (BI) method. The surveillance time was set during April to November. The mosquito surveillance data of the 15 districts (counties and cities) were collected. Excel 2019 software was used for data analysis. The net trap index, BI, and container index (CI) were calculated. Categorical data were compared using the Chi-squared test. One-way analysis of variance was used for quantitative data. Results: From 2017 to 2021, the density of Ae. albopictus in Hangzhou by the double-layered mosquito net method was 2.54 mosquitoes/net·h, and no Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were captured. The density of adult mosquitoes was lowest in 2017 and highest in 2020. There was a statistical difference in the net trap index between different years (F=5.117, P=0.017). The seasonal distribution generally presented a bimodal pattern, with the peaks of mosquito densities mainly in July and October. The average BI from 2017 to 2021 was 9.18, and the peak period of the BI was during May to October. The CI showed that Ae. albopictus larvae were distributed in all kinds of water bodies. The CI differed statistically between different water bodies in the same year (all P < 0.001) and between different years in the same water body (all P < 0.001). Conclusions: Ae. albopictus density was high in Hangzhou, indicating a risk of dengue fever outbreaks and regional epidemics. It is recommended that the counties (cities, districts) take timely mosquito control measures according to the density, distribution, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes.

Objective: To select chemical substances with attractive effects on Aedes albopictus for on-field assessment, and to explore the preference of Ae. albopictus to six human odors. Methods: Under laboratory conditions, six chemical substances (1-octen-3-ol, lactic acid, myristic acid, ammonia, acetone, and ethyl acetate) were separately tested for their individual attracting effects on female Ae. albopictus at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/ml. The six substances were mixed in pairs (1∶1) at certain concentrations, and then the pairs were tested for attracting effects on female Ae. albopictus. The pair with good attractive effects was combined with lactic acid for testing. The attractant combination selected by laboratory experiments was tested for attractive action for Ae. albopictus in the field. The attracting effects of the substances or combinations on Ae. albopictus were compared using the t test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were attracted to 1-octen-3-ol at 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/ml, myristic acid at 1.0 and 10.0 mg/ml, and ethyl acetate at 0.1 mg/ml, but not to the other three substances at any concentration. The pairs of 1-octen-3-ol+myristic acid, lactic acid+myristic acid, and lactic acid+1-octen-3-ol statistically attracted Ae. albopictus compared with the control group (t=8.102, P=0.001; t=4.696, P=0.009; t=5.127, P=0.007). The combination of lactic acid+1-octen-3-ol+myristic acid statistically attracted Ae. albopictus compared with the control group (F=86.841, P < 0.001). Field testing showed significant differences in the attracting effect between lactic acid+1-octen-3-ol+myristic acid and the control (day 1: t=7.462, P=0.014; day 2: t=20.500, P < 0.001; day3: t=9.383, P=0.001). Conclusion: The combination of lactic acid, 1-octen-3-ol, and myristic acid has attractive action for Ae. albopictus, which should be further researched in the field.

Objective: To analyze the species, density, distribution, and variation of flies in Shanghai, China, to carry out risk assessment, prediction, and early warning of fly-borne diseases in a timely manner, so as to provide scientific reference for fly control. Methods: Using the cage trap method, fly traps were placed in farmers' markets, residential areas, external environment of restaurants, and large green belts. Fly surveillance data were collected every ten days from March to November in 2016-2021 in Shanghai. The data were processed and analyzed using Excel 2019 and SPSS 20.0. Results: From 2016 to 2021, 18 052 flies were caught with an average density of 1.52 flies/cage. The identified fly species belonged to 5 families, 9 genera, and 14 species. The dominant species were Muscina stabulans, Boettcherisca peregrina, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia sericata, and Musca domestica. M. stabulans showed the highest density of 0.28 flies/cage, followed by B. peregrina (0.24 flies/cage). In large green belts, the density of B. peregrina was higher than that of M. stabulans, and in all other habitats, the density of M. stabulans was the highest. There was a significant difference in density between B. peregrina and M. stabulans in the farmers' market (t=-2.674, P=0.023). The proportion of Mu. domestica decreased year by year, and the proportion of M. stabulans increased. The fly density was the highest in 2018 (1.82 flies/cage) and the lowest in 2016 (1.04 flies/cage). Fly density peaked from June to August, with the monthly average densities of 2.65, 2.49, and 2.28 flies/cage, respectively. In 2016-2021, the fly density in different habitats was in the order of farmers' markets > large green belts > residential areas > external environment of restaurants. Conclusions: The fly species are diverse in Shanghai. M. stabulans has the highest density. Fly density peaks from June to August, and farmer's market is a key place for targeted fly control. Fly density rose again after decline in 2019, suggesting that comprehensive control of flies should be continuously strengthened.

Objective: To investigate the rodents species, density, and pathogens they carry in Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China. Methods: A total of 70 sampling points were set in 14 counties/districts of Zunyi, with five points in the east, south, west, north, and center of each county/district. Small mammals were monitored through night trapping in Zunyi from October 2021 to October 2022, followed by species identification and pathogen detection. Excel 2021 was used for data organization. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the density, species, and pathogen-carrying status of small mammals through rate or constituent ratio comparison with the Chi-square test (P < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference). Results: A total of 9 969 effective traps were placed at all the surveillance points, capturing 549 small mammals in total, of which 522 were rodents. The total density of small mammals was 5.51%. The total density of rodents was 5.24%. The rodent density was highest in Honghuagang District (12.94%), followed by Fenggang County (12.34%), and lowest in Chishui City (1.80%). There was a statistical difference in rodent density between the counties/districts (χ²=195.619, P < 0.001). Rattus norvegicus was the dominant rodent species in urban residential areas, rural residential areas, and key industries, while Apodemus agrarius was the dominant species in farming areas. The composition of rodent species statistically differed in different regions (the center, north, east, and west) of Zunyi (χ²=117.357, P < 0.001). Each small mammal was examined for Leptospira interrogans and Orientia tsutsugamushi in the liver, spleen, and kidney; Dabie bandavirus in the liver, spleen, and lung; and Hantavirus in the lung. Among 343 samples tested, 27 were positive, all for L. interrogans, with a pathogen detection rate of 7.87%. Shrews had the highest detection rate (16.00%), followed by A. agrarius (12.35%), and R. norvegicus had the lowest detection rate (1.64%). There was a significant difference in the detection rates of different species of small mammals (χ²=14.372, P=0.002). The detection rate was 9.66% (26/269) in farming areas, which was highest, and 2.94% (1/34) in key industries, with negative detection results in urban and rural residential areas. There were no differences in detection rates between different habitats (χ²=5.171, P=0.160). The detection rate was 27.03% in Meitan County, followed by 25.00% in Suiyang County, and zero in Renhuai City, Fenggang County, and Yuqing County, with a statistical difference between different counties/cities/districts (χ²=35.409, P=0.001). Conclusions: The density of rodents was relatively high in Zunyi. The detection of L. interrogans should be a warning of the possibility of related diseases. Local authorities should strengthen rodent control in spring and autumn and take comprehensive control measures according to actual situation and dominant rodent species and pathogen detection status in different habitats, so as to reduce the density of rodents and prevent the occurrence of rodent-borne diseases.

Objective: To explore the factors affecting Aedes surveillance by the mosquito ovitrap method in a grid mode, so as to provide a scientific basis for the surveillance and control of Aedes mosquitoes and related mosquito-borne infectious diseases. Methods: Three adjacent residential areas with similar areas, building ages, and greenery ratios were selected as surveillance points in Jing'an District, Shanghai, China. Each residential area was divided into secondary surveillance blocks (about 90 m × 60 m) in a 3×3-grid mode. On-site monitoring was conducted in each surveillance block using the mosquito ovitrap method and the human landing catch method, three times one month from July to September 2021. By comparing the surveillance results of different residential areas, different surveillance blocks, and different environmental characteristics, the factors influencing the positive rate of the mosquito ovitrap method were determined. Excel 2016 and SPSS 16.0 were used to process the data. The Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, tow-way analysis of variance, and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. Results: A total of 30 secondary surveillance blocks were designated. Eight times of surveillance were completed, and 131 mosquito ovitraps were set each time. The mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) in residential areas 1, 2, and 3 were 8.71, 12.38, and 11.97, respectively, with no significant difference (χ²=2.750, P=0.253). There were significant differences in the MOI among different blocks of residential areas 1 and 2 (F=2.135, P=0.047; F=2.168, P=0.044). In residential areas, the positive rate was 12.24 in living areas and 5.76 in community school areas, with a significant difference (χ²=6.657, P=0.010). The MOI was 14.10 for green areas on the house side, 8.87 for concentrated green areas, and 7.98 for green areas on the road side, with a significant difference (χ²=8.372, P=0.015). During the surveillance period, the MOI was 13.28 when the days of rainfall was < 2 d, and 8.79 when the days of rainfall was ≥2 d, with a significant difference (χ²=4.218, P=0.047). In residential area 1, the average MOI was 8.69, and the average landing index was 3.33 mosquitoes/person·h. In residential area 2, the average MOI was 12.45, and the average landing index was 8.58 mosquitoes/person·h. In residential area 3, the average MOI was 11.88, and the average landing index was 6.50 mosquitoes/person·h. The ratio of the MOI to the landing index was distributed between 1∶1 and 3∶1. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the MOI was highly correlated with the human landing index in each block (r=0.549, P=0.005). Conclusions: The density of Aedes mosquitoes may differ greatly in different areas of large residential areas due to differences in greening types, functional zoning, and other factors. The mosquito ovitrap method has the advantages of simple operation and high specificity compared with other surveillance methods for Aedes mosquitoes, and it is highly consistent with the human landing catch method. The mosquito ovitrap method with grid-based surveillance point distribution can be used in actual practice, which can effectively avoid deviations caused by point selection and fully reflect the density of Aedes mosquitoes.

Objective: To analyze adult mosquito ecological surveillance data for an understanding of the species composition, distribution, density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in Hebei Province, China, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne infectious diseases. Methods: Mosquitoes were monitored using the lamp trap method from 2011 to 2022. The surveillance data of 17 surveillance sites at city and county levels were collected in Hebei, and analyzed using the Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Friedman test with R 4.2.2 software. Results: From 2011 to 2022, the average mosquito density was 1.24 mosquitoes/lamp·h. Culex pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis, and other mosquito species accounted for 96.62%, 1.72%, 1.27%, 0.31%, and 0.08%, respectively. The annual average mosquito density decreased slowly in a fluctuating way, with a statistical difference in mosquito density between different years (H=36.155, P < 0.001). The density of Ae. albopictus kept increasing from 2020 to 2022. The highest average density was 1.55 mosquitoes/lamp·h in livestock sheds, followed by 1.39 mosquitoes/lamp·h in rural houses, with a statistical difference in the average mosquito density between different habitats (Q=23.529, P < 0.001). The dominant species was Cx. pipiens pallens in all habitats. The densities of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis were much higher in livestock sheds than in other habitats. Ae. albopictus showed close densities in five habitats. The seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes showed a single-peak curve, with high densities occurring from June to September, peaking in August, with the average mosquito density being 2.38 mosquitoes/lamp·h. There was a statistical difference in mosquito density between different months (H=15.143, P=0.034). The mosquito densities in different habitats peaked during July to August. The difference in the mosquito densities in different habitats between different months was statistically significant (H=36.653, P < 0.001). Conclusions: In Hebei Province, mosquito control should be strengthened in livestock sheds and rural houses during June to September. Attention should also be paid to the control of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis in rural areas. Urban and rural areas should keep monitoring Ae. albopictus for timely control measures.

Objective: To analyze the situation of vector control in the 7th Military World Games in 2019, so as to provide a scientific basis for vector control in similar major events in the future. Methods: The surveillance results of major vectors in different types of places (venues, hotels, designated hospitals, etc.) in urban areas of Wuhan, China from June to September 2019 were analyzed. Excel 2007 and SPSS 23.0 softwares were used for data processing. The Chi-squared test and Fisher's exact test were used for data analysis. Results: In June, the positive rate of fly breeding sites, the infestation rate of nymph and adult cockroaches, and the detection rate of cockroach eggs were highest, which were 3.88%, 1.69%, and 0.06%, respectively. In July, the positive rate of indoor rodent trace, mosquito larval route index and dip index, and indoor fly density were highest, which were 2.91%, 1.31 stagnant waters per km, 4.20%, and 4.81%, respectively; the qualified rates of rodent-proof and fly-proof facilities were lowest, which were 85.97% and 87.84%, respectively. In August, the outdoor rodent density route index and adult mosquito landing index were highest, which were 1.04 rodents and 1.63 mosquitoes per person, respectively. Conclusions: Authorities should continuously monitor vector infestation and control effects in key places of Wuhan Military World Games, scientifically and effectively evaluate the implementation of vector control, and timely detect relevant problems and adjust response strategies to prevent the occurrence of emergencies.

Objective: To investigate knockdown resistance (kdr) genotypes of Aedes albopictus which is the major vector of dengue in Nanning, so as to understand their insecticide resistance levels and provide evidence for scientific control of Ae. albopictus. Methods: Ae. albopictus larvae were collected using the dip method in Nanning and raised to adults in the laboratory. After morphological identification, Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were soaked in 75% ethanol and stored at -20 ℃. DNA was extracted from individual mosquitoes using the magnetic bead-based method. The partial fragments of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene were amplified by PCR and sequenced for alignment with the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool on the platform of National Center for Biotechnology Information. DNAStar 7.1 was used to analyze single-site and multiple-site mutations in the confirmed VGSC gene of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Results: A total of 175 Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were examined in 2022, obtaining 350 sequences (about 400 bp in length). Mutations were detected at the 1016 and 1534 loci but not at the 1532 locus of the VGSC gene. At the 1016 locus, there were two alleles (wild-type V [148, 78.28%] and mutant G [49, 21.72%]) and three genotypes (wild-type homozygote V/V [126, 72.00%], mutant homozygote G/G [27, 15.43%], and wild-type/mutant heterozygote V/G [22, 12.57%]). At the 1532 locus, there was one allele (wild-type I [175, 100%]) and one genotype (wild-type homozygote I/I [175, 100%]). At the 1534 locus, there were three alleles (wild-type F [51, 16.86%], mutant S [116, 36.29%], and mutant C [135, 46.85%]) and six genotypes (wild-type homozygote F/F [8, 4.57%], wild/mutant heterozygotes F/S [21, 12.00%] and F/C [22, 12.57%], mutant heterozygote S/C [64, 36.57%], and mutant homozygotes S/S [21, 12.00%] and C/C [39, 22.29%]). Conclusion: VGSC gene mutations are frequent in Ae. albopictus in Nanning. Attention should be paid to the insecticide resistance levels of Ae. albopictus for scientific, standardized, and efficient use of insecticides.

Objective: To analyze cockroach infestation and its intestinal pathogen infection status in catering places in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China, so as to provide scientific suggestions for cockroach control and the prevention and control of infectious diarrhea in catering places. Methods: From April 2021 to March 2022, cockroach infestation survey and sampling were conducted using cockroach traps in five types of catering places in 12 subdistricts and towns of Pudong New Area in the middle of each month. The captured cockroaches were examined for intestinal pathogens. Excel 2019 and SPSS 22.0 were used for data collation and statistical analysis. Results: In the catering places of Pudong New Area, the cockroach infestation rate was 20.83%, and the cockroach density was 0.74 cockroaches/trap. Blattella germanica (65.79%) and Periplaneta fuliginosa (34.21%) were captured, with a statistical difference in the constituent ratio in various types of places (χ²=126.509, P < 0.001). The cafeterias of enterprises and public institutions had the highest cockroach infestation rate and density, which were 29.03% and 1.32 cockroaches/trap, respectively. The pathogen detection rate of the cockroach samples was 28.13%. A total of 53 groups of 7 categories of pathogens were detected, including Sapovirus, Norovirus, Astrovirus, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Aeromonas hydrophila, Blastocystis hominis, and Cryptosporidium. The dominant pathogens carried by B. germanica were Sapovirus, B. hominis, and STEC, and those carried by P. fuliginosa were Sapovirus, STEC, and A. hydrophila. Conclusion: Cockroaches in catering places in Pudong New Area carried various human intestinal pathogens, so attention should be paid to targeted cockroach control strategies in catering places.

Objective: To investigate the infection of the first leptospirosis patient in Zhoushan in the past 40 years, and to evaluate the potential risks of host animal and local resident infection. Methods: RT-qPCR was used to detect leptospiral nucleic acid in a suspected case, local residents, and host animals (small mammals and pigs) in 2022. The 23S rRNA target gene was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced to detect the infected genospecies. ELISA was used to detect leptospiral antibodies in the sera of suspected case and residents. Results: Leptospiral nucleic acid was tested positive in the acute phase of the suspected patient, but turned negative in the recovery phase. In contrast, IgM and IgG were negative in acute phase but positive in recovery phase. Leptospiral nucleic acid was tested negative in the sera of 69 residents, but was positive in the urine of 3 residents with positive IgM. The positive rate of IgM in sera of residents was 4.35% (3/69) and the positive rate of IgG was 8.70% (6/69). The positive rate of leptospiral nucleic acid in small mammal kidney was 30.00% (15/50), and the three pig urine were positive for leptospiral nucleic acid. The species in the sera of the suspected case in acute phase, 4 rat kidney specimens, and 2 pig urine specimens were identified as Leptospira borgpetersenii. The species in 3 urine specimens from local residents, 5 rat kidney specimens, and 1 pig urine specimen were identified as L. interrogans. Conclusions: The patient was confirmed with leptospirosis. The infection rates of Leptospira in host animals and residents were both high in the patient's place of residence.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Nantong City, Jiangsu Province, China, so as to provide a reference for formulating appropriate prevention and control strategies. Methods: The data of dengue fever cases in Nantong City in 2014-2022 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and epidemiological investigation reports, and the descriptive epidemiological method was used to perform statistical analyses of the temporal, regional, and population distribution, imported sources, disease onset, and medical treatment of the cases. ArcGIS 10.8 software was used to visualize the regional distribution of the cases. SPSS 22.0 software was used to perform the Shapiro-Wilk test to investigate the normality of the interval time from disease onset to confirmed diagnosis and the interval time from arriving in Nantong City to confirmed diagnosis. Results: In 2014-2022, a total of 52 dengue fever cases were reported in Nantong City, with a mean annual incidence rate of 0.08/100 000, and the highest incidence rate of 0.51/100 000 was observed in 2019. The peak of dengue fever was observed in June to September, with 37 cases accounting for 71.15%. Cases were reported in all seven counties (cities/districts), among which Haimen District reported 19 cases, accounting for 36.55%. The age group of 40- years showed the highest number of 21 cases, which accounted for 40.38%. The male/female ratio was 9.4∶1. As for occupation, most of the patients were migrant workers, with 30 cases accounting for 57.69%. All cases were imported from abroad, mainly Southeast Asia, with 47 cases accounting for 90.38%. The majority of the cases were firstly diagnosed in tertiary medical institutions, with 28 cases accounting for 53.85%. For these 52 cases, the median time interval from disease onset to confirmed diagnosis was 6.0 days. A total of 20 cases were diagnosed in the viremia stage, accounting for 41.67%. Conclusions: The epidemic situation of dengue fever in Nantong City in 2014-2022 shows obvious imported and seasonal characteristics. It is suggested that inbound individuals from Southeast Asia should be regarded as the key population for quarantine and follow-up observation in June to September each year, and it is also recommended to enhance the surveillance and control of mosquito vectors.

Objective: To investigate mosquito species composition and density fluctuation in a stable state of urbanization of Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for early warning of mosquito-borne infectious diseases. Methods: From March to November of 2012 to 2021, mosquitoes were monitored by lamp trapping in five habitats of urban residential areas, parks, hospitals, rural houses and livestock sheds in Wuxi. The species, densities, and seasonal fluctuations of mosquitoes in different environments were analyzed. An analysis of variance was performed on the similarity and diversity indices of mosquitoes in different years and habitats for annual trends. A linear regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between mosquito density and the minimum mean temperature in the 5 days before monitoring (T_min⁵), followed by testing with analysis of variance. Results: A total of 3 777 mosquito lamp traps were placed, capturing 27 158 female mosquitoes, with an average density of 0.60 mosquitoes/lamp·h. The dominant species were Culex pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The mosquito density decreased from 1.18 mosquitoes/lamp·h in 2012 to 0.13 mosquitoes/lamp·h in 2021. The seasonal fluctuation of the overall average mosquito density showed a bimodal pattern. The mosquito diversity index of livestock sheds was highest at 0.97, which was statistically higher than that of other habitats (all P < 0.05), followed by rural houses, urban residential areas, parks, and hospitals. There was no statistical difference in the diversity index of different habitats in different years (F=1.328, P=0.253). The similarity index was high between residential areas, parks, hospitals, and rural house but not livestock sheds. In all the years except 2012, mosquito density was linearly correlated with T_min⁵ (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: The species composition of mosquito in different environments in Wuxi is different. The densities of dominant mosquito species in all the habitats showed a generally decreasing trend year by year. The density and diversity of mosquitoes in livestock sheds were highest, which should be a focus of mosquito control. The fluctuation of mosquito density was statistically correlated with temperature, and T_min⁵ can be used as a potential risk indicator for mosquito density surveillance and early warning.

Objective: To investigate the species composition, population density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in Huai'an, Jiangsu Province, China from 2018 to 2022, so as to provide a scientific basis for the control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne infectious diseases. Methods: The adult mosquito density data monitored by lamp trapping method in Huai'an from 2018 to 2022 were collected, and the species composition, population density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes were analyzed. The mosquito species composition ratio was compared using the Chi-squared test. The mosquito density in different habitats was analyzed using Welch's analysis of variance. Results: Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant mosquito species in Huai'an from 2018 to 2022. The species composition ratio was statistically different between different years (all P < 0.001). Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant mosquito species in livestock sheds, while Cx. pipiens pallens was the dominant mosquito species in the other habitats, with a statistical difference in the species composition ratio between different habitats (χ²=22 424.835, P < 0.001). Among different habitats, the highest density was in livestock sheds with 3.62 mosquitoes/lamp·h, and the lowest density was in residential areas with 0.92 mosquitoes/lamp·h. Welch's analysis of variance showed that the mosquito density differed statistically between different habitats (F=5.843, P=0.013). The seasonal fluctuation of mosquito density in Huai'an showed a unimodal curve in each year of 2018 to 2022, with the peaks occurring in July for 2019, 2020, and 2022, in August for 2018, and in June for 2021. The seasonal fluctuation of mosquito density showed a single-peak pattern in different habitats and for different species, with the highest densities in July. Conclusions: The species composition and density of mosquitoes differed in different habitats of Huai'an. The highest mosquito density was in livestock sheds, which should be the key area for mosquito control. Mosquitoes were most active during June to September, and mosquito control should be strengthened based on mosquito activity patterns in this period.

Objective: To investigate the current situation of vector control and personnel involved in grassroots centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs) in Gansu Province, China after the implementation of various vector-related financial projects, so as to provide a reference and basis for further improving the ability of vector surveillance and control at the grassroots level. Methods: The basic information of professional and technical personnel of vector biology and the laboratory equipment at prefecture- and county-levels were collected through interviews and questionnaires on vector workers in grassroots CDCs of Gansu province. Office 2010 and SPSS 19.0 were used for data processing and statistical analysis. Results: The coverage rate of vector surveillance sites in counties/cities/districts in Gansu Province reached 57.47% (50/87), including 19 counties/cities/districts in 9 prefecture-level cities with national surveillance sites and 31 counties/cities/districts in 14 prefecture-level cities with provincial surveillance sites. The average number of technical personnel engaged in vector surveillance per prefecture-level city was 2.79, of whom personnel in preventive medicine accounted for 53.85%, and personnel aged under 30 years accounted for 25.64%. The average number of technical personnel per county/city/district) was 1.54, of whom personnel in preventive medicine accounted for 49.35%, and personnel aged under 30 years accounted for 35.06%. County-level CDCs mainly carried out vector ecological surveillance, and some prefecture-level CDCs had the ability to carry out mosquito and rodent etiological surveillance. Only Baiyin carried out insecticide resistance surveillance of vectors. The output of research papers and scientific research of professionals and technical personnels was not high. Conclusions: In the face of new challenges in vector control, the ability of vector surveillance and control in Gansu Province remains to be improved. Prefecture- and county-level CDCs have insufficient funding for vector surveillance, and the number and quality of staff are not high. It is necessary to improve the ability by means of further study, step-by-step training, on-site guidance, or visiting and learning in other units.

Objective: To analyze the impact of climatic environmental factors on the geographical distribution of Periplaneta fuliginosa in China, and to predict and project the distribution range of P. fuliginosa in China under different climate conditions. Methods: The Global Biodiversity Information Facility and published literature for the geographical distribution information of P. fuliginosa in China were searched. Information on climatic and geographical factors was acquired from public websites. A maximum entropy model was applied to analyze the impact of the factors on the distribution of P. fuliginosa in China, and project the potential geographical distribution area of P. fuliginosa under current and future (2041-2060) conditions. Results: Among the environmental factors affecting the geographical distribution of P. fuliginosa, the precipitation in the driest month contributed most (contribution rate: 37.20%), followed by the precipitation in the wettest month (contribution rate: 15.20%). Under current climate conditions, P. fuliginosa was mainly distributed in Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Sichuan provinces, with the area of highly suitable habitats reaching 613 100 km². Under the shared socioeconomic pathway SSP2-4.5 scenario, the suitable habitats of P. fuliginosa in China would decrease by 42 900 km² in 2041-2060. Conclusions: Precipitation may be a key factor influencing the distribution of P. fuliginosa. The suitable habitats of P. fuliginosa in China may decrease in the future.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China and predict the incidence trend, so as to provide a basis for formulating HFRS prevention and control measures. Methods: Descriptive epidemiology method was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics, and the Chi-square test was used to compare the rates; SPSS 22.0 and Eview 10.0 softwares were used to establish an optimal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model for the monthly incidence rate of HFRS from 2004 to 2021, and the monthly incidence rate in 2022 was predicted. Results: A total of 5 772 cases of HFRS were reported, with an average annual incidence rate of 13.15/100 000; the small peak of HFRS in spring and summer occurred from May to July, and the large peak in autumn and winter occurred from October to December. The average annual incidence rate of HFRS in Tongjiang and Fuyuan were higher than that in other cities, counties, and districts. The onset age was mainly 15-69 years old, and the proportion of 35-39 years old was the highest. The cases were mainly young males and occurred most in farmers (69.53%) compared with other occupations, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.65:1. ARIMA (1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1)₁₂ was the optimal model for short-term prediction of the incidence rate of HFRS in Jiamusi, with BIC=-0.879. The residual sequence was determined to be white noise by the Ljung-Box Q test (Q=15.867, P=0.322), and the autocorrelation coefficient and partial autocorrelation coefficient of the residual sequence fell within 95% confidence interval. The monthly incidence rate of HFRS in 2022 predicted by the model showed a slight upward trend, but was still at a low level. Conclusions: From 2004 to 2021, the incidence rate of HFRS in Jiamusi city showed a downward trend and a seasonal bimodal pattern. The average annual incidence rate is higher in border cities; the incidence rate is higher in males than in females, and mainly in farmers. ARIMA (1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1)₁₂ is determined as the optimal model, which can be used to predict the short-term incidence trend of HFRS in Jiamusi, providing a scientific basis for targeted prevention and control.

Objective: To explore the diversity and variability of symbiotic microbial communities in Culicoides on different livestock farms in Hainan Province, China. Methods: From August to September 2021, the ultraviolet lamp-trap method was used to collect Culicoides on five different livestock farms (cattle farms, chicken houses, dog houses, sheep pens, and pigsties) in Wenchang City, Ding'an County, and Ledong County in Hainan Province. After the total DNA was extracted by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide method, the structural characteristics and functional distribution of genes in the microbial communities were analyzed using metagenomic sequencing. Results: The dominant species of Culicoides on different livestock farms varied. The dominant species on cattle farms, sheep pens, and pigsties was C. oxystoma, accounting for 92.91%, 82.22%, and 95.85%, respectively; the dominant species in chicken houses and dog houses were C. arakawae, accounting for 66.36% and 98.22%, respectively. On different livestock farms, Proteobacteria (33.78%), Ascomycota (9.09%), and Firmicutes (8.88%) were the dominant phyla of the symbiotic microbial communities in Culicoides, and Acinetobacter (22.48%) and Clostridium (7.25%) were the dominant genera. Microbial diversity analysis at the genus level found that the five livestock farms shared the most microorganisms at the genus level, with 3 357 genera in common. Microbial gene differential analysis revealed that the five livestock farms shared a relatively small number of common genes (1 065). Moreover, the functional prediction results also showed that 29.10% of the annotated genes were related to metabolism, such as carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. The analysis of the differences in gene number showed that increased similarity in the species composition of Culicoides was associated with a greater number of genes shared by the samples. Conclusions: Analysis of the microbial communities found that the core symbiotic microflora communities in Culicoides is relatively stable, and livestock farms with the same dominant species of Culicoides have more similarities in microbial communities in Culicoides. This study enriches the microbial community database of Culicoides in China, which is of great significance for the biological prevention and control of Culicoides in the future.

Objective: To investigate the situation of Rickettsia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia infections in Dermacentor silvarum and their genetic diversity in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia), China. Methods: A total of 76 adult parasitic ticks were collected from the body surface of livestock in Dorbod Banner in Ulanqab and Tumed Left Banner in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. All of them were morphologically and molecularly identified. Rickettsia in the ticks was examined using primers targeting the conserved regions of both 16S rRNA and citrate synthase (gltA) genes. Anaplasma and Ehrlichia were examined using genus-specific primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene. For positive specimens, nested PCR was used to amplify the gltA gene and the heat shock protein gene (groEL). PhyML 3.0 software was used for constructing maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees. Results: All the captured ticks were identified as D. silvarum. A total of 8 ticks tested positive for Rickettsia, with six (6/35, 17.14%) from Dorbod Banner and two (2/41, 4.88%) from Tumed Left Banner, all being identified as R. raoultii by sequencing. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA, gltA, and groEL genes revealed that the strains were divided into two clades in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that R. raoultii was genetically diverse in this area. All the samples were negative for Anaplasma and Ehrlichia. Conclusions: R. raoultii is epidemic among Dermacentor ticks in Inner Mongolia, with certain genetic diversity. Concerning its human pathogenicity, the high positive rate of R. raoultii in certain areas of Inner Mongolia suggests a potential risk of human infections.