Objective To test and compare the speed of death of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana treated with six active ingredients, and to provide theoretical basis for consumers' experience. Methods Using the open square box method, 30 test insects were starved for one day had allowed access to cockroach baits containing each of the six effective components. The number of dead insects was counted at regular time intervals, and LT ₅₀ and LT ₉₅ were calculated according to the weighted linear regression method. Results Without other feed, the LT ₅₀ for B. germanica was in the order of 0.5% dinotefuran>2.5% imidacloprid>1.5% propoxur>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.1% indoxacarb, and the order of the LT ₅₀ for P. americana was 2.5% imidacloprid>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>1.5% propoxur>0.1% indoxacarb. The LT ₉₅ for B. germanica was in the order of 0.5% dinotefuran>2.5% imidacloprid>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.1% indoxacarb>1.5% propoxur, and the LT ₉₅ for P. americana was in the order of 0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.05% fipronil>0.1% indoxacarb>1.5% propoxur>2.5% imidacloprid. Dinotefuran had almost no toxic effect on P. americana. Cockroaches fed less on the diets of dinotefuran, imidacloprid and propoxur, which had a faster death rate in the early stage, and fed more on the diets of chlorpyrifos, fipronil and indoxacarb, which had a slower death rate in the early stage. Conclusion On the whole, cockroach baits with different active ingredients had different lethal rates to different species of cockroaches. Dinotefuran, imidacloprid and propoxur were quicker to kill B. germanica, while chlorpyrifos and fipronil were quicker to kill P. americana.

Objective To formulate a catalogue of alien vectors and pathogenic organisms for early warning and effective prevention of alien species invasion. Methods The authors searched literature, online databases, and published catalogues for alien vectors and pathogens that can seriously threaten the health of human and animals and agricultural and ecological security. They were evaluated for the risk of invasion to China by using a suitable habitat prediction model and a comprehensive evaluation system of multiple indicators. Candidate species with the potential of invasion were included in this catalogue. Results A total of 304 alien species were screened out and listed in this catalogue for China, including 69 vectors and 235 pathogenic organisms. Among them, 275 species (47 vectors and 228 pathogens) had high probability of invading China. Conclusion This catalogue can be used as an early warning directory to prevent alien vectors and pathogenic organisms from invading China, which provides a reference for relevant departments to formulate preventive management strategies and measures.

Objective To analyze the policies,strategies,techniques,actions,and achievements in the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China since 2012. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze and summarize the epidemiologic situation and challenges of vectors and vector-borne diseases,the surveillance of vectors,and the advances in the control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China in the past ten years.The Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the trend of the incidence rate of vector-borne diseases in the past decade using R 4.0.4 software. Results A series of policies,strategies,measures,and techniques were formulated and released for sustainable vector management in China in the past decade.The vector surveillance program in China had been continuously upgraded and improved,and a national vector surveillance network integrating ecology,etiology,and insecticide resistance had been established and improved.The number of national vector surveillance sites (1 097) in 2021 was increased by 54 times,and the funds input in national vector surveillance was increased by 127 times.Direct network reporting was realized for surveillance data,and there was a significant increase in the timely utilization rate of surveillance data,which provided better support for risk assessment,prediction and early warning,decision making,and control effect evaluation.The total annual incidence rate of vector-borne diseases in China in 2021(3.060/100 000) was reduced by 8.66% compared with that in 2007-2011(3.350/100 000),and the total annual mortality rate of vector-borne diseases in 2021(0.016/100 000) was reduced by 33.33% compared with that in 2007-2011(0.024/100 000).China had achieved the goal of malaria elimination and mitigated the accelerating increases in the incidence rates of dengue fever,scrub typhus,and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Conclusion In 2012-2021,leapfrog development has been achieved for the policies,strategies,techniques,and actions for the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China,and there are significant reductions in the incidence and mortality rates of vector-borne diseases.In view of the natural and social driving factors at present,the prevention and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases still face severe challenges,and therefore,it is urgent to further promote the strategies and measures for sustainable vector management,implement Global Vector Control Response 2017-2030,build proactive defense based on"reverse microbial etiology",so as to prevent and control major vector-borne diseases.

In 2021, the national surveillance of rodent-borne pathogens of disease vectors had been started up, and a total of 123 prefectures were selected as national surveillance sites. Sampling was completed at 95 surveillance sites. A total of 17 910 rodent specimens were collected, and 16 891 of them were tested. The completion rate of pathogen detection was 94.31%. The overall infection rate of eight monitored rodent-borne pathogens around China was 2.43% (407/16 716) for Hantavirus, 0.02% (4/16 154) for Dabie bandavirus (i.e., severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus), 5.75% (624/10 850) for Leptospira interrogans, 0.11% (5/4 470) for Rickettsia mooseri, 0.05% (5/10 790) for Orientia tsutsugamushi, 2.39% (75/3 136) for Bartonella, and 0.04% (2/5 075) for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Francisella tularensis was not detected. More than ten species of rodents were found to be infected with different pathogens in 18 provinces across China. The infection rates of pathogens in rodents in southern regions were relatively high, and the positive rates of pathogens carried by various rodents differed. Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius were the species in which the most pathogens were detected.

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infectious disease that is widely distributed in urban or peri-urban areas in the tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate zones worldwide and threatens the health of populations in more than 100 countries and regions. Global climate change, urbanization, and urban population growth have created favorable conditions for the spread of dengue fever virus. At present, due to a lack of vaccines applicable for mass vaccination, Aedes vector control is the main measure for the prevention and control of dengue fever, and accurate and timely risk prediction for dengue fever can provide an important basis for precise prevention and control, and decision-making. In recent years, the development of geospatial big data promotes the identification of the driving factors for dengue fever at different spatial and temporal scales, and the advances in artificial intelligence, especially the emergence of various deep learning networks, provide new techniques for the risk prediction of dengue fever. Through a comprehensive analysis of the various types of driving factors for dengue fever and their mechanism of action, geospatial big data, and artificial intelligence techniques, this article elaborates on the application of geospatial big data in identifying the driving factors for dengue fever from the aspects of urban land use, climate and environment conditions, and population movement, as well as the current status of the application of artificial intelligence algorithms in predicting the risk of dengue fever transmission. Based on the current research status of geospatial big data and artificial intelligence, it is proposed that future research should develop spatiotemporal risk predictive models at different spatial and temporal scales and the performance of such models should be evaluated in terms of the difference between predicted and true values, the spatiotemporal aggregation patterns of dengue fever, and the actual needs of dengue fever prevention and control.

Objective To establish a duplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) detection method for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Methods Based on the designed primers and probes of JEV and WNV, a duplex ddPCR detection system for JEV and WNV was established. Its sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability were explored. The sensitivity was compared with the number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to cross the threshold in each reaction tube of dual quantitative PCR. Results The detection sensitivity of the duplex ddPCR detection system could reach 10 ² copies/μl for both JEV and WNV, with good specificity and repeatability. No cross-reactivity was observed with the Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, Tick-borne encephalitis virus, and human genome. Conclusion The established duplex ddPCR method shows high sensitivity and specificity for JEV and WNV detection, which provides a solution for detection for the two viruses in different scenarios.

Objective To investigate the role of blood-eating insects in the family Tabanidae in the spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in the Dabie Mountain region of Jinzhai county, Anhui province, China, and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of Africian swine fever in the region. Methods The insect trap method was used to collect wild horsefly in the Dabie Mountain region of Jinzhai county, Anhui province in September 2019. The collected horseflies were observed with a stereo microscope to preliminarily identify their species based on their morphological characteristics. The collected horseflies were separately ground and DNA was extracted using a tissue nucleic acid extraction kit and a virus nucleic acid extraction kit. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ (COⅠ) gene amplification and sequencing were performed on the tissue genome to identify the species of the horseflies. With the ASFV p72 gene primers published by World Organisation for Animal Health, the ASFV nucleic acid was amplified by PCR, followed by sequencing to detect the DNA of ASFV in the horsefly samples. Results A total of 24 horseflies were collected from three different locations. Through morphological observations and COⅠgene amplification and sequencing, the horseflies were identified as Tabanus hypomacros. Amplification with the ASFV p72 gene primers was positive for part of viral nucleic acid extraction samples, with an overall positive detection rate of ASFV of 45.83%. The product of the positive amplification with ASFV p72 primers was sequenced to be a 278 nt sequence. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the ASFV in the horsefly specimens and the epidemic ASFV strains in China were in the same evolutionary branch. Conclusion ASFV is found in wild horseflies in the Dabie Mountain region of Jinzhai county, Anhui province, and is highly homologous to the epidemic ASFV strains in China, indicating that T. hypomacros can be a potential mechanical transmission vector of ASFV.

Objective To analyze the genetic diversity of nine batches of Lasiopodomys brandtii rodents from three sample plots (New Barag Right banner, East Ujimqin banner, and Xilinhot city) of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia), China by using 16 pairs of microsatellite primers. Methods A total of 275 L. brandtii rodents were trapped using snaps or cages in May, July, and September of 2021. DNA was extracted from them with magnetic beads, followed by PCR amplification with 16 pairs of fluorescent-labeled microsatellite primers. The microsatellite data were obtained using GeneMarker. The genetic diversity and structure of L. brandtii populations were analyzed using GenAIEx 6.5, Arlequin (version 30), and structure 2.3.4. Results A total of 472 alleles were detected by using 16 pairs of microsatellite primers. The average polymorphic information content was 0.821 3. The average Shannon’s information index was 1.812. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.478 to 0.951. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.575 to 0.891. According to cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the nine L. brandtii populations could be divided into four groups by month. The genetic diversity index of the four groups was May > July > September. The analysis of molecular variance showed that the variation among individuals (88.51%) was much greater than that among the groups (5.04%) and that among the populations (6.45%). The mantel test showed no significant correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance of L. brandtii ( R ²=0.001 6). Conclusions The L. brandtii populations sampled in Inner Mongolia had high genetic diversity. The genetic variation of L. brandtii populations was mainly observed among individuals. Seasonal variation could be the main factor affecting the genetic structure of L. brandtii populations.

Objective To investigate the density and seasonal fluctuations of vector mosquitoes in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China from 2017 to 2021, and to provide a scientific basis for vector control and mosquito-borne disease prevention. Methods The light trap method was used to investigate 15 districts/counties/cities in Hangzhou from April to November, 2017-2021, in accordance with the "National Vector Surveillance Program" and "Zhejiang Province Vector Surveillance Program". Excel 2016 software was used to summarize the monitoring data, and SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The Chi-square test was used for the difference of mosquito composition ratio in different years, and one-way ANOVA was used for the difference of mosquito density in different habitats. Results From 2017 to 2021, the mosquito density in Hangzhou was 1.99 mosquitoes/light·night, and Culex pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus (71.90%) was the dominant species. The seasonal fluctuation trend of mosquito density generally showed a bimodal curve, peaking in July and October. There were statistical differences in densities of Cx. pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis, and Armigeres subalbatus between different years (all P<0.001). In terms of various habitats, livestock barns/farms had the highest mean mosquito density (4.92 mosquitoes/light·night), and hospitals had the lowest (1.35 mosquitoes/light·night). There were statistical differences in densities of An. sinensis and Ar. subalbatus between various habitats ( F=3.581, P=0.023; F=5.431, P=0.004). Cx. pipiens pallens/ quinquefasciatus was the dominant mosquito species in various habitats, followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Ar. subalbatus, Ae. albopictus, and An. sinensis. Livestock barns/farms had the highest mosquito densities in terms of any of the above five species. Conclusions The mosquito density in Hangzhou is generally at a low level. Cx. pipiens pallens/ quinquefasciatus is the dominant species. In future mosquito control, livestock barns/farms should be highlighted for special attention. Local districts/cities/counties should take targeted mosquito control measures based on their density changes, distribution, and seasonal fluctuations.

Objective To investigate the resistance of Musca domestica populations to commonly used insecticides in different regions of Zhejiang province, China, in 2021, and to provide a scientific basis for rational insecticide use of fly control. Methods Different field populations of M. domestica were collected from 12 monitoring sites in Hangzhou, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Shaoxing, Huzhou, Jiaxing, Jinhua, Quzhou, Taizhou, Lishui, Zhoushan, and Yiwu, Zhejiang province from April to November 2021. The topical application method was used to determine the resistance of M. domestica to seven commonly used insecticides of pyrethroids, organophosphorus and carbamates. Results The resistance ratios of M. domestica populations to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, dichlorvos, chlorpyrifos, and propoxur were 0.83-255.00, 4.44-158.78, 6.11-64.81, 1.76-53.57, 2.45-130.11, 3.37-10.39, and 2.52-1 149.63 in 11 prefecture-level cities and Yiwu, Zhejiang province. Conclusion Some field populations of M. domestica in different regions of Zhejiang province have developed varying degrees of resistance to many of the seven commonly used insecticides. In the future fly control, measures should be taken to standardize the use of chemical insecticides based on the results of resistance monitoring in order to effectively reduce the density of flies and delay the development of resistance.

Objective To analyze the results of tick ecological surveillance in Zhejiang province, China, 2017-2020, to understand species composition, density and seasonal fluctuation of ticks in Zhejiang province, and to provide a basis for the development of control measures. Methods Twelve surveillance sites for ticks were set up in Zhejiang province. Parasitic ticks were monitored by tick inspection on the body surface of animal and the questing ticks were monitored using drag-flag method. Ticks collected from the same sampling sites or animals were numbered uniformly or placed in the same tube and brought back to the laboratory for classification, identification, and counting. The monitoring data were processed and analyzed using Excel 2010 software. Results The parasitic tick index was 2.25 and the questing tick density was 0.48 ticks/flag·100 m in Zhejiang province, 2017-2020. Haemaphysalis longicornis was the dominant parasitic and questing tick. Among host animals, sheep had the highest tick index (4.29), followed by cattle (1.33). The dominant tick species were H. longicornis on sheep, Rhipicephalus microplus on cattle, H. longicornis on rural dogs, and R. sanguineus on urban dogs. The questing tick density was 0.94 ticks/flag·100 m in rural environment and 0.04 ticks/flag·100 m in scenic area. The tick density in Zhejiang province showed no obvious seasonal fluctuation. Conclusion In 2017-2020, the dominant tick species in Zhejiang province was H. longicornis. The dominant parasitic tick species varied across host animals, and sheep had the highest tick infestation rate. The questing tick density in rural environment was significantly higher than that in scenic area. The results can provide a reference for the public health institutions of Zhejiang province to formulate targeted tick and tick control measures.

Objective To investigate the effect of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus endemic to China in controlling the larvae of Aedes albopictus, and to provide new ideas for biological control of mosquitos. Methods M. anguillicaudatus individuals were divided into two juvenile and adult groups. After weighing and fasting for 24 h, they were put into tanks with 100, 200, 400, and 1 000 larvae/basin. Gambusia affinis with the same weight was used as control group (multiple G. affinis fish with the same average weight as the two groups of M. anguillicaudatus were used). The numbers of larvae and pupa were counted at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h to compare the ability to devour the larvae of Ae. albopictus between M. anguillicaudatus at different growth stages and between M. anguillicaudatus and G. affinis. Results Each juvenile M. anguillicaudatus devoured 984 larvae per day on average, while each adult M. anguillicaudatus devoured 647 larvae per day on average. With the same density of Ae. albopictus larvae, juvenile M. anguillicaudatus devoured more larvae than G. affinis of the same weight ( F=58.051, P<0.001), whereas adult M. anguillicaudatus devoured fewer larvae than G. affinis of the same weight ( F=23.162, P<0.001). A 7-day experiment was conducted with juvenile M. anguillicaudatus for continuous devouring of larvae. The results showed stable daily devouring of larvae in the short and medium term. There were no significant differences in the number of mosquito larvae devoured per day ( χ ²=2.650, P=0.266), and the number was significantly higher than that of G. affinis of the same weight ( χ ²=16.758, P=0.001). Conclusion M. anguillicaudatus has good ability to devour Ae. albopictus larvae, and can be used as a new method to control mosquito larvae in small water bodies in residential areas.

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) and tick vectors in Zhejiang province of China in 2021. Methods The data on SFTS cases in Zhejiang province in 2021 were obtained from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and descriptive epidemiological methods were used to describe the temporal, population, and regional distributions of SFTS cases. Tick surveillance sites were set up in 8 counties (cities/districts) of Zhejiang province from March to October 2021, and the drag-flag method was used to collect free-living ticks and the body surface examination method for on-host ticks. Excel 2013 and SPSS17.0 softwares were used to perform a statistical analysis of the data on SFTS cases and vector surveillance data, and ArcGIS 10.0 software was used to draw the map of SFTS incidence rate in districts and counties. Results A total of 85 SFTS cases were reported in Zhejiang province in 2021, with a reported incidence rate of 0.15/100 000 and a fatality rate of 8.24% (7/85). The cases were distributed in 23 counties (cities/districts) in 8 prefectures, and the top 3 prefectures in terms of the number of cases were Jinhua (27 cases), Taizhou (27 cases), and Ningbo (11 cases) cities. The cases mainly occurred in April to October, with a peak in May to July. There was no significant difference in incidence rate between the male patients and the female patients ( χ ²=1.347, P=0.246); as for the age of onset of SFTS, most cases were middle-aged and elderly patients, with a median age of 67 years; most of the patients were farmers, accounting for 80.00% (68/85). The patients with a clear history of tick bites within 2 weeks before SFTS onset accounted for 17.65% (15/85). A total of 590 free-living ticks were collected in the unpopulated rural area, and the mean density of free-living ticks was 18.44 ticks/flag·h. A total of 688 animals were monitored and 2 406 on-host ticks were collected, with a mean density of 3.50 ticks per host. Conclusion Sporadic cases of SFTS are mainly observed in Zhejiang province, with obvious regional and seasonal characteristics. The middle-aged and elderly people and farmers were the main affected populations. Free-living ticks and on-host ticks show a relatively high density as the vector for SFTS.

Objective: To investigate the density distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in different habitats and seasonal fluctuation in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China from 2017 to 2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control, risk assessment, and early warning of dengue fever. Methods: According to the National Vector Surveillance Implementation Plan and the Zhejiang Provincial Vector Surveillance Plan, Aedes mosquitoes were monitored in 15 districts (counties and cities) in Hangzhou. Adult mosquitoes were monitored using the double-layered mosquito net method, and larvae were monitored using the Breteau index (BI) method. The surveillance time was set during April to November. The mosquito surveillance data of the 15 districts (counties and cities) were collected. Excel 2019 software was used for data analysis. The net trap index, BI, and container index (CI) were calculated. Categorical data were compared using the Chi-squared test. One-way analysis of variance was used for quantitative data. Results: From 2017 to 2021, the density of Ae. albopictus in Hangzhou by the double-layered mosquito net method was 2.54 mosquitoes/net·h, and no Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were captured. The density of adult mosquitoes was lowest in 2017 and highest in 2020. There was a statistical difference in the net trap index between different years (F=5.117, P=0.017). The seasonal distribution generally presented a bimodal pattern, with the peaks of mosquito densities mainly in July and October. The average BI from 2017 to 2021 was 9.18, and the peak period of the BI was during May to October. The CI showed that Ae. albopictus larvae were distributed in all kinds of water bodies. The CI differed statistically between different water bodies in the same year (all P < 0.001) and between different years in the same water body (all P < 0.001). Conclusions: Ae. albopictus density was high in Hangzhou, indicating a risk of dengue fever outbreaks and regional epidemics. It is recommended that the counties (cities, districts) take timely mosquito control measures according to the density, distribution, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes.

Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of small mammals and their parasitic fleas in the border area of Menglian Dai, Lahu and Wa Autonomous County (Menglian county), Yunnan province, China, and to provide basic data for the surveillance and control of vector-borne diseases. Methods In November 2020, two border townships in Menglian county were selected as the survey sites. The cage and clip trapping methods were used to investigate the species composition and density of small mammals in three habitats (residential areas, farming areas, and forest areas). Afterwards, ectoparasitic fleas were collected from the small mammals and the flea infestation rate and flea index were calculated. The ecological approach was used to analyze the species composition and distribution of the small mammals. The β-diversity index was used to analyze the community similarity. The Chi-square test was used to compare the capture rate between different habitats. Results A total of 313 small mammals were captured, which belonged to 15 species from 9 genera, 4 families, and 3 orders. Rattus tanezumi (47.60%), R. andamanensis (20.13%), and Suncus murinus (10.86%) were the dominant species. The capture rate in residential areas was 3.25%, and most were R. tanezumi (97.44%), while R. tanezumi, R. andamanensis,and S. murinus were the dominant species in farming and forest areas. The sorensen coefficient value of small mammals in farming and forest areas was 0.80, with a relatively high community similarity. The capture rates in farming and forest areas were 18.42% and 19.20%, respectively, with no statistical difference between the two habitats ( χ ²=0.146, P=0.703). Furthermore, a total of 99 fleas were collected and classified into 7 species of 7 genera of 4 families of 1 order, with a mean flea index of 0.32. Xenopsylla cheopis (69.70%) and Palaeopsylla remota (20.20%) were the dominant species. Conclusion The main hosts and vectors of plague are widely distributed in the border area of Menglian county, Yunnan province, and the capture rate of small mammal and their flea index are relatively high in some areas. It is suggested that continuous surveillance should be performed, and preventive rodent and flea control should be carried out in areas with high rodent and flea densities to reduce the risk of rodent-borne diseases.

In 2022, the Winter Olympic Games was first held in Beijing, China. To ensure that the key areas of the Winter Olympic Games were not affected by vectors and to minimize the risk of vector-borne diseases, the density of vectors in the key areas of the Winter Olympic Games and the cities where they are located should be effectively controlled. This paper focuses on the vector control strategy and working mechanism during Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games, and discusses the control model, risk assessment, inter-sectoral coordination, publicity and training, hazard monitoring, control technology, supervision and inspection, and emergency response with Main Media Center as an example. The vector density was effectively controlled during the Winter Olympic Games, no plague and other vector-borne diseases occurred, and there were no incidents of vector-borne hazards. The vector control model, technical measures, and working mechanism formed during the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympic Games were verified and deepened in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games, which can be used as a guidance for vector control in similar large-scale activities in the future.

Objective To investigate the species composition, spatial distribution, population density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in the urban area of Tengchong, Yunnan province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for mosquito prevention and control. Methods Adult mosquitoes were captured by the light trap method. Aedes albopictus larvae were investigated using the Breteau index (BI). The F test and Chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact test) were used for data analysis. Results A total of 61 810 adult mosquitoes were captured from 2018 to 2020, involving 12 species of 5 genera. The dominant species were Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the urban area, and Anopheles sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the suburban area. The average mosquito density was 2 183.32 mosquitoes/light·night in cattle sheds in the suburban area, 12.29 mosquitoes/light·night in hospitals, 4.93 mosquitoes/light·night in schools, 4.29 mosquitoes/light·night in parks, and 2.68 mosquitoes/light·night in residential areas. A total of 11 986 containers were examined for Aedes larvae. There were 80 positive containers, all of which were positive for Ae. albopictus larvae. The average BI was 0.66. Conclusion The species composition, spatial distribution, population density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in the urban area of Tengchong are preliminarily understood. Control measures should depend on the seasonal fluctuation of mosquito density and the breeding environment of mosquito.

Repellents can repel blood-sucking insects and reduce bites by affecting their olfactory system,thus preventing the occurrence of insect-borne diseases. Repellents are widely used because of their safety at the recommended dose. However,with the long-term accumulation of observation data,the toxicity cases caused by repellents have attracted extensive attention,such as toxic encephalopathy in children induced by diethyltoluamide and asthma-like allergic reaction induced by permethrin. Therefore,summarizing the long-term toxicity of repellents and deeply exploring the intrinsic mechanism provide a theoretical basis for the development of safer repellents and have an important scientific and application value. This paper reviews the latest progress of studies on safety events and mechanisms of currently applied major repellents, and considers the development trend and research direction of repellents.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in China from 2006 to 2021, to investigate the influence of non-pharmaceutical intervention against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on HFRS prevalence, and to provide a scientific basis for the subsequent formulation of relevant policies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were utilized to statistically analyze the epidemiological characteristics of HFRS in China from 2006 to 2021. The data of HFRS cases from 2006 to 2019 were used to establish an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict the number of HFRS cases in 2020-2021, and the predicted values were compared with the actual observed values. Results The number of HFRS cases in China was relatively stable in 2006-2021, and the number of deaths were significantly reduced. HFRS had obvious seasonality, with two peaks of incidence in a year, i.e., May-June and November. The number of cases in northeast China decreased, but the affected areas in the whole country expanded, and some areas were still at risk of outbreak. The number of male cases was significantly higher than that of female cases. The peak age group of onset was 35-49 years for males and 45-59 years for females, and there was a significant difference in the age composition between males and females ( χ ²=2 802.807, P<0.001). Farmers were the main affected population, accounting for more than half of the total cases. The seasonal ARIMA model was established by fitting the data of HFRS cases from 2006 to 2019 with R 4.0.4 software, which was (2,0,2)(1,1,0) ₁₂ and was well fitted. The actual observed value of HFRS cases in 2020-2021 was close to the predicted value, within its 95% confidence interval. Conclusion HFRS is an important public health problem in China and the overall trend of its prevalence is relatively stable. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance and implement more accurate prevention and control measures. The measures for COVID-19 prevention and control in China have no significant impact on the prevalence of HFRS during 2020-2021.