Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control

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Cross-border spread, indigenous transmission, development trend, and control strategy for dengue fever and chikungunya fever in Yunnan province, China
ZHANG Hai-lin
Abstract （439）      PDF （827KB）（2215）      
Both dengue fever (DF) and chikungunya fever (CHIKF) are important mosquito-borne viral diseases with global distribution, and these two diseases have relatively similar epidemiological and clinical features, with the main vectors of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. The local epidemic of DF occurred in China-Myanmar and China-Laos border areas of Yunnan province, China every year in 2013-2019, and it also occurred in China-Vietnam border area in 2019, while the local epidemic of CHIKF occurred in China-Myanmar border area for the first time in 2019. The imported cases of DF and CHIKF from Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, and/or Vietnam were the main cause of the local epidemic of these two diseases in Yunnan province. The special geographical location and ecological environment of Yunnan province are suitable for the breeding of the vector Aedes mosquitoes and the transmission of DF and CHIKF viruses. There are still high risks of re-epidemic or pandemic of DF and CHIKF in this region, with the possibility of endemic an severe cases of DF. At present, there is an urgent need to carry out in-depth research on the source of pathogens, the investigation of epidemic foci, clinical science, antibody level in population, and sustainable control of Aedes vectors, and meanwhile, control of cross-border spread, mosquito control, and joint prevention and control in China-Myanmar, China-Laos, and China-Vietnam border areas are the key prevention and control measures that need to be strengthened at present.
2021, 32 (1): 12-20.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.01.002
Epidemiological and cluster characteristics of dengue fever in Yunnan province, China, 2013-2020
WEI Chun, GUO Xiao-lian, YANG Rui, TANG Ye-rong, YUE Yu-juan, LIU Xiao-bo, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract （356）      PDF （1445KB）（1756）      
Objective To investigate the epidemiological and spatial cluster characteristics of dengue fever in Yunnan province, China, and to provide evidence for the formulation and improvement of targeted prevention and control measures in future. Methods The data of dengue cases in Yunnan province from 2013 to 2020 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. Software ArcMap 10.7 was used to plot the geographical distribution, and software SaTScan v9.3 was used to analyze the spatial clustering. Results A total of 14 031 dengue cases were reported in Yunnan province from 2013 to 2020, including 11 505 indigenous cases, 2 507 overseas imported cases, and 19 cases imported from other provinces. The epidemic showed a "zigzag" increase. The overall spatial scan statistics detected two class I clusters in Jinghong city (log-likelihood ratio[LLR]=22 647.97) and Ruili city (LLR=10 125.08), and two class II clusters in Mengla county (LLR=1 167.76) and Gengma county (LLR=1 061.22). Class I clusters were detected in 2013, 2015, 2017, and 2019. The indigenous cases were found in 10 border counties. The overseas imported cases were mainly from southeast Asian countries and African countries, and Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos were the main source countries. The reported cases were mainly imported in the first half of the year and were mainly indigenous in the second half of the year. The number of cases began to increase in July, peaked in August to October, and began to decline in November. Among the 14 031 dengue cases, the male/female ratio was 1:0.88, and 79.78% of the cases were aged from 15 to 60 years. The top five occupations in terms of incidence were business services (20.95%), farmers (20.52%), unemployed people (11.17%), retired people (8.97%), and students (7.31%). Conclusion The situation of dengue fever in Yunnan province is serious. It is urgent to do a good job in the control and management of imported cases and the monitoring and control of vector Aedes, thus providing guarantee for sustainable control of dengue fever.
2021, 32 (6): 720-724.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.06.013
An investigation of the distribution of dengue vector Aedes in the main urban areas of 129 counties (cities, districts) of Yunnan province, China
ZHOU Ke-mei, YANG Ming-dong, LAN Xue-mei, ZHENG Yu-ting, TANG Ye-rong, WU Chao, JIANG Jin-yong
Abstract （396）      PDF （887KB）（1974）      
Objective To investigate mosquito in Yunnan province, China, as well as the population density, distribution, regional differences, and breeding habits of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in main urban areas. Methods Breteau index (BI) was used to investigate Aedes in the main urban areas of 129 counties, cities, and districts of Yunnan province, and all water containers in residential areas and special places (including park and green spaces in the urban area, recycling stations, tire collection stations, and hospitals) were checked. Water containers infested with larvae or pupae of Aedes vector were marked as positive, and the larvae in positive containers were collected and morphologically identified. Descriptive statistics was used to describe general information; the Chi-square test was used to investigate the difference in Aedes breeding sites between different areas and ecological environments, and the Chi-square test for trend was used to investigate the association between altitude and mosquito breeding density. Results Among the 129 counties, cities, and districts of Yunnan province, 71 (55.04%) were found to have Aedes vector, among which 68 (52.71%) were found to have Ae. albopictus alone and 3 (2.33%) were found to have both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. A total of 37 198 households were investigated, among which 1 068 households were positive for Aedes; a total of 167 206 water containers were found, among which 2 135 were positive, with a mean BI of 5.74, a house index of 2.87%, and a container index (CI) of 1.28%. Special places had significantly higher BI and CI than residential areas ( χ 2=4 509.220 and 128.591, both P<0.001). Tires were the most common type of water container and accounted for 44.84%, followed by other temporary containers (12.55%) and buckets (13.64%). Tires had the highest positive rate of 1.73%, followed by buckets (1.25%), other temporary containers (1.02%), waste bottles (0.95%), pool (0.59%), other permanent containers (0.56%), and vase (0.48%). In terms of water containers, Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture had the highest positive rate of 8.72% (583/6 689), followed by Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefecture (285/10 053, 2.83%), Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture (124/4 587, 2.70%), Wenshan Zhuang and Miao autonomous prefecture (271/10 662, 2.54%), and Pu'er city (308/12 691, 2.43%). Among the 2 135 positive containers, 1 849 (86.60%) were found to have Ae. albopictus, 251 (11.76%) were found to have Ae. aegypti, and 35 (1.64%) were found to have both Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti. The composition of Ae. aegypti was 79.66% in Mengla county, 67.03% in Ruili city, and 34.55% in Jinghong city, and there was a significant difference between them ( χ 2=28.194, P<0.001). The Chi-square test for trend showed a linear relationship between Aedes breeding rate and altitude ( χ 2=1 413.993, P<0.001), and Aedes breeding rate gradually decreased with the increase in altitude. Conclusion Ae. albopictus is widely distributed in Yunnan province and Ae. aegypti has become the dominant species in some areas. Special places have a higher breeding rate of Aedes than residential areas, and border regions tend to have a high mosquito density. The density of Aedes vector gradually decreases with the increase in altitude, and no Aedes breeding is observed in the places with an altitude above 2 000 m. Buckets, tires, and waste cans are the main contributors for Aedes breeding in residential areas, while tires and other waste containers are the main contributors for Aedes breeding in special places.
2021, 32 (2): 150-157.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.006
Catalogue of major invasive alien vectors and pathogens in China （2023 version）
LIANG Ying, XU Ye, YIN Ying-xuan, LI Xue-rong, MAO Fan-zhen, DAI Yang, LI Hong-yun, LI Chao, MA De-long, ZHOU Ruo-bing, WEI Xiao-hui, WANG Xiao-xu, JI Hao-qiang, YUE Yu-juan, HOU Xue-xin, LI Ming-hui, LI Zhen-jun, CAI Hui-ling, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract （1480）      PDF （1007KB）（1544）      
Objective To formulate a catalogue of alien vectors and pathogenic organisms for early warning and effective prevention of alien species invasion. Methods The authors searched literature, online databases, and published catalogues for alien vectors and pathogens that can seriously threaten the health of human and animals and agricultural and ecological security. They were evaluated for the risk of invasion to China by using a suitable habitat prediction model and a comprehensive evaluation system of multiple indicators. Candidate species with the potential of invasion were included in this catalogue. Results A total of 304 alien species were screened out and listed in this catalogue for China, including 69 vectors and 235 pathogenic organisms. Among them, 275 species (47 vectors and 228 pathogens) had high probability of invading China. Conclusion This catalogue can be used as an early warning directory to prevent alien vectors and pathogenic organisms from invading China, which provides a reference for relevant departments to formulate preventive management strategies and measures.
2023, 34 (2): 129-136.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.02.001
Prediction of suitable habitat distribution of Elizabethkingia anophelis in the world and China under climate change
WEI Xiao-hui, WANG Xiao-xu, JI Hao-qiang, LIANG Ying, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract （251）      PDF （8757KB）（1311）      
Objective To determine the current and future suitable areas of Elizabethkingia anophelis, and to provide a reference for preventing its outbreak and spread in China. Methods With 21 pieces of information on the geographical distribution of E. anophelis and data on 56 climatic factors, a MaxEnt model was used to estimate the suitable areas of E. anophelis in the world and China. R 4.2.2 software was used to adjust model parameters, and construct the receiver operating characteristic curve. The area under the curve was calculated to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The results were visualized using ArcGIS 10.5 software. Results Annual precipitation (bio12, 27.0%) and the minimum temperature in January (tmin01, 22.2%) contributed most to the distribution of E. anophelis. Under current climatic conditions, the highly suitable areas for E. anophelis were mainly distributed in the southeastern United States, northern South America, western Europe, central Africa, and parts of southeastern Asia; in China, they were mainly distributed in the wet regions south of the Qinling-Huaihe Line. Under future climatic conditions, climate changes of varying intensities generally promoted the suitable areas of E. anophelis in the world and China, especially under high radiative forcing. Conclusions There are large suitable areas for E. anophelis in the world and China under both current and future climate conditions, which are expected to be promoted with the change of climate in the future. Authorities should take measures to control greenhouse gas emissions to limit the increase of E. anophelis’ suitable areas. Provinces with its highly suitable areas should strengthen surveillance, risk assessment and response.
2023, 34 (2): 165-175.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.02.005
Study on the lethal rate of six active ingredients to Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana
TANG Li-ping, ZHU Jian, LIAO Guo-dong, WU Ying-hua
Abstract （1414）      PDF （749KB）（1715）      
Objective To test and compare the speed of death of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana treated with six active ingredients, and to provide theoretical basis for consumers' experience. Methods Using the open square box method, 30 test insects were starved for one day had allowed access to cockroach baits containing each of the six effective components. The number of dead insects was counted at regular time intervals, and LT 50 and LT 95 were calculated according to the weighted linear regression method. Results Without other feed, the LT 50 for B. germanica was in the order of 0.5% dinotefuran>2.5% imidacloprid>1.5% propoxur>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.1% indoxacarb, and the order of the LT 50 for P. americana was 2.5% imidacloprid>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>1.5% propoxur>0.1% indoxacarb. The LT 95 for B. germanica was in the order of 0.5% dinotefuran>2.5% imidacloprid>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.1% indoxacarb>1.5% propoxur, and the LT 95 for P. americana was in the order of 0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.05% fipronil>0.1% indoxacarb>1.5% propoxur>2.5% imidacloprid. Dinotefuran had almost no toxic effect on P. americana. Cockroaches fed less on the diets of dinotefuran, imidacloprid and propoxur, which had a faster death rate in the early stage, and fed more on the diets of chlorpyrifos, fipronil and indoxacarb, which had a slower death rate in the early stage. Conclusion On the whole, cockroach baits with different active ingredients had different lethal rates to different species of cockroaches. Dinotefuran, imidacloprid and propoxur were quicker to kill B. germanica, while chlorpyrifos and fipronil were quicker to kill P. americana.
2022, 33 (3): 340-345.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.005
Surveillance and analysis of flies in Fengxian District, Shanghai, China, 2011-2021
Bin GE, Hai-bing ZHANG, Hong-xia LIU, Ying ZHOU, Qing LIU, Ke-hua YI, Tao HUANG
Abstract （227）   HTML    PDF （812KB）（1097）      

Objective: To analyze the species, composition, density, distribution, and seasonal fluctuation of flies in Fengxian District, Shanghai, China, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of flies in Fengxian District. Methods: The fly surveillance data in Fengxian District, Shanghai from 2011 to 2021 were collected, and Excel 2013 was used to summarize and analyze of the data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to compare the density of flies in different habitats. Results: From 2011 to 2016, there was no significant change in the population density of flies in Fengxian District, ranging from 0.50 to 1.02 flies per cage of average annual density. In 2017 and 2018, the density of flies (1.76 and 5.25 flies per cage, respectively) increased significantly, by 70.87% and 409.71%, respectively, compared with 1.03 flies per cage in 2015. The fly density decreased year by year in 2019 and 2020, and increased in 2021, second only to the peak density in 2018. A total of 2 996 adult flies were captured, with an average density of 2.02 flies per cage. Muscina stabulans was the main species (accounting for 31.38%), followed by Boettcherisca peregrina (accounting for 28.64%). The flies density in large-scale green belts was highest with 2.32 flies per cage. The density of flies reached its peak in June, dropped sharply from July to August, and steadily decreased from September to November. Conclusions: There are more flies in large-scale green belts of Fengxian District, and the fly density peaks in June. The critical period to prevent fly-borne diseases is before June. Relevant departments in Fengxian District should raise and strengthen awareness of fly control. The environment management of large-scale green belt should be strengthened to reduce the breeding environment of flies.

2023, 34 (4): 462-466.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.04.004
An analysis of research advances and hot spots of dengue fever in China， 2011-2021 based on CNKI
WANG Yan-ding, LI Zhi-qiang, WU Di, GONG Xin-ran, YANG Mei-tao, ZHNAG Wen-yi, WANG Yong
Abstract （384）      PDF （1671KB）（1297）      
Objective To analyze the historical development and future hot spots of dengue fever research in China, and to provide a basis and reference for research, prevention and control of dengue fever in China. Methods Data were obtained from China National Knowledge Infrastructure database; "dengue fever" and "dengue virus" were used as subject terms for the search of dengue fever-related references collected (from January 1, 2011 to April 10, 2021) in the database; a total of 1 738 references were retrieved and 1 394 references were included. Excel 2019 and CiteSpace 5.6.R5 softwares were used for analysis of the 1 394 references by authors, journals, and institutions; meanwhile, visual analysis and evolution were performed on the key words, burst terms, and timelines for the development of dengue fever-related research in China. Results During 2011-2021, the number of publications on dengue fever in China could be divided into three phases with an overall upward trend (2011-2013, 2014-2016, and 2017-2021); main publication institutions were centers for disease control and prevention, universities, and research institutes; hot spots in the field of dengue fever were dengue virus, Aedes albopictus, epidemiology, and surveillance. Conclusion In recent years, there is a growing trend of performing dengue fever-related research in China, while many challenges still exist. Governments and health authorities in high-risk areas should arouse the awareness of dengue fever among common populations; research personnel should focus on the treatment, prevention and control strategies, and risk assessment of the disease, and perform in-depth studies on the surveillance, early warning, and the cost-effectiveness in prevention and control of dengue fever.
2022, 33 (1): 114-119.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.01.021
An analysis of ecological surveillance results of dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, 2017-2021
Bin-bin JIN, Ling-ya WEI, Hui JIN, Yang CAO, Ying-hong WANG, Qing-xin KONG
Abstract （241）   HTML    PDF （747KB）（951）      

Objective: To investigate the density distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in different habitats and seasonal fluctuation in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China from 2017 to 2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control, risk assessment, and early warning of dengue fever. Methods: According to the National Vector Surveillance Implementation Plan and the Zhejiang Provincial Vector Surveillance Plan, Aedes mosquitoes were monitored in 15 districts (counties and cities) in Hangzhou. Adult mosquitoes were monitored using the double-layered mosquito net method, and larvae were monitored using the Breteau index (BI) method. The surveillance time was set during April to November. The mosquito surveillance data of the 15 districts (counties and cities) were collected. Excel 2019 software was used for data analysis. The net trap index, BI, and container index (CI) were calculated. Categorical data were compared using the Chi-squared test. One-way analysis of variance was used for quantitative data. Results: From 2017 to 2021, the density of Ae. albopictus in Hangzhou by the double-layered mosquito net method was 2.54 mosquitoes/net·h, and no Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were captured. The density of adult mosquitoes was lowest in 2017 and highest in 2020. There was a statistical difference in the net trap index between different years (F=5.117, P=0.017). The seasonal distribution generally presented a bimodal pattern, with the peaks of mosquito densities mainly in July and October. The average BI from 2017 to 2021 was 9.18, and the peak period of the BI was during May to October. The CI showed that Ae. albopictus larvae were distributed in all kinds of water bodies. The CI differed statistically between different water bodies in the same year (all P < 0.001) and between different years in the same water body (all P < 0.001). Conclusions: Ae. albopictus density was high in Hangzhou, indicating a risk of dengue fever outbreaks and regional epidemics. It is recommended that the counties (cities, districts) take timely mosquito control measures according to the density, distribution, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes.

2023, 34 (4): 491-496.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.04.009
National vector surveillance report on mosquitoes in China, 2019
ZHAO Ning, GUO Yu-hong, WU Hai-xia, LIU Xiao-bo, YUE Yu-juan, REN Dong-sheng, LI Gui-chang, SONG Xiu-ping, LU Liang, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract （1103）      PDF （2254KB）（1909）      
Objective To investigate the species, composition, density, distribution, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in China, 2019, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods The mosquito vector surveillance data of 88 surveillance sites in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) of China in 2019 were collected. The light trapping and human-baited double net trapping methods were employed to monitor adult mosquitoes, and the Breteau index (BI), scoop capture, and route methods were adopted to monitor mosquito larvae. Adult mosquitoes were monitored twice a month, and mosquito larvae were monitored once a month. Excel 2013 software was used to analyze the mosquito vector surveillance data. Results The mean density of mosquitoes was 9.81 mosquitoes/lamp·night in China in 2019. Culex pipiens pallens/Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus accounted for 57.73% of all captured mosquitoes, followed by Anopheles sinensis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, and Ae. aegypti, which accounted for 20.27%, 12.22%, 2.29%, and 0.02%, respectively. The mosquito densities in Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Qinghai, Yunnan, and Hunan provinces were relatively high, being 22.60, 21.72, 17.14, 12.71, and 10.18 mosquitoes/lamp·night, respectively. The results of seasonal fluctuation by light trapping, human-baited double net trapping, scoop capture, and route methods all indicated that the peak period of mosquito activity was from June to September, and the highest peak was in July or August. The results of the Breteau index method indicated that the peak period of Aedes larvae was from April to September. The highest density of adult mosquitoes was in livestock sheds, being 36.29 mosquitoes/lamp·night, while the highest Breteau index of mosquito larvae was in waste tyre recycling factories, being 19.25 mosquitoes/lamp·night. Conclusion The dominant mosquito specie is Cx. pipiens/Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus in China. It is recommended to implement prevention and control measures such as overwintering mosquito elimination and environment management from April each year in all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government). In 2020, the main prevention and control measure is to pay more attention to timely cleaning of the mosquito breeding sites in residential areas, waste tyre recycling factories, and waste collection areas, so as to prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases from the origins.
2020, 31 (4): 395-400.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.003
Distribution of ticks and tick-borne diseases in some regions of Asia and Africa
HU Xiao-yu, LI Zeng-kui, LI Zhong-yu, GENG Peng-cheng, ZHANG Shu-yun, GAO Dong, LIU Pei-qi, LI Hao-lin, HE Yong-cai, JIANG Shuo, CHEN Qiang, KANG Ming, LI Ji-xu, LI Ying
Abstract （87）      PDF （1093KB）（1169）      
Ticks can transmit a wide range of pathogens, posing a serious threat to human and animal health. In order to lay the theoretical foundation for tick control in Asia and Africa, we review the reports published in the past five years on ticks and tick-borne pathogens in Mongolia, China (only Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Qinghai province), Pakistan, and Egypt along the migration routes of migratory birds. The highest number of tick species (51) were reported in Pakistan, followed by Xinjiang and Qinghai of China, Egypt, and Mongolia. Only 11 tick species were reported in Mongolia. Most of the ticks found in these regions belonged to the family Ixodidae. The majority of reported tick-borne pathogens were zoonotic, including the genera of Anaplasma, Rickettsia, and Coxiella. Birds are hosts of various ticks and potential carriers of tick-borne pathogens. Therefore, the migration of birds from East Africa to West Asia may facilitate the spread of ticks and tick-borne pathogens along these regions.
2023, 34 (3): 428-439.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.03.025
Ticks species， distribution and pathogens in Shanghai， China
WEI Zi-xin, FANG Yuan, ZHANG Yi
Abstract （561）      PDF （1296KB）（1271）      
Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of ticks and the pathogens carried by the ticks in Shanghai, China, and to provide a scientific basis for developing local prevention and treatment measures for ticks and tick-borne diseases. Methods The four commonly used English and Chinese databases of CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, and PubMed were used to collect the articles on tick in Shanghai in the past twenty years (2000-2020), and related information was extracted to analyze the species and distribution of ticks and the pathogens carried by them at different investigation sites in Shanghai. Results The tick species reported in Shanghai were Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. campanulata, H. flava, and Amblyomma varanense, among which R. sanguineus was the most common and widely distributed tick species in Shanghai, followed by H. longicornis. The host animals for tick mainly included dogs, sheep, and rodents. Pathogens including Ehrlichia, Babesia, Coxiella, spirochete, and Brucella were detected in the tick species distributed in Shanghai. Conclusion Various tick species are observed in Shanghai, and multiple pathogens are detected, suggesting that there is a potential risk of the transmission of tick-borne diseases.
2022, 33 (1): 120-124.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.01.022
A collection directory and one new species of the genus Atrichopogon (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Jiangxi province, China
LIU Yang-qing, YU Yi-xin, CHEN Hai-ying
Abstract （297）      PDF （1133KB）（1311）      
Objective To investigate the species and distribution of the genus Atrichopogon in Jiangxi province, China, and to provide basic data for the biological research of Atrichopogon in this area. Methods The netting and light trapping methods were used to collect midges from 2008 to 2017. Results A total of 16 species belonging to 5 subgenera from the genus Atrichopogon were identified. Atrichopogon formosanus, A. spartos, and A. pileolus were the widely distributed species in Jiangxi province. One new species from the genus Atrichopogon was reported, which was named as A. ( Psilokempia) ruijinensis, sp. nov., and its morphological characteristics were described. The type specimens of the new species were deposited at Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Nanchang 330038). Conclusion With the deepening of taxonomic research and investigation, more species from the genus Atrichopogon will be discovered in Jiangxi province.
2021, 32 (4): 461-463.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.04.015
Attractive action of different chemical substances for Aedes albopictus
Fei WANG, Hao-di XU, Xin LI, Pei-en LENG, Hong-xia LIU
Abstract （297）   HTML    PDF （854KB）（886）      

Objective: To select chemical substances with attractive effects on Aedes albopictus for on-field assessment, and to explore the preference of Ae. albopictus to six human odors. Methods: Under laboratory conditions, six chemical substances (1-octen-3-ol, lactic acid, myristic acid, ammonia, acetone, and ethyl acetate) were separately tested for their individual attracting effects on female Ae. albopictus at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/ml. The six substances were mixed in pairs (1∶1) at certain concentrations, and then the pairs were tested for attracting effects on female Ae. albopictus. The pair with good attractive effects was combined with lactic acid for testing. The attractant combination selected by laboratory experiments was tested for attractive action for Ae. albopictus in the field. The attracting effects of the substances or combinations on Ae. albopictus were compared using the t test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were attracted to 1-octen-3-ol at 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/ml, myristic acid at 1.0 and 10.0 mg/ml, and ethyl acetate at 0.1 mg/ml, but not to the other three substances at any concentration. The pairs of 1-octen-3-ol+myristic acid, lactic acid+myristic acid, and lactic acid+1-octen-3-ol statistically attracted Ae. albopictus compared with the control group (t=8.102, P=0.001; t=4.696, P=0.009; t=5.127, P=0.007). The combination of lactic acid+1-octen-3-ol+myristic acid statistically attracted Ae. albopictus compared with the control group (F=86.841, P < 0.001). Field testing showed significant differences in the attracting effect between lactic acid+1-octen-3-ol+myristic acid and the control (day 1: t=7.462, P=0.014; day 2: t=20.500, P < 0.001; day3: t=9.383, P=0.001). Conclusion: The combination of lactic acid, 1-octen-3-ol, and myristic acid has attractive action for Ae. albopictus, which should be further researched in the field.

2023, 34 (4): 447-450, 496.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.04.001
An analysis of fly ecological surveillance results in Shanghai, China, 2016-2021
Jing-jing WANG, Jing-qiu XU, Jiang ZHU, Hong-xia LIU, Pei-en LENG
Abstract （166）   HTML    PDF （799KB）（880）      

Objective: To analyze the species, density, distribution, and variation of flies in Shanghai, China, to carry out risk assessment, prediction, and early warning of fly-borne diseases in a timely manner, so as to provide scientific reference for fly control. Methods: Using the cage trap method, fly traps were placed in farmers' markets, residential areas, external environment of restaurants, and large green belts. Fly surveillance data were collected every ten days from March to November in 2016-2021 in Shanghai. The data were processed and analyzed using Excel 2019 and SPSS 20.0. Results: From 2016 to 2021, 18 052 flies were caught with an average density of 1.52 flies/cage. The identified fly species belonged to 5 families, 9 genera, and 14 species. The dominant species were Muscina stabulans, Boettcherisca peregrina, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia sericata, and Musca domestica. M. stabulans showed the highest density of 0.28 flies/cage, followed by B. peregrina (0.24 flies/cage). In large green belts, the density of B. peregrina was higher than that of M. stabulans, and in all other habitats, the density of M. stabulans was the highest. There was a significant difference in density between B. peregrina and M. stabulans in the farmers' market (t=-2.674, P=0.023). The proportion of Mu. domestica decreased year by year, and the proportion of M. stabulans increased. The fly density was the highest in 2018 (1.82 flies/cage) and the lowest in 2016 (1.04 flies/cage). Fly density peaked from June to August, with the monthly average densities of 2.65, 2.49, and 2.28 flies/cage, respectively. In 2016-2021, the fly density in different habitats was in the order of farmers' markets > large green belts > residential areas > external environment of restaurants. Conclusions: The fly species are diverse in Shanghai. M. stabulans has the highest density. Fly density peaks from June to August, and farmer's market is a key place for targeted fly control. Fly density rose again after decline in 2019, suggesting that comprehensive control of flies should be continuously strengthened.

2023, 34 (4): 457-461.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.04.003
National surveillance report on rodent-borne pathogens of disease vectors in 2021
National Vector Surveillance System, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Abstract （690）      PDF （892KB）（1383）      
In 2021, the national surveillance of rodent-borne pathogens of disease vectors had been started up, and a total of 123 prefectures were selected as national surveillance sites. Sampling was completed at 95 surveillance sites. A total of 17 910 rodent specimens were collected, and 16 891 of them were tested. The completion rate of pathogen detection was 94.31%. The overall infection rate of eight monitored rodent-borne pathogens around China was 2.43% (407/16 716) for Hantavirus, 0.02% (4/16 154) for Dabie bandavirus (i.e., severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus), 5.75% (624/10 850) for Leptospira interrogans, 0.11% (5/4 470) for Rickettsia mooseri, 0.05% (5/10 790) for Orientia tsutsugamushi, 2.39% (75/3 136) for Bartonella, and 0.04% (2/5 075) for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Francisella tularensis was not detected. More than ten species of rodents were found to be infected with different pathogens in 18 provinces across China. The infection rates of pathogens in rodents in southern regions were relatively high, and the positive rates of pathogens carried by various rodents differed. Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius were the species in which the most pathogens were detected.
2023, 34 (1): 1-8.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.01.001
Rodent and pathogen surveillance results in Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China, 2022
De-yang ZHENG, Lin ZHU, Wen-qin LIANG, Jia HUANG, Wei-fang SHI, Kai RAO, Jing-zhu ZHOU, Cai-xia XIA
Abstract （170）   HTML    PDF （636KB）（831）      

Objective: To investigate the rodents species, density, and pathogens they carry in Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China. Methods: A total of 70 sampling points were set in 14 counties/districts of Zunyi, with five points in the east, south, west, north, and center of each county/district. Small mammals were monitored through night trapping in Zunyi from October 2021 to October 2022, followed by species identification and pathogen detection. Excel 2021 was used for data organization. SPSS 26.0 was used to analyze the density, species, and pathogen-carrying status of small mammals through rate or constituent ratio comparison with the Chi-square test (P < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference). Results: A total of 9 969 effective traps were placed at all the surveillance points, capturing 549 small mammals in total, of which 522 were rodents. The total density of small mammals was 5.51%. The total density of rodents was 5.24%. The rodent density was highest in Honghuagang District (12.94%), followed by Fenggang County (12.34%), and lowest in Chishui City (1.80%). There was a statistical difference in rodent density between the counties/districts (χ2=195.619, P < 0.001). Rattus norvegicus was the dominant rodent species in urban residential areas, rural residential areas, and key industries, while Apodemus agrarius was the dominant species in farming areas. The composition of rodent species statistically differed in different regions (the center, north, east, and west) of Zunyi (χ2=117.357, P < 0.001). Each small mammal was examined for Leptospira interrogans and Orientia tsutsugamushi in the liver, spleen, and kidney; Dabie bandavirus in the liver, spleen, and lung; and Hantavirus in the lung. Among 343 samples tested, 27 were positive, all for L. interrogans, with a pathogen detection rate of 7.87%. Shrews had the highest detection rate (16.00%), followed by A. agrarius (12.35%), and R. norvegicus had the lowest detection rate (1.64%). There was a significant difference in the detection rates of different species of small mammals (χ2=14.372, P=0.002). The detection rate was 9.66% (26/269) in farming areas, which was highest, and 2.94% (1/34) in key industries, with negative detection results in urban and rural residential areas. There were no differences in detection rates between different habitats (χ2=5.171, P=0.160). The detection rate was 27.03% in Meitan County, followed by 25.00% in Suiyang County, and zero in Renhuai City, Fenggang County, and Yuqing County, with a statistical difference between different counties/cities/districts (χ2=35.409, P=0.001). Conclusions: The density of rodents was relatively high in Zunyi. The detection of L. interrogans should be a warning of the possibility of related diseases. Local authorities should strengthen rodent control in spring and autumn and take comprehensive control measures according to actual situation and dominant rodent species and pathogen detection status in different habitats, so as to reduce the density of rodents and prevent the occurrence of rodent-borne diseases.

2023, 34 (4): 501-507.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.04.011
The status quo of professionals in pest control organizations in China
FU Yan-ping, GAO Xi-wu
Abstract （1644）      PDF （981KB）（2926）      

Objective To analyze the overall situation and development trends of professionals in pest control organization (PCO) in China. Methods The staff composition (including practice time, age and education background), training, remuneration and health insurance in this domestic industry were compared with the foreign counterparts. Results Professionals in China’s PCO had short practice time, wide-span age distribution, deficient experience, low educational level, unstable performance, poor remuneration and shortage of corresponding occupational health insurance, indicating significant difference with the same industry in foreign countries. Conclusion PCO professionals are the key to the development of an enterprise, or even the whole industry. Their quality is determinant of the industry’s overall service quality. With the overall improvement of the quality of PCO professionals in China, this industry will achieve rapid development and present a new image.

2010, 21 (6): 624-625,637.
Reported cases of vector-borne diseases in China， 2005-2020: Epidemic trend， challenges in prevention and control， and related coping strategies
LIU Qi-yong
Abstract （791）      PDF （3128KB）（1781）      
Objective To analyze the data of reported cases of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in China in 2005-2020, and to investigate the epidemic characteristics and trend of VBDs, challenges in prevention and control, and related coping strategies. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data of reported cases of VBDs in China in 2005-2020, and the challenges in prevention and control and related coping strategies were determined based on the epidemic characteristics of VBDs, current policies, and related literature domestic and abroad. Results A total of 905 092 cases of 14 VBDs were reported in China in 2005-2020, among which malaria, scrub typhus, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) accounted for 66.94%, the ten notifiable VBDs accounted for 76.01%. A total of 5 076 death cases were reported, among which the death cases due to Japanese encephalitis (JE), HFRS, severe fever with thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS), and malaria accounted for 93.26%. The incidence of VBDs fluctuated and decreased in 2005-2020. The number of cases showed two significant peaks in 2006 and 2014-2015. The Mann-Kendall trend test showed a significant trend of reduction in JE, malaria, typhus, and leptospirosis ( P<0.01) and a significant trend of increase in SFTS and scrub typhus ( P<0.01). At the same time, the incidence of VBDs showed marked seasonality with a peak in October. About 2 165 districts/counties reported VBDs annually, mainly in the east of the Heihe-Tengchong line. The Mann-Kendall trend test showed that the number of districts/counties reporting such cases tended to increase with no significance ( P=0.367). Over the past 16 years, the number of cases of vector-borne diseases tended to decrease in northeast China, while this number tended to increase in southwest China. Different diseases had different ages of onset, and the peak age of onset of VBDs was 20-44 years. The male population tended to have a higher incidence rate than the female population. Conclusion The number of cases of VBDs tends to decrease with fluctuation in China, but it still remains at a relatively high level, and the epidemic area tends to expand, with continuous increases in the incidence rate or mortality rate of some VBDs. As for the new challenges in the control of VBDs, it is necessary to implement related strategies and measures including the integrated vector management and sustainable vector management, so as to further reduce the morbidity and mortality of VBDs and achieve the targets and goals of Health China and Global Vector Control Strategies.
2022, 33 (1): 1-7.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.01.001
Research advances of Sarcophaga in China
WANG Chao, YAN Li-ping, LI Xin-yu, ZHANG Dong, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract （217）      PDF （544KB）（1119）      
Flies are important vectors which can carry and transmit a variety of pathogens mechanically and cause a variety of diseases. Some fly species can transmit diseases biologically. Flesh flies ( Sarcophaga) are a common group of flies and have public health importance in vector surveillance. However, there are still difficulties in the identification of flesh flies. This article reviews the studies of Sarcophaga, so as to provide a reference for the taxonomy, morphology, and phylogeny of Sarcophaga and promote the research on the prevention and control of vector flies.
2022, 33 (1): 153-158.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.01.028
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