Objective: To screen and develop a spatial repellent against Aedes albopictus and test its repellent efficacy in the laboratory, so as to provide basic data for practical application. Methods: Six candidate substances with reported repellent effects on vector mosquitoes were initially identified through literature search and screening. Repellency tests for these candidates were conducted using a three-section tube assay, and three substances with confirmed repellent efficacy were selected, namely N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), Cymbopogon citratus oil, and Nardostachys jatamansi essential oil. An orthogonal experimental design was adopted to test the repellent efficacy of different ratios of these three substances, leading to the optimal formulation with the best repellent effect (formulation Ⅳ). The attraction/repellency behavioral responses of Ae. albopictus to different odor sources were observed using a Y-tube olfactometer. The repellent efficacy of formulation Ⅳ against Ae. albopictus was systematically evaluated by monitoring mosquito biting on mice in a small mosquito cage test. Repellent efficacy was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Welch's ANOVA. Dunnett's t-test was used to compare test samples with the negative control to screen for effective repellent components. The Fisher's least significant difference test was used for pairwise comparisons to further analyze differences in repellent efficacy among different samples and repellent concentrations. Multiple comparisons for differences in the spatial activity index between treatment and control groups were performed using Tukey's test and Dunnett's T3 test. Results: In the three-section tube assay, the repellency rate against Ae. albopictus was 0.73% for the control group (anhydrous ethanol), 43.45% for DEET, 41.47% for C. citratus oil, 36.43% for N. jatamansi essential oil, 25.95% for Amomum tsaoko essential oil, 22.07% for ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535^®), and 13.47% for Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil. The repellency rates of DEET, C. citratus oil, and N. jatamansi essential oil were all significantly different from that of the control group (DEET: P<0.001; C. citratus oil: P=0.001; N. jatamansi essential oil: P=0.004). In the Y-tube olfactometer assay, the repellency rate was -0.35% for the anhydrous ethanol group and 46.19% for the 10% DEET group. Formulation Ⅳat different concentrations all exhibited repellent effects on Ae. albopictus. Among these, 10% formulation Ⅳ showed the highest repellency rate of 77.01%, which was significantly higher than the other three groups (69.20% for 1% formulation Ⅳ, 63.34% for 50% formulation Ⅳ, and 40.33% for 100% formulation Ⅳ; all P<0.05). In the mosquito cage test, the repellency rate was 3.10% for the anhydrous ethanol group and 41.92% for the DEET group. The 10% formulation Ⅳ again showed the highest repellency rate of 76.77%, followed by 100% formulation Ⅳ at 59.46%, while 1% formulation Ⅳ showed a relatively low repellency rate of 48.68%. Conclusions: The repellent formulation Ⅳ, formulated from DEET, C. citratus oil, and N. jatamansi essential oil, demonstrates a clear repellent effect on Ae. albopictus. Specifically, formulation Ⅳ at a 10% concentration shows the most stable and efficient spatial repellent efficacy.

Objective: To investigate the patterns of intraspecific genetic differentiation in Leptotrombidium palpale across different geographical regions of China, and assess its correlation with morphological variation. Methods: Chigger mites were collected from rodents at 10 sampling sites across seven provinces (municipalities). Genomic DNA was extracted from individual mites. Gene fragments of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ (COⅠ), the 28S ribosomal RNA (28S), and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) were amplified by PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the neighbor-joining method, Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) genetic distances were calculated, and morphological measurements of different genetic clades were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Welch's ANOVA. Results: A total of 59 COⅠ gene sequences (309 bp), 28 28S gene sequences (268 bp), and 33 ITS2 gene sequences (303 bp) of L. palpale were obtained. No genetic variation was detected in the ITS2 sequences of L. palpale. The COⅠ phylogenetic tree revealed that L. palpale collected from seven provinces (municipalities) were divided into two major branches, Lp1 and Lp2, with an inter-group genetic distance of 0.062 1. Lp1 was further subdivided into Lp1-a (widely distributed) and Lp1-b (distributed in Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province), while Lp2 included populations from China, Japan, and South Korea. The 28S gene showed only a single base pair difference between Lp1 and Lp2. Morphologically, the values of distance between anterolateral scutal setae (AW), the distance from the level of sensillary bases to the extreme anterior margin of the scutum (ASB), the length of the scutum (SD), the length of anterolateral setae of the scutum (AL), the length of posterolateral setae of the scutum (PL), the distance from the level of sensillary bases to the posterolateral line of the scutum (PLs/SB), the index pedibus (IP), and the surface dimension of the scutum (Sc²) were significantly smaller in Lp1-a than in Lp2 (all P<0.05), whereas Lp1-b exhibited the greatest morphological measurements and the greatest genetic distance. Conclusions: Different geographic populations of L. palpale in China show significant genetic differentiation, with at least two distinct genetic branches identified. Lp2, clustering with Japanese and South Korean populations, corresponds to L. palpale. Lp1, particularly Lp1-b, exhibits marked differentiation in both genetic and morphological characteristics, suggesting that Lp1 may represent a distinct cryptic species. These findings provide crucial molecular evidence for clarifying the taxonomy of this species complex. The COⅠ, 28S, and ITS2 genes can be used to investigate chigger mite taxonomy, pointing the way for future DNA barcoding research in chigger mites.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of the concentration and volume of formic acid and acetonitrile and other factors on protein sample preparation from different fly species, explore the protein sample preparation technique for fly species identification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), so as to provide a basis for developing a new method for fly species identification. Methods: Two solvent systems were prepared by combining 70% formic acid with either 50% or 100% acetonitrile. Proteins were extracted from different body parts of a laboratory strain of housefly (Musca domestica) using 4-6 volumes of these systems. The number of successful protein extractions, number of successful spectral acquisitions, and peptide peak counts were compared. Wild Chrysomya megacephala specimens collected from Changping District, Beijing, in August and September 2024, were used to extract proteins from the thorax (without legs and wings) and whole body of individuals with different body masses. Peptide peak counts obtained using different volumes of the formic acid-acetonitrile mixture were compared. Furthermore, using the thorax (without legs and wings) and whole body of Sarcophaga dux, viscous protein extracts were analyzed to compare spectral consistency and changes in peptide peak counts between protein extracts of different concentrations. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 software. Intergroup comparisons were conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis H test or the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: With the formic acid concentration fixed at 70%, variations in acetonitrile concentration had little impact on the number of successful protein extractions, with differences within the same body part not exceeding two samples. However, its effects on the number of successful spectral acquisitions and peptide peak counts were body part-specific but did not show a consistent pattern. The basic required volume of lysis buffer was 30 µl for the head, wings, and legs, 50 µl for the abdomen, 60 µl for the thorax (without legs and wings), and 110 µl for the whole body of M. domestica with body masses of 15-17 mg. Increasing the lysis buffer volume by 30 µl for the head and abdomen, and by 10 µl for the whole body, improved the number of successful spectral acquisitions. For C. megacephala with body masses of 4-<10, 10-<20, 20-<30, and 30-<46 mg, using lysis buffer volumes of 160, 230, 260, and 280 µl for the thorax (without legs and wings), and 230, 310, 380, and 420 µl for the whole body, respectively, maintained a high level of peptide peak counts and reduced the occurrence of viscous samples. The spectra of viscous and 2-fold diluted protein samples were similar, but spectral acquisition was more challenging for the former. Conclusions: A mixture of 70% formic acid and 50% acetonitrile can serve as the lysis buffer for protein extraction in fly species identification using MALDI-TOF MS. For wild flies with significant variations in body mass, the volume of the formic acid-acetonitrile mixture can be adjusted based on sample mass to obtain a protein extract of suitable concentration, meeting the requirements for subsequent mass spectrometric identification.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of beta-cypermethrin at a sublethal concentration (20% lethal concentration, LC₂₀) on key biological parameters of Aedes albopictus including developmental duration and fecundity, and clarify its regulatory effects on the population growth potential and insecticide resistance development trend of Ae. albopictus, so as to provide a scientific basis for the research on insecticide resistance, regional precision control and rational application of insecticides against this mosquito species. Methods: The larval dipping method was adopted to determine the toxicity of beta-cypermethrin to Ae. albopictus larvae, and a toxicity regression curve was established to confirm the LC₂₀ of beta-cypermethrin. Based on the two-sex life table theory, the population life history parameters of Ae. albopictus under the stress of LC₂₀ of beta-cypermethrin were recorded and analyzed. All data were processed by SPSS PRO v1.0 software: one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) combined with Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test was used to compare the life history-related parameters, while the paired bootstrap test was applied for multiple comparisons of life table parameters. In addition, TIMING-MSChart (ver.10/15/2025) software was used to simulate and predict the population dynamic trend of Ae. albopictus under the above stress condition. Results: Compared with the blank control group and the acetone treatment group, the beta-cypermethrin treatment group showed reduced durations of all larval instars [1st instar (1.64±0.07) d, 2nd instar (1.48±0.07) d, 3rd instar (1.49±0.07) d, 4th instar (1.52±0.08) d] and pupal stage [(2.39±0.06) d], as well as shortened larval stages of both sexes [males (6.11±0.23) d, females (6.17±0.32) d]. Statistically significant differences were observed in the above parameters among the three groups (all P<0.05). No significant differences were found in the egg stage duration, adult longevity of males and females, pre-oviposition period and fecundity among the three groups (all P>0.05). For the population life table parameters, the mean generation time T [(19.13±0.37) d] in the beta-cypermethrin treatment group was significantly shorter than that in the blank control group and acetone treatment group (all P<0.05). Beta-cypermethrin treatment advanced the population growth trend of Ae. albopictus: at the 60th day, the population size of the F₁ generation of Ae. albopictus in different groups was in the order of beta-cypermethrin treatment group>acetone treatment group>blank control group. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the sublethal concentration (LC₂₀) of beta-cypermethrin significantly accelerates the growth and development of Ae. albopictus during the larval and pupal stages, shortens the overall developmental duration and expedites the population growth, while exerting no significant effects on the adult longevity and fecundity. This study provides theoretical support for further understanding the mechanism of insecticide resistance development in Ae. albopictus and formulating precision control strategies against this mosquito species.

Objective: To investigate the effects of different concentrations of ampicillin and tetracycline on the gut microbiota structure and diversity of the F₁ generation of a cypermethrin-resistant population of Culex pipiens pallens and their influence on insecticide resistance in Cx. pipiens pallens. Methods: Twenty female mosquitoes from the F₁ generation of a cypermethrin-resistant population of Cx. pipiens pallens were collected for each group and fed with 10% sterile glucose solution (CK group), 10% sterile glucose+50 μg/ml ampicillin solution+50 μg/ml tetracycline solution (T1 group), 10% sterile glucose+100 μg/ml ampicillin solution+100 μg/ml tetracycline solution (T2 group), and 10% sterile glucose+150 μg/ml ampicillin solution+150 μg/ml tetracycline solution (T3 group). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to analyze the gut microbiota of the blank control group and the different antibiotic treatment groups, and Alpha diversity indices, Beta diversity indices, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and PICRUSt2 v2.3.0 functional prediction were used to analyze functional differences in the gut microbiota among different groups. WHO tube bioassay were used to detect insecticide resistance in female mosquitoes, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the activities of three metabolic detoxification enzymes. Results: Alpha diversity analysis showed that the Chao1 index (CK group: 268.25±26.88; T1 group: 224.83±35.26; T2 group: 241.00±163.67; T3 group: 74.33±15.04) and Shannon index (CK group: 4.64±1.68; T1 group: 4.35±0.18; T2 group: 3.54±1.71; T3 group: 0.97±0.10) in the antibiotic treatment groups both showed a decreasing trend with increasing antibiotic concentration, and the number of species and diversity of the gut microbiota decreased accordingly. Differences in gut microbiota diversity were observed between the antibiotic treatment groups and the blank control group. The dominant phyla included Proteobacteria (CK group: 90.52%; T1 group: 33.59%; T2 group: 61.55%; T3 group: 41.43%) and Bacteroidota (CK group: 0.65%; T1 group: 51.13%; T2 group: 23.19%; T3 group: 13.52%), with Proteobacteria being predominant. The relative abundance of Enterococcus (CK group: 0.03%; T1 group: 0.18%; T2 group: 0.08%; T3 group: 27.21%), Stenotrophomonas (CK group: 0.04%; T1 group: 1.04%; T2 group: 0.16%; T3 group: 8.60%) and Aeromonas (CK group: 0.01%; T1 group: 0.03%; T2 group: 0.36%; T3 group: 6.28%) were higher in the antibiotic treatment groups than in the blank control group, whereas the relative abundance of Wolbachia (CK group: 85.72%; T1 group: 6.52%; T2 group: 8.45%; T3 group: 11.53%) was lower in the antibiotic treatment groups than in the blank control group. LDA analysis showed that 22 taxa differed significantly between the antibiotic treatment groups and the CK group (all P<0.05). PICRUSt2 functional prediction showed that, compared with the CK group, the relative abundance of functions involved in the metabolism of terpenoid and polyketide (CK group: 2.58%; T1 group: 3.57%; T2 group: 3.47%; T3 group: 3.07%) and antimicrobial drug resistance (CK group: 1.63%; T1 group: 1.85%; T2 group: 1.79%; T3 group: 2.00%) were significantly increased in the antibiotic treatment group. WHO tube bioassay results showed that with increasing antibiotic concentration, mortality increased sequentially, and the differences between each treatment group and the CK group were statistically significant (all P<0.05), whereas the activities of cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase excluding T1 group, and carboxylesterase decreased sequentially, and the differences in enzyme activity between each treatment group and the CK group were statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusions: With increasing concentrations of the mixed solution of ampicillin and tetracycline, the species diversity of the gut microbiota in the cypermethrin-resistant population of Cx. pipiens pallens decreases significantly, the relative abundance of Wolbachia, Chryseobacterium, and Klebsiella also changes significantly, and the level of insecticide resistance decreases.

Objective: To investigate the current status of insecticide resistance of Anopheles sinensis in three counties (cities) along the China-Myanmar border, to provide a basis for the prevention and control of retransmission following malaria importation. Methods: Based on the seasonal fluctuation and blood-feeding behavior of Anopheles vectors, one survey site was selected in each of Cangyuan County, Yingjiang County, and Tengchong City along the China-Myanmar border in Yunnan Province from July to August 2025. At each survey site, no fewer than 800 adult An. sinensis mosquitos were collected, and the resistance of An. sinensis to nine insecticides was tested using the WHO tube bioassay at diagnostic doses. The 60-minute knockdown rate and the 24-hour mortality rate after exposure to each insecticide were calculated, and the resistance level of An. sinensis to each insecticide was determined based on the 24-hour mortality rate. The knockdown rates, mortality rates, and the results of two rounds of resistance surveillance at different survey sites were compared using the Chi-square test. Results: Based on the 24-hour mortality rate, At the survey sites in the three areas along the China-Myanmar border, An. sinensis showed resistance to 0.05% deltamethrin (30.67%-73.97%), 0.5% permethrin (17.33%-38.03%), 0.15% beta-cyfluthrin (15.94%-69.57%), 0.15% lambda-cyhalothrin (29.69%-43.06%), and 0.06% fipronil (8.70%-16.22%). Mosquitos were susceptible or possibly resistant to 1% fenitrothion (89.33%-100%) and 5% malathion (97.33%-100%). For 0.1% propoxur and 0.1% bendiocarb, except for susceptibility observed in Yingjiang County (100% and 98.67%, respectively), mosquitos in the other two areas had developed resistance (Cangyuan County: 37.50% and 77.33%, respectively; Tengchong City: 29.41% and 48.48%, respectively). For An. sinensis in the three areas, the differences in the 60-minute knockdown rates and 24-hour mortality rates after exposure to 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.5% permethrin, 0.15% beta-cyfluthrin, 0.1% propoxur, and 0.1% bendiocarb were all statistically significant (all P<0.05). Compared with the 2023 survey results, the 24-hour mortality rate of An. sinensis to permethrin and fipronil decreased at the survey site in Cangyuan County, and the 60-minute knockdown rate to beta-cyfluthrin also decreased (all P<0.05), indicating developing resistance. The 24-hour mortality rate and 60-minute knockdown rate to bendiocarb both increased (all P<0.05), showing a trend of resistance reverting toward susceptibility. At the survey site in Yingjiang County, the 60-minute knockdown rate of An. sinensis to lambda-cyhalothrin, fenitrothion, and malathion decreased (all P<0.05), and the 24-hour mortality rate to fipronil decreased (χ²=13.593, P<0.001), indicating developing resistance. The 24-hour mortality rate and 60-minute knockdown rate to deltamethrin both increased (all P<0.05), showing a trend of resistance reverting toward susceptibility. At the survey site in Tengchong City, the 24-hour mortality rate of An. sinensis to beta-cyfluthrin and fipronil decreased (all P<0.05), indicating developing resistance, while the 24-hour mortality rate to permethrin increased (χ²=11.800, P<0.001), showing a trend of resistance reverting toward susceptibility. Conclusions: An. sinensis in the three areas along the China-Myanmar border has developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticide. The resistance to the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil has developed, and is continuing to develop. The resistance to carbamate insecticides shows regional differences. Susceptibility or possible resistance is observed to organophosphate insecticides. When controlling malaria vectors in areas along the China-Myanmar border, the use of pyrethroid insecticides should be avoided. In some areas, susceptible insecticides, such as carbamates, may be used, and organophosphates insecticides may be considered if necessary. Insecticide rotation, alternation, and combination may be adopted to delay the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, and integrated mosquito control measures should be strengthened.

Objective: To investigate the population, density, and seasonal fluctuations of cockroaches in selected regions of Shanxi Province, and to provide a scientific basis for assessing cockroach infestation. Methods: Monitoring data on cockroaches from 2017 to 2025 in Taiyuan, Jincheng, Jinzhong, and Yangquan cities of Shanxi Province were collected and analyzed to examine differences in cockroach density and infestation across years, habitats, and regions, as well as seasonal fluctuation patterns. Data were summarized and analyzed using Excel 2010 and SPSS 26.0 softwares. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to analyze differences in cockroach density, while the Chi-square test was used to analyze differences in infestation rates and composition ratios. Results: From 2017 to 2025, a total of 50 074 rooms were monitored, and 5 193 cockroaches were captured. The trapping rate was 1.74%, the infestation rate was 1.70%, the average cockroach density was 0.10 inds/sheet, and the density index was 5.80 inds/sheet. Among the captured cockroaches, Blattella germanica accounted for 98.40% (5 110/5 193). Among the monitored habitats, farmers' markets had the highest cockroach infestation rate (3.35%) and density (0.21 inds/sheet). Hospitals had the lowest infestation rate (0.60%) and density (0.03 inds/sheet). Infestation rates across habitats were significantly different (χ²=226.170, P < 0.001). Seasonal fluctuations of infestation rates and density of cockroaches in the selected regions of Shanxi Province exhibited unimodal curves, with peaks in September, slightly higher than those in July. Cockroach density in farmers' markets, restaurants, and residential areas showed unimodal curves, peaking in July. In contrast, hotels and hospitals exhibited bimodal curves for both cockroach density and infestation rates, with peaks in May and September, respectively. Supermarkets had the lowest cockroach density in March and the highest in September. Infestation rates in various habitats mainly peaked from July to September. Among the monitored regions, Jinzhong City had the highest cockroach infestation rate, density, and density index, followed by Taiyuan City, while Yangquan City had the lowest levels of these indicators. Infestation rates across regions were significantly different (χ²=116.789, P < 0.001). Conclusions: B. germanica is the absolute dominant cockroach species in Shanxi Province. Food processing and sales establishments such as farmers' markets, supermarkets, and restaurants are key breeding sites for cockroaches. It is recommended to implement integrated control measures before the peak cockroach density period to reduce infestation and protect public health and environmental hygiene.

Objective: To analyze dominant species, density, seasonal fluctuations, and distribution characteristics of fly across different surveillance regions and habitats in Chongqing from 2018 to 2024, to provide evidence for optimizing fly control strategies in Chongqing. Methods: From April to November of each year between 2018 and 2024, surveillance sites were established in four major regions of Chongqing (northeastern Chongqing, southeastern Chongqing, western Chongqing, and main urban area). Fly surveillance was conducted using the cage trap method. Data were collated using WPS Office (v12.1.0.18608). Differences in fly species composition and density among different years, months, surveillance regions, and habitats were analyzed using the Chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and SNK or Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney U test in SPSS 31.0 software. Joinpoint regression models were used to analyze trends in fly density, and figures were generated using GraphPad Prism 10.1.2 software. Results: A total of 3 809 flies were captured during the surveillance period, with an average density of 2.16 flies/cage. The dominant species were Musca domestica, Sarcophagidae flies, and M. sorbens. Significant differences in species composition were observed among different years (χ²=938.121, P < 0.001), whereas no significant differences in fly density were detected among years (H=1.493, P=0.960). Seasonal peaks in fly density were mainly concentrated in May and June. The peak density of M. domestica occurred in May (2.21 flies/cage), that of M. sorbens in June (0.39 flies/cage), while Sarcophagidae exhibited two peaks, with a major peak in August (0.85 flies/cage) and a secondary peak in May (0.44 flies/cage). Differences in fly density among months were statistically significant (F=5.388, P < 0.001). Among surveillance regions, southeastern Chongqing showed the highest fly density (3.17 flies/cage), followed by northeastern Chongqing (2.81 flies/cage), western Chongqing (2.39 flies/cage), and the main urban area (0.67 flies/cage), with statistically significant differences (H=15.183, P=0.002). M. domestica was the dominant species in all regions; M. sorbens ranked second in western Chongqing, whereas Sarcophagidae ranked second in northeastern Chongqing. Significant differences in fly density were also observed among habitats (H=33.690, P < 0.001), with densities ranked as follows: farmer's markets (3.14 flies/cage) > restaurant exterior environments (2.73 flies/cage) > residential areas (1.60 flies/cage) > green belts (1.10 flies/cage). Fly species composition was similar across habitats, with M. domestica, Sarcophagidae, M. sorbens, and Lucilia sericata predominating. Conclusions: The dominant fly species in Chongqing are M. domestica, Sarcophagidae, and M. sorbens, with peak densities occurring in May and June. Fly density is highest in southeastern Chongqing, and farmer's markets and restaurant exterior environments represent high-density habitats. Strengthening environmental management and implementing targeted control measures in key habitats before peak periods are recommended to reduce fly density and associated public health risks.

Objective: To conduct a bibliometric analysis of the literature in the field of plague treatment and provide a theoretical basis for future research on plague therapy. Methods: Articles were retrieved from the Web of Science core collection (2004-2024) using the subject terms ("plague" OR "Yersinia pestis" OR "pestilence") AND ("treatment" OR "therapy"). Selected articles were imported into CiteSpace for visualization analysis. Results: Annual publications in this field fluctuated and generally increased in 2004-2024, reaching a peak in 2021 (79 articles). A total of 97 countries participated in the research, with the United States ranking first in publication volume (411 articles), followed by China (132 articles). A total of 415 institutions were involved, among which the Pasteur Network and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had the highest publication output, each with 15 articles. A total of 664 authors contributed to the research. The authors with the highest publication counts were Aftalion M (16 articles) and Gur D (13 articles). The most frequently co-cited article was titled "Epidemiological characteristics of an urban plague epidemic in Madagascar, August-November, 2017: an outbreak report" (23 citations). The keyword with the highest frequency of occurrence was "Yersinia pestis" (194 times). Seven keyword clusters were identified, i.e., resistance, therapy, efficacy, vaccine, bioterrorism, infection, and pneumonic plague. The keywords with the highest burst strength were United States (4.45), virulence (4.34), antigen (4.18), and antimicrobial treatment (4.13). Conclusions: Research on plague treatment demonstrates a trend of shifting from traditional antibiotics toward innovative therapeutic approaches. There is a need to further strengthen global collaboration and interdisciplinary communication to address the challenges of drug resistance and public health threats.

Objective: To analyze the characteristics of literature in the field of chikungunya research from 2004 to 2025, and to identify research hotspots and development trends. Methods: Chikungunya-related articles published between January 1, 2004 and August 20, 2025 were retrieved from the Web of Science core collection. Excel 2019 software was used to calculate annual publication counts and journal distribution characteristics. VOSviewer 1.6.18 was employed to analyze countries, institutions, and authors. CiteSpace 6.3.R3 software was used to analyze keyword frequency, co-occurrence, clustering, timeline, and citation bursts, and to construct knowledge maps. Results: A total of 3 235 publications were included. The annual publication increased and then decreased, peaking in 2018 and declining slightly after 2020. The leading publishing countries were the United States, India, and Brazil, with China ranking ninth. High-output authors included Scott C. Weaver, Andres Merits, and Lisa F.P. Ng, and high-output institutions comprised the Pasteur Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. The journal with the highest number of publications was PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. Keyword frequency analysis showed that the top three keywords were Chikungunya virus, infection, and outbreak. Co-occurrence and clustering analyses revealed that the research focus centered on viral molecular mechanisms and antiviral research, viral transmission vectors and transmission mechanism research, epidemiological characteristics and clinical manifestation research, as well as vaccine development and immunological mechanism verification. Timeline analysis indicated that early studies focused on outbreak response and quantitative analysis detection techniques, while recent research has shifted toward immune mechanisms, multi-pathogen coinfection research, and vaccine development. Burst analysis showed that emerging keywords in recent years included Zika, coinfection, and particle vaccine. Conclusions: From 2004 to 2025, chikungunya research shows a fluctuating growth pattern, with research focus gradually shifting from outbreak responses and detection techniques to viral mechanisms, epidemiological surveillance, and drug and vaccine development. Recent research hotspots mainly include epidemiological feature analysis, multi-pathogen co-infections, and particle vaccine studies.

Objective: To investigate the spatiotemporal variation patterns of rodent populations at the plague surveillance sites in Hebei Province and clarify the suitable habitat types for host animals, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating plague prevention and control strategies. Methods: Based on the data from eight plague surveillance sites in Hebei Province between 2013 and 2024, Python 3.10.0 was used in combination with SPSS 26.0 to perform one-way analysis of variance, Chi-square tests, and post-hoc multiple comparisons. The species composition, density, and habitat distribution of rodent captured by the hectare trap-day method and the 5-meter trap-line method were systematically analyzed and compared across different surveillance sites. Results: A total of 4 249 rodents of seven species were captured between 2013 and 2024. Spermophilus dauricus accounted for 76.11% (3 234/4 249) and Meriones unguiculatus accounted for 22.90% (973/4 249), making them the main host animals. The difference in the species composition ratio of main host animals among different surveillance sites was statistically significant (χ²=1 815.348, P < 0.001). The average density of main host animals was (0.27±0.11) inds/hm² using the hectare-trap day method, showing an overall trend of increase, decline, stabilization, and decrease. One-way analysis of variance showed significant differences in the density of main host animals across different surveillance sites (F=52.015, P < 0.001). The densities in Kangbao Pasture [(0.32±0.08) inds/hm²] and Saibei Management District [(0.29±0.07) inds/hm²] were significantly higher than that in Zhangbei Liangmianjing [(0.09±0.03) inds/hm²] (all P < 0.001). The suitable habitat for S. dauricus was grassy flats, and the difference in its density among different habitats was statistically significant (χ²=1 012.264, P < 0.001). The suitable habitat for M. unguiculatus was cultivated land, and the difference in its density among different habitats was statistically significant (χ²=178.841, P < 0.001). A total of 2 420 rodents of 19 species were captured using the 5-meter trap-line method, with an average capture rate of (0.98±0.22)%. Artificial pasture was the core activity area with a capture rate of 1.61%, (433/26 900). Cricetulus barabensis accounted for 76.53% (1 852/2 420), and differences in its composition ratios across surveillance sites were statistically significant (χ²=198.828, P < 0.001). Among the rodents captured by the 5-meter trap-line method, the capture rate ranged from 0.80% to 4.00% at Kangbao Pasture, from 0.00% to 3.33% at Saibei Management District, and from 0.13% to 2.56% at Weichang Yudaokou, while the capture rates at Fengning Yu'ershan, Guyuan Gaoshanbao, Shangyi Dasuji, and Zhangbei Liangmianjing were mostly below 1.00%. Conclusions: From 2013 to 2024, the species composition of host animals at the plague surveillance sites in Hebei Province remained stable, and rodent density was within a controllable range. In the future, it is necessary to combine the three-dimensional characteristics of surveillance sites, rodent species, and habitats to optimize the surveillance system, strengthen early warning in high-risk areas, and enhance the scientific rigor of plague surveillance efforts.

Objective: To analyze the current status of diagnostic and main clinical characteristics of scrub typhus cases in Guizhou Province, and to provide a scientific basis for improving the diagnostic quality and optimizing prevention and control strategies. Methods: Case data of scrub typhus were collected from the China Information System for Disease Prevention and Control reported in Guizhou Province from 2015 to 2024. A retrospective survey was conducted on selected cases from key areas during 2022 and 2024 investigation. Descriptive analysis was performed on the time from onset to diagnosis by year, region, age group, and occupation using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test with SPSS 31.0 software. Results: A total of 752 scrub typhus cases were reported from 2015 to 2024. The median time from onset to diagnosis was 7.0 d (3.0, 12.0), with 46.28% (348/752) of cases exceeding 7.0 d. The median time from onset to diagnosis was 12.0 d (6.0, 15.0) in the 0- < 10 years age group, which was longer than those in other groups; with no significant difference (H=6.205, P=0.516). The median time from onset to diagnosis was 12.5 d (3.5, 16.5) among scattered children, which was longer than those in other occupational groups, but the difference was also not statistically significant (H=12.520, P=0.186). A survey of 133 cases in key regions showed that the median time from onset to first medical consultation was 4.0 d (2.0, 7.0), with 26.32% (35/133) of cases taking 7.0 d or longer, and the median time from first medical consultation to diagnosis was 3.0 d (1.0, 8.0), with 30.83% (41/133) of cases taking 7.0 d or longer. The proportion of cases diagnosed with scrub typhus at the first medical consultation was 32.33% (43/133). Fever was reported in 91.73% (122/133) of cases, with a median temperature of 39.5℃ (39.0, 39.8) and median duration of 7.5 d (5.8, 10.0). Eschars or ulcers were present in 78.20% (104/133) of cases, mainly in the axilla, groin, medial thigh, and popliteal fossa (43.48%, 50/115). Complications occurred in 33.08% (44/133) of patients, and 15.79% (21/133) were diagnosed as severe cases. Conclusions: Diagnostic delay of scrub typhus is common in Guizhou Province, with a low first-visit diagnosis rate. The proportion of cases with specific eschars or ulcers is relatively low, while the proportions of complications and severe cases are relatively high. It is recommended to strengthen diagnostic training for scrub typhus among clinicians (especially those at the grassroots level) and to enhance health education on scrub typhus prevention and control in high-incidence areas to promote early diagnosis and treatment, thereby reducing health hazards.

Objective: To clarify the species diversity characteristics and distribution patterns of non-volant small mammals (primarily rodents) in the Yuanjiang-Honghe river basin of Yunnan Province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the surveillance and control of natural focal diseases transmitted by small mammal in this region. Methods: From 2016 to 2024, field surveys of small mammals were conducted in 10 counties of the Yuanjiang-Honghe river basin, including Xiangyun County, Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County (Weishan County), Shuangbai County, Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County (Xinping County), Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County (Yuanjiang County), Mojiang Hani Autonomous County, Yuanyang County, Pingbian Miao Autonomous County, Jinping Miao, Yao and Dai Autonomous County (Jinping County), and Hekou Yao Autonomous County. The 5-meter trap-line method was adopted for sampling, and the collected data were statistically analyzed using Excel 2010 and SPSS 17.0 softwares based on community ecology methods. Results: A total of 13 842 effective traps were set in the 10 counties, and 1 347 small mammals belonging to 3 orders, 6 families, 17 genera, and 31 species were captured, with an overall capture rate of 9.73%. Rodentia were the dominant order, accounting for 72.68% (979/1 347), followed by Eulipotyphla (338/1 347, 25.09%,) and Scandentia (30/1 347, 2.23%). Rattus tanezumi, Mus caroli, and Crocidura dracula were the most abundant species, with 233, 148, and 142 individuals captured, accounting for 17.30%, 10.99%, and 10.54% of the total captures, respectively. Yuanjiang County had the highest species richness (21 species), followed by Shuangbai County and Weishan County (16 species each), Xinping County and Xiangyun County (15 species each), while Jinping County had the lowest (8 species). Overall, the species richness of small mammals showed a unimodal distribution along the elevational gradient, increasing first and then decreasing, with the peak occurring at mid-elevation zone (1 500- < 2 500 m). Along the horizontal (latitudinal) gradient, the overall species richness gradually decreased from south to north without abrupt or discontinuous changes. At higher elevations (2 500- < 3 000 m), significant changes were observed in the composition of communities, species, and faunal elements. From south to north, community composition, species composition, and faunal composition of small mammals showed higher similarity. Conclusions: The Yuanjiang-Honghe river basin of Yunnan Province is rich in non-volant small mammals. The species richness, ecological dominance, and evenness are closely related to species diversity. The geographical distribution types of small mammals are mainly southern types, with a small number of northern types, which reflects the influence of the typical valley-ridge topography and the southeastward extension of the Hengduan Mountains on the zoogeography and distribution of terrestrial mammals.

Objective: To establish a TaqMan reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for the early and rapid detection of West Nile virus (WNV). Methods: A total of 139 WNV gene sequences were downloaded from GenBank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). After multiple-sequence alignment, highly conserved regions were selected for primer and probe design. The nucleic acid of a WNV isolate (XJ11129) from the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), China, was quantified using droplet digital PCR and used as an RNA standard to construct an absolute quantitative analysis model for WNV. The sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of the method were then evaluated. Finally, the method was validated using nucleic acid samples from 10 batches of Culex pipiens collected in Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, in 2011. Results: The sensitivity of the established TaqMan RT-PCR method was 1.0×10² copies/reaction. No cross-reactivity was observed with other arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) belonging to nine species of four genera in four families. The coefficients of variation in repeatability tests were all < 1.50%. In addition, the detection results of the sample validation were consistent with the virus isolation results. Conclusion: This study successfully establishes a sensitive, specific, and repeatable TaqMan RT-PCR method for rapid detection of WNV, suitable for early laboratory screening.

Objective: To investigate the infection status and subtype distribution of Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in ticks from the Greater Khingan Mountains forest area of Hulun Buir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, so as to provide a reference for the prevention and control of tick-borne encephalitis. Methods: From April to September 2025, ticks were collected in the Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Genhe City, and Yakeshi City of Hulun Buir City. On-host ticks were collected by examining host animals, and questing ticks were collected using the dragging-flagging method. Tick species were identified based on morphological characteristics. TBEV was detected using quantitative real-time PCR, and positive samples were subjected to sequencing and sequence analysis. Results: A total of 716 ticks were collected, including 469 Dermacentor silvarum and 247 Ixodes persulcatus. Of these, 533 were questing ticks and 183 were on-host ticks. PCR results showed an overall TBEV tube positivity rate of 2.84% (4/141) and positivity rate of 0.57%. TBEV was detected exclusively in I. persulcatus, with a tube positivity of 7.27% (4/55) and a positivity rate of 1.66%. The TBEV tube positivity rates for I. persulcatus in Yakeshi and Genhe were 6.38% (3/47) and 12.50 (1/8), respectively, while the positivity rate were 1.45% and 2.90% respectively. No I. persulcatus was captured in Oroqen. Among the four TBEV-positive batches, one clustered with strains Z_7 (EF566818.1) and Karelia-108 (HM051174.1), belonging to the Siberian subtype lineage. The remaining three batches belonged to the Far Eastern subtype lineage, including one batch in Far Eastern subtype Clade Ⅰ and two batches in Far Eastern subtype Clade Ⅱ. Conclusions: The Greater Khingan Mountains forest area of Hulun Buir City is a natural focus of tick-borne encephalitis where two TBEV subtypes co-circulate. Prevention and control measures should be strengthened.

Objective: To systematically analyze the diversity of bacteria carried by Lucilia sericata in Chongqing and Xining cities of China, and to clarify the association between microbial community structure and habitat. Methods: From June to July 2021, L. sericata specimens were collected from five distinct habitat types in both cities, including hospitals, schools, and farmers' markets. Genomic DNA was extracted after morphological identification to construct sequencing libraries, and Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform was used to perform high-throughput sequencing. A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare the number of raw sequences across different habitats. Results: Proteobacteria (65.78%), Firmicutes (24.30%), and Bacteroidetes (4.10%) were the dominant phyla, collectively accounting for 94.18% of all sequences. Bacterial diversity and composition varied significantly across different habitats: the samples from disease control agencies in Xining had the highest species richness (with a feature value of 236.0), whereas those from hospitals and farmers' markets in Chongqing had the lowest species richness (with a feature value of 154.0 and 156.0, respectively); the samples from farmers' market in Chongqing had the highest community evenness (with a Shannon index of 5.843), while those from schools and hospitals in Xining had poor community evenness (with a Shannon index of 4.856 and 4.721, respectively). Habitat-specific community structures were observed; for example, Vagococcus was the dominant genus in the samples from schools in Xining (32.21%), while Wolbachia was highly enriched in the samples from farmers' markets in Xining (15.94%). Conclusions: There are significant differences in the bacterial communities carried by L. sericata across different habitats within the same city and even across the same habitat type in different cities, indicating that living environment can affect the composition and abundance of the bacteria carried by flies. These habitat-specific microbial signatures can be used as potential biomarkers for environmental source tracking, which provides a microbiome-based foundation for ecological surveillance of flies and potential application in forensic entomology.

Objective: To assess the current status of dengue fever knowledge and prevention and control behaviors among the temporary resident population in Jinghong City, Yunnan Province, and analyze their influencing factors and key risk characteristics, to provide evidence for the development of targeted prevention and control strategies. Methods: A spatiotemporal sampling design was used to conduct a survey among 671 temporary residents in Jinghong City. A self-developed questionnaire was used to evaluate dengue fever knowledge and preventive behaviors. A descriptive analysis was carried out using frequency (n) and percentage (%). Inter-group comparisons were conducted using the Chi-square test, with the strength of association assessed by Cramer's V coefficient. The study focused on exploring the impacts of factors such as sex, duration of residence, and type of accommodation on dengue fever awareness and preventive behaviors. Binary logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: The overall awareness rate of dengue prevention knowledge among the temporary resident population in Jinghong City was 69.10% (2 782/4 026), and the overall incidence of preventive behaviors was 73.59% (2 469/3 355). Sex, duration of residence, and type of accommodation all had significant effects on both knowledge (χ²=11.801, 57.142, 94.519, all P < 0.001) and preventive behaviors (χ²=49.642, 103.380, 73.773, all P < 0.001). These factors were important determinants of dengue prevention outcomes. Females were more likely than males to engage in water-container cleaning (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 1.10-2.11) and timely seek medical care (OR=1.77, 95%CI: 1.16-2.70). Compared with short-term residents, long-term residents showed higher levels of knowledge (OR=2.84, 95%CI: 1.64-4.94) and correct understanding of transmission routes (OR=2.07, 95%CI: 1.31-3.26) of dengue, and were more active in cleaning standing water (OR=1.80, 95%CI: 1.26-2.58). Individuals living in non-owner-occupied housing generally exhibited lower levels of knowledge and key preventive behaviors. Correct understanding of transmission routes was positively correlated with timely seeking medical care (Cramer's V=0.25). Conclusions: The temporary resident population in Jinghong City exhibits characteristics of "misconceptions in knowledge, uneven behaviors, and distinct influencing factors" in dengue fever prevention and control. Sex, duration of residence, and type of accommodation affect the awareness and behavior level of prevention and control through different channels. Key measures to enhance the effectiveness of dengue fever prevention and control in Jinghong City include implementing precise targeted communication, improving environmental governance and accountability mechanisms, focusing on high-risk groups, and establishing an intelligent joint prevention system.

Objective: To analyze the mastery of knowledge and skills related to vector control among public health technicians in Chengdu, as well as the influencing factors, and to provide ideas and a scientific basis for improving the disease prevention and control capacity of primary-level public health teams and formulating and implementing relevant policies. Methods: Convenience sampling was used to select professional personnel from Chengdu municipal and district-level centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), community health service centers, township health centers, and other institutions as survey subjects. An electronic questionnaire was distributed to investigate the target population's mastery of vector-related knowledge and skills. Statistical analysis was performed using Excel 2020 and R 4.2.1 software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare scores among different groups, and multivariable logistic regression was employed to analyze the factors influencing knowledge scores. Results: A total of 583 valid questionnaires were collected, with a valid response rate of 99.66%. The overall mean knowledge score was 12.35±7.52, with an average scoring rate of 41.17% (12.35/30). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that experience in vector control work [odds ratio (OR)=2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.24-4.30], experience in handling public health emergencies (OR=2.06, 95%CI: 1.07-3.96), and participation in training in the past three years (vector control knowledge dimension: OR=7.74, 95%CI: 1.10-54.22) were positive predictors of knowledge level. In addition, CDC personnel had significantly higher levels of vector-related knowledge than those from medical institutions (OR=2.15, 95%CI: 1.17-3.92). Conclusions: The current vector control capacity of public health technicians in Chengdu is insufficient. It is recommended to systematically improve the practical capacity at the primary level in the future through a combination of online and offline training, promotion of medical-preventive collaboration, and implementation of tiered training programs.

Since the late 1990s, bed bugs (Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus) have resurged globally (except Antarctica), posing severe challenges to personal safety and economic development. This paper systematically reviews publicly reported literature on bed bug infestations and control in China from 2000 to the present. On one hand, it clarifies the current occurrence and breeding sites of bed bugs in China and analyzes the potential negative impacts on health and the economy. On the other hand, it examines the current status of bed bug control in China, summarizes the applications of public education, monitoring, chemical control and physical control, and identifies technical bottlenecks and practical challenges in control efforts. Finally, through forward-looking perspectives, the paper highlights the key issues that urgently need to be addressed in bed bug control research and practice in China, providing theoretical support and practical guidance for developing precise control strategies and promoting innovation in control technologies.

Due to the expanded distribution of ticks and increased human outdoor activities, the risk of multiple tick-borne diseases has risen, posing a serious threat to public health. Vaccination is one of the most effective approaches for the prevention and control of tick-borne diseases. Current vaccine research for tick-borne diseases includes both traditional vaccines and genetically engineered vaccines, but most vaccines remain at the preclinical or clinical trial stage. This article summarizes the research progress of several common tick-borne disease vaccines, aiming to provide a reference for prevention and control efforts related to tick-borne diseases.