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Catalogue of major invasive alien vectors and pathogens in China (2023 version)
LIANG Ying, XU Ye, YIN Ying-xuan, LI Xue-rong, MAO Fan-zhen, DAI Yang, LI Hong-yun, LI Chao, MA De-long, ZHOU Ruo-bing, WEI Xiao-hui, WANG Xiao-xu, JI Hao-qiang, YUE Yu-juan, HOU Xue-xin, LI Ming-hui, LI Zhen-jun, CAI Hui-ling, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract1268)      PDF (1007KB)(1182)      
Objective To formulate a catalogue of alien vectors and pathogenic organisms for early warning and effective prevention of alien species invasion. Methods The authors searched literature, online databases, and published catalogues for alien vectors and pathogens that can seriously threaten the health of human and animals and agricultural and ecological security. They were evaluated for the risk of invasion to China by using a suitable habitat prediction model and a comprehensive evaluation system of multiple indicators. Candidate species with the potential of invasion were included in this catalogue. Results A total of 304 alien species were screened out and listed in this catalogue for China, including 69 vectors and 235 pathogenic organisms. Among them, 275 species (47 vectors and 228 pathogens) had high probability of invading China. Conclusion This catalogue can be used as an early warning directory to prevent alien vectors and pathogenic organisms from invading China, which provides a reference for relevant departments to formulate preventive management strategies and measures.
2023, 34 (2): 129-136.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.02.001
Study on the lethal rate of six active ingredients to Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana
TANG Li-ping, ZHU Jian, LIAO Guo-dong, WU Ying-hua
Abstract1169)      PDF (749KB)(1480)      
Objective To test and compare the speed of death of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana treated with six active ingredients, and to provide theoretical basis for consumers' experience. Methods Using the open square box method, 30 test insects were starved for one day had allowed access to cockroach baits containing each of the six effective components. The number of dead insects was counted at regular time intervals, and LT 50 and LT 95 were calculated according to the weighted linear regression method. Results Without other feed, the LT 50 for B. germanica was in the order of 0.5% dinotefuran>2.5% imidacloprid>1.5% propoxur>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.1% indoxacarb, and the order of the LT 50 for P. americana was 2.5% imidacloprid>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>1.5% propoxur>0.1% indoxacarb. The LT 95 for B. germanica was in the order of 0.5% dinotefuran>2.5% imidacloprid>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.1% indoxacarb>1.5% propoxur, and the LT 95 for P. americana was in the order of 0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.05% fipronil>0.1% indoxacarb>1.5% propoxur>2.5% imidacloprid. Dinotefuran had almost no toxic effect on P. americana. Cockroaches fed less on the diets of dinotefuran, imidacloprid and propoxur, which had a faster death rate in the early stage, and fed more on the diets of chlorpyrifos, fipronil and indoxacarb, which had a slower death rate in the early stage. Conclusion On the whole, cockroach baits with different active ingredients had different lethal rates to different species of cockroaches. Dinotefuran, imidacloprid and propoxur were quicker to kill B. germanica, while chlorpyrifos and fipronil were quicker to kill P. americana.
2022, 33 (3): 340-345.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.005
Advances and achievements in the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China,2012-2021
LIU Qi-yong, LIU Xiao-bo, CHANG Nan, ZHANG Lu
Abstract844)      PDF (1117KB)(1170)      
Objective To analyze the policies,strategies,techniques,actions,and achievements in the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China since 2012. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze and summarize the epidemiologic situation and challenges of vectors and vector-borne diseases,the surveillance of vectors,and the advances in the control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China in the past ten years.The Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the trend of the incidence rate of vector-borne diseases in the past decade using R 4.0.4 software. Results A series of policies,strategies,measures,and techniques were formulated and released for sustainable vector management in China in the past decade.The vector surveillance program in China had been continuously upgraded and improved,and a national vector surveillance network integrating ecology,etiology,and insecticide resistance had been established and improved.The number of national vector surveillance sites (1 097) in 2021 was increased by 54 times,and the funds input in national vector surveillance was increased by 127 times.Direct network reporting was realized for surveillance data,and there was a significant increase in the timely utilization rate of surveillance data,which provided better support for risk assessment,prediction and early warning,decision making,and control effect evaluation.The total annual incidence rate of vector-borne diseases in China in 2021(3.060/100 000) was reduced by 8.66% compared with that in 2007-2011(3.350/100 000),and the total annual mortality rate of vector-borne diseases in 2021(0.016/100 000) was reduced by 33.33% compared with that in 2007-2011(0.024/100 000).China had achieved the goal of malaria elimination and mitigated the accelerating increases in the incidence rates of dengue fever,scrub typhus,and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Conclusion In 2012-2021,leapfrog development has been achieved for the policies,strategies,techniques,and actions for the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China,and there are significant reductions in the incidence and mortality rates of vector-borne diseases.In view of the natural and social driving factors at present,the prevention and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases still face severe challenges,and therefore,it is urgent to further promote the strategies and measures for sustainable vector management,implement Global Vector Control Response 2017-2030,build proactive defense based on"reverse microbial etiology",so as to prevent and control major vector-borne diseases.
2022, 33 (5): 613-621.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.05.001
Reported cases of vector-borne diseases in China, 2005-2020: Epidemic trend, challenges in prevention and control, and related coping strategies
LIU Qi-yong
Abstract770)      PDF (3128KB)(1553)      
Objective To analyze the data of reported cases of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in China in 2005-2020, and to investigate the epidemic characteristics and trend of VBDs, challenges in prevention and control, and related coping strategies. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data of reported cases of VBDs in China in 2005-2020, and the challenges in prevention and control and related coping strategies were determined based on the epidemic characteristics of VBDs, current policies, and related literature domestic and abroad. Results A total of 905 092 cases of 14 VBDs were reported in China in 2005-2020, among which malaria, scrub typhus, and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) accounted for 66.94%, the ten notifiable VBDs accounted for 76.01%. A total of 5 076 death cases were reported, among which the death cases due to Japanese encephalitis (JE), HFRS, severe fever with thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS), and malaria accounted for 93.26%. The incidence of VBDs fluctuated and decreased in 2005-2020. The number of cases showed two significant peaks in 2006 and 2014-2015. The Mann-Kendall trend test showed a significant trend of reduction in JE, malaria, typhus, and leptospirosis ( P<0.01) and a significant trend of increase in SFTS and scrub typhus ( P<0.01). At the same time, the incidence of VBDs showed marked seasonality with a peak in October. About 2 165 districts/counties reported VBDs annually, mainly in the east of the Heihe-Tengchong line. The Mann-Kendall trend test showed that the number of districts/counties reporting such cases tended to increase with no significance ( P=0.367). Over the past 16 years, the number of cases of vector-borne diseases tended to decrease in northeast China, while this number tended to increase in southwest China. Different diseases had different ages of onset, and the peak age of onset of VBDs was 20-44 years. The male population tended to have a higher incidence rate than the female population. Conclusion The number of cases of VBDs tends to decrease with fluctuation in China, but it still remains at a relatively high level, and the epidemic area tends to expand, with continuous increases in the incidence rate or mortality rate of some VBDs. As for the new challenges in the control of VBDs, it is necessary to implement related strategies and measures including the integrated vector management and sustainable vector management, so as to further reduce the morbidity and mortality of VBDs and achieve the targets and goals of Health China and Global Vector Control Strategies.
2022, 33 (1): 1-7.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.01.001
Comparative study on the killing efficacy of 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur suspension concentrate and other four insecticides on millipede
ZHENG Feng-yun, CHEN Feng-ling, HUANG He
Abstract739)      PDF (495KB)(647)      
Objective To investigate the killing efficacy of several commonly used public health insecticides for the control of millipedes, and to provide scientific evidence for millipede control. Methods The insecticide screening test was performed to determine the toxicity of five insecticides with different insecticidal mechanisms to millipedes. The median lethal dose (LD 50) of 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur suspension concentrate (SC) was estimated, followed by simulated filed testing to verify its killing efficacy. Excel 2016 and SPSS 19.0 softwares were used for data analysis. The Chi-squared test was used to compare the knockdown effects of different insecticides on millipedes. Results The insecticide screening test showed that the 100 fold dilutions of 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur SC, 12% beta-cypermethrin·chlorpyrifos emulsifiable concentrate (EC), 10% lambda-cyhalothrin wettable powder, 20% propoxur EC, and 10% imidacloprid SC had:median knockdown times (KT 50) being 1.78, 8.55, 43.17, 1.15, and 9.23 min, respectively; times taken to knockdown 90% of millipedes (KT 90) being 2.63, 20.02, 68.83, 2.03, and 22.80 min, respectively; 2-h mortality rates after insecticide application being 76.25%, 56.25%, 73.33%, 56.67%, and 46.67%, respectively; and 24-h mortality rates all being 100%. The 200 fold dilutions of the five insecticides had:KT 50 being 2.08, 23.26, 56.00, 1.49, and 52.78 min, respectively; KT 90 being 3.15, 33.35, 85.68, 2.98, and 79.55 min, respectively; 2-h mortality rates being 65.00%, 47.50%, 68.33%, 40.00%, and 36.67%; and 24-h mortality rates all being 100%. The laboratory toxicity test showed that the LD 50 of 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur SC against millipedes was 5.42 mg AI/m 2. The simulated field test showed that the 24-h mortality rates of millipedes with 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur SC at 7.5, 15.0, and 30.0 mg AI/m 2 were 98.33%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion Among the five commonly used insecticides, 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur SC has relatively excellent efficacy in killing millipedes, which provides a reference for insecticide selection to control millipedes in public environment.
2022, 33 (3): 438-441.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.024
National surveillance report on rodent-borne pathogens of disease vectors in 2021
National Vector Surveillance System, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Abstract633)      PDF (892KB)(1085)      
In 2021, the national surveillance of rodent-borne pathogens of disease vectors had been started up, and a total of 123 prefectures were selected as national surveillance sites. Sampling was completed at 95 surveillance sites. A total of 17 910 rodent specimens were collected, and 16 891 of them were tested. The completion rate of pathogen detection was 94.31%. The overall infection rate of eight monitored rodent-borne pathogens around China was 2.43% (407/16 716) for Hantavirus, 0.02% (4/16 154) for Dabie bandavirus (i.e., severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus), 5.75% (624/10 850) for Leptospira interrogans, 0.11% (5/4 470) for Rickettsia mooseri, 0.05% (5/10 790) for Orientia tsutsugamushi, 2.39% (75/3 136) for Bartonella, and 0.04% (2/5 075) for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Francisella tularensis was not detected. More than ten species of rodents were found to be infected with different pathogens in 18 provinces across China. The infection rates of pathogens in rodents in southern regions were relatively high, and the positive rates of pathogens carried by various rodents differed. Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius were the species in which the most pathogens were detected.
2023, 34 (1): 1-8.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.01.001
Effects of the two insecticide formulations by ultra-low-volume spraying in killing Aedes albopictus:an experimental field study
QIN Yan-min, ZHANG Shao-hua, LIU Yang, DAI Chuan-wen, CHEN Jia-hui
Abstract555)      PDF (474KB)(994)      
Objective To observe the effects of the two insecticide formulations by ultra-low-volume spraying in killing adult Aedes albopictus in the field, and to provide technical parameters for the on-site emergency disposal of dengue fever. Methods Two ultra-low-volume spray formulations (10% meperfluthrin·permethrin aqueous emulsion and 10.4% S-bioallethrin·permethrin aqueous emulsion) were used to kill adult Ae. albopictus from May 31 to June 10, 2019, in a residential area within a jurisdiction in Shenzhen, China. The human induced index method was used to monitor the density of Ae. albopictus, and the density changes of Ae. albopictus in the test and control areas after insecticide application were observed. The paired t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the mosquito density at different times after application of different insecticides to evaluate their effects of killing adult mosquitoes. Results The mean relative density of Ae. albopictus decreased by 100%, 99.1%, and 59.5% at 0.5, 1.0, and 24.0 h, respectively, after spraying 10% meperfluthrin·permethrin aqueous emulsion, and by 99.4%, 96.1%, and 54.5% at 0.5, 1.0, and 24.0 h, respectively, after spraying 10.4% S-bioallethrin·permethrin aqueous emulsion. There were significant differences in mosquito density at 1.0 and 24.0 h after spraying of the two insecticides ( t=6.176, P=0.025; t=16.411, P=0.004), but no significant difference was observed in mosquito density at 1.0 h after spraying of the two insecticides. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the adult mosquito-killing effect between the two insecticides ( Z=-1.348, P=0.178). Conclusion Ultra-low-volume sprays of the two insecticide formulations can quickly reduce the density of adult Ae. albopictus, exhibiting an obvious control effect on Ae. albopictus.
2021, 32 (2): 239-242.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.024
Application of geospatial big data and artificial intelligence in driving factor identification and risk prediction for urban dengue fever
LI Zhi-chao, DONG Jin-wei, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract523)      PDF (497KB)(1025)      
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infectious disease that is widely distributed in urban or peri-urban areas in the tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate zones worldwide and threatens the health of populations in more than 100 countries and regions. Global climate change, urbanization, and urban population growth have created favorable conditions for the spread of dengue fever virus. At present, due to a lack of vaccines applicable for mass vaccination, Aedes vector control is the main measure for the prevention and control of dengue fever, and accurate and timely risk prediction for dengue fever can provide an important basis for precise prevention and control, and decision-making. In recent years, the development of geospatial big data promotes the identification of the driving factors for dengue fever at different spatial and temporal scales, and the advances in artificial intelligence, especially the emergence of various deep learning networks, provide new techniques for the risk prediction of dengue fever. Through a comprehensive analysis of the various types of driving factors for dengue fever and their mechanism of action, geospatial big data, and artificial intelligence techniques, this article elaborates on the application of geospatial big data in identifying the driving factors for dengue fever from the aspects of urban land use, climate and environment conditions, and population movement, as well as the current status of the application of artificial intelligence algorithms in predicting the risk of dengue fever transmission. Based on the current research status of geospatial big data and artificial intelligence, it is proposed that future research should develop spatiotemporal risk predictive models at different spatial and temporal scales and the performance of such models should be evaluated in terms of the difference between predicted and true values, the spatiotemporal aggregation patterns of dengue fever, and the actual needs of dengue fever prevention and control.
2022, 33 (3): 321-325.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.001
Ticks species, distribution and pathogens in Shanghai, China
WEI Zi-xin, FANG Yuan, ZHANG Yi
Abstract523)      PDF (1296KB)(897)      
Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of ticks and the pathogens carried by the ticks in Shanghai, China, and to provide a scientific basis for developing local prevention and treatment measures for ticks and tick-borne diseases. Methods The four commonly used English and Chinese databases of CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, and PubMed were used to collect the articles on tick in Shanghai in the past twenty years (2000-2020), and related information was extracted to analyze the species and distribution of ticks and the pathogens carried by them at different investigation sites in Shanghai. Results The tick species reported in Shanghai were Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. campanulata, H. flava, and Amblyomma varanense, among which R. sanguineus was the most common and widely distributed tick species in Shanghai, followed by H. longicornis. The host animals for tick mainly included dogs, sheep, and rodents. Pathogens including Ehrlichia, Babesia, Coxiella, spirochete, and Brucella were detected in the tick species distributed in Shanghai. Conclusion Various tick species are observed in Shanghai, and multiple pathogens are detected, suggesting that there is a potential risk of the transmission of tick-borne diseases.
2022, 33 (1): 120-124.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.01.022
An investigation of mosquitoes in urban Tengchong, Yunnan province, China, 2018-2020
LI Xi-shang, WANG Jia-zhi, LI Sheng-guo, TANG Zong-yan, YANG Dong-hai, YIN Shou-qin, WANG Xing-juan, LI Zeng-zhu, CAI Wen-bin
Abstract519)      PDF (573KB)(807)      
Objective To investigate the species composition, spatial distribution, population density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in the urban area of Tengchong, Yunnan province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for mosquito prevention and control. Methods Adult mosquitoes were captured by the light trap method. Aedes albopictus larvae were investigated using the Breteau index (BI). The F test and Chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact test) were used for data analysis. Results A total of 61 810 adult mosquitoes were captured from 2018 to 2020, involving 12 species of 5 genera. The dominant species were Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the urban area, and Anopheles sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the suburban area. The average mosquito density was 2 183.32 mosquitoes/light·night in cattle sheds in the suburban area, 12.29 mosquitoes/light·night in hospitals, 4.93 mosquitoes/light·night in schools, 4.29 mosquitoes/light·night in parks, and 2.68 mosquitoes/light·night in residential areas. A total of 11 986 containers were examined for Aedes larvae. There were 80 positive containers, all of which were positive for Ae. albopictus larvae. The average BI was 0.66. Conclusion The species composition, spatial distribution, population density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in the urban area of Tengchong are preliminarily understood. Control measures should depend on the seasonal fluctuation of mosquito density and the breeding environment of mosquito.
2022, 33 (3): 356-359.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.008
An investigation of geographical distribution of hematophagous midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in 31 counties (banners and cities) in 8 provinces (autonomous regions) of China
LIU Guo-ping, LIANG Guo-dong
Abstract513)      PDF (547KB)(964)      
Objective To investigate the species distribution of hematophagous midges in 31 counties (banners and cities) in 8 provinces (autonomous regions) of China, including Jiangxi and Yunnan. Methods From 2013 to 2018, hematophagous midges were captured with light traps at the residences, cattle pens, sheepfolds, chicken houses, pig pens, duck pens, and vegetable plots in 31 counties (banners and cities) in 8 provinces (autonomous regions) of China, including Jiangxi and Yunnan; specimens were slide-mounted in phenol-balsam. Results A total of 184 314 hematophagous midges from 72 species belonging to 2 genera were collected from 31 counties (banners and cities) in 8 provinces (autonomous regions) of China, of which 63 species belonged to the genus Culicoides and 9 species belonged to the genus Lasiohelea. There were 7 species in 3 counties (banners) in Inner Mongolia, 4 species in a county in Xinjiang, 16 species in a county in Guizhou, 9 species in 2 counties (cities) in Sichuan, 27 species in 10 counties (cities) in Jiangxi, 20 species in 3 counties in Hunan, 36 species in 6 counties (cities) in Yunnan, and 28 species in 5 counties (cities) in Hainan. In terms of distribution in provinces and cities, dominant midges species were distributed as follows: C. punctatus in 19 counties (cities) in 7 provinces (autonomous regions), C. homotomus in 18 counties (cities) in 7 provinces (autonomous regions), C. arakawai in 27 counties (cities) in 6 provinces (autonomous regions), C. oxystoma in 23 counties (cities) in 6 provinces (autonomous regions), C. parahumeralis in 12 counties (cities) in 6 provinces, and C. nipponensis in 12 counties (cities) in 5 provinces (autonomous regions). C. punctatus, C. homotomus, C. arakawai, C. oxystoma, and C. nipponensis each were distributed in cattle pens, sheepfolds, pig pens, duck pens, and residences. Conclusion Hematophagous midges from 72 species belonging to 2 genera are collected in 31 counties (banners and cities) in 8 provinces (autonomous regions) of China; C. punctatus, C. homotomus, C. arakawai, C. oxystoma, C. nipponensis, and C. parahumeralis are widely distributed hematophagous midge species in the 31 counties (cities) in 8 provinces (autonomous regions) under this investigation in China.
2021, 32 (4): 487-493.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.04.021
Ecological investigation of Aedes vector in 12 provinces of China in 2020-2021
LIU Xiao-bo, YUE Yu-juan, JIA Qing-chen, ZHAO Ning, GUO Yu-hong, ZHAO Chun-chun, LIANG Ying, WANG Jun, WU Hai-xia, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract488)      PDF (1214KB)(1207)      
Objective To analyze the ecological surveillance results of Aedes vector in 12 provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities) in China in 2020-2021, and to provide a scientific basis for risk assessment, prediction, early warning, and control of Aedes-borne diseases. Methods The surveillance data of larval and adult Aedes densities at the special investigation sites of Aedes vector in 12 provinces (autonomous regions or municipalities) in China were collected and statistically analyzed by SPSS 18.0 software. Results In 2020-2021, the mean Breteau index (BI) was >10.00 in Hainan, Zhejiang, and Hunan provinces and >5.00 in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (Guangxi) and Yunnan, Henan, and Shandong provinces. The mean mosq-ovitrap index (MOI) was >5.00 in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, and Shandong. The mean net trap index was ≥2.00 mosquitoes/net·hour in Henan, Hubei, and Shandong and >1.00 mosquito/net·hour in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan, Fujian, and Hunan. There were no statistical differences in BI, MOI, and net trap index between class I provinces (Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan, and Zhejiang) and other classes of provinces ( t=0.766, 1.030, and -0.745, all P>0.05). The mean BI in 2020-2021 was higher than that in 2017-2019 in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Shandong, but lower than that in the three years in other provinces. The Aedes vector was found to be active throughout the year at the investigation sites in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi and Yunnan, from March to December in Fujian, Zhejiang, and Hubei, and from April to November in Chongqing municipality, Shandong and Henan, and from April to December in Jiangxi. The results of BI and MOI were inconsistent in Yunnan, Guangxi, and Hubei. During the study period, the BI of Aedes vector was >5.00 in areas where dengue outbreaks and local cases occurred, and >10.00 in Ruili city in Yunnan, Cenxi city of Wuzhou in Guangxi, and Sanjiao town of Zhongshan in Guangdong; the net trap index in Cenxi city of Guangxi was >2.00 mosquitoes/net·hour. Conclusion In 2020-2021, the mean Aedes density in the provinces with local cases of dengue fever in China was high, with spatio-temporal heterogeneity among different regions. It is suggested that in the local transmission areas of dengue in China, it is necessary to adjust moderately annual surveillance periods, to continuously strengthen Aedes vector surveillance and risk assessment, and to systematically sort out the ecological investigation results of Aedes vector, so as to provide a scientific basis for the revision and improvement of Aedes vector surveillance scheme and the outbreak control of Aedes-borne diseases in China.
2022, 33 (1): 8-15.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.01.002
First report of hypodermosis in Citellus undulatus in the border areas between China and Mongolia in Junggar basin and early warning and monitoring of tachinids
LIU Ge, ZHANG Hui, YIN Xiao-ping, GIGER Kamaile, KU Jun-tao, MENG Yong-wen, ZHANG Zhao-guan, BAI Cen, MA Chao-jun, ZHANG Hui
Abstract473)      PDF (3110KB)(955)      
Objective To investigate the characteristics of hypodermosis in rodents in the border areas between China and Mongolia in Junggar basin, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of zoonotic myiasis. Methods From 2019 to 2020, the one-day bow-shaped clamp trap method was used to catch rodents in the border areas of China-Mongolia ports in Junggar basin. The rodents were inspected to collect ecto- and endoparasites. Morphological methods were used to identify the species of maggot larvae. An analysis was performed on the epidemic characteristics and risk warning of hypodermosis in Citellus undulatus. Results In the border areas of Hongshanzui and Takeshiken China-Mongolia ports, 339 rodents were caught, among which 49 were infected with hypodermosis. Among the 21 Clethrionomys rutilus rodents, 2 (9.52%) were infected with the first instar maggot larvae. Among the 318 C. undulates rodents, 47 (14.78%) were infected with hypodermosis. A total of 102 maggot larvae in various stages were collected from C. undulates, with an infection intensity of 2.17. The maggots appeared in June, peaked in July and August, and disappeared at the end of September. They parasitized mainly on the abdomen and roots of the limbs of rodents, and a few were subcutaneous on the back. The pathogen of hypodermosis that infected C. undulates was identified as the third instar maggot larvae of Oestroderma schubini, (Diptera: Hypodermatidae). Conclusion Hypodermosis is first recorded in C. undulatus in the border areas between China and Mongolia in Junggar basin, and this is of important practical significance for the monitoring of zoonotic myiasis and the early warning of the transmission risk of pathogenic flies.
2021, 32 (5): 624-628.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.05.023
Molecular mystery of the “Little Mighty” cockroach
DU Er-xia, LI Sheng
Abstract453)      PDF (522KB)(985)      
Cockroaches, commonly known as “Little Mighty”, appeared on the earth about 350 million years ago and are one of the oldest insect groups. Due to their strong adaptability and reproductive capacity and the fact that they carry a variety of pathogens, they are one of global sanitary pests and seriously affect human life and health. This article summarizes the biological and life processes of cockroaches from the following four aspects: food detoxification and symbiotic microorganisms, innate immunity, growth and reproduction, and limb regeneration, and reveals the scientific mystery why cockroaches are called “Little Mighty” at the molecular level, so as to provide a theoretical basis for integrated control of cockroaches.
2021, 32 (4): 385-389.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.04.001
Epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever and monitoring of Aedes vector mosquitoes in Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, China, 2013-2019
LIU Yong-hua, YIN Xiao-xiong, ZHANG Hai-lin, YANG Zhao-lan, DONG Chao-liang, CHEN Si-yu, GUO Zhao-sheng, LI Ping
Abstract450)      PDF (1089KB)(1223)      
Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever (DF) and the distribution characteristics of Aedes vector mosquitoes in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (Dehong prefecture) of Yunnan province, China in 2013-2019. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data of DF cases. Breteau index (BI) was used to monitor the density of Aedes larvae, and species identification was performed for the mosquitoes collected. Results A total of 4 974 confirmed DF cases were reported in Dehong prefecture in 2013-2019, with 2 504 (50.34%) imported cases and 2 470 (49.66%) indigenous cases. The mean annual incidence rate was 56.23/100 000, with the highest incidence rate of 112.61/100 000 in 2019. The prevalence of DF was observed in Ruili, Mangshi, Longchuan, Yingjiang, and Lianghe counties/cities of Dehong prefecture; the cases in Ruili accounted for 88.18% (4 386/4 974) of all cases in Dehong prefecture, with a mean annual incidence rate of 320.93/100 000 and an annual incidence rate as high as 661.45/100 000 in 2019; the cases in the other 4 counties/cities accounted for 11.82% (588/4 974). Imported cases from Myanmar were reported in each month, mainly from July to December, while indigenous cases only occurred from June to November, with a peak in September and October. The age of patients ranged from 5 months to 92 years, mainly 20-49 years, and the male/female ratio was 1.06:1. As for occupation, 41.86% were business service providers, 17.01% were engaged in housework or were unemployed, 11.58% were students, and 9.28% were farmers. Family clusters were observed in 403 households involving 992 cases in Ruili. As for mosquito density in Ruili in 2013-2019, BI was 10-45 from June to November and <5 in the other months. Among the 39 469 larvae collected in 2019, Ae. aegypti accounted for 47.80%, Ae. albopictus accounted for 29.25%, and other mosquito species accounted for 22.95%. Ae. aegypti was mainly distributed in Ruili city, Zhangfeng town of Longchuan county, Labang town of Yingjiang county, and Manghai and Zhefang towns of Mangshi city, and Ae. albopictus was widely distributed in Dehong prefecture. Conclusion Both imported and indigenous DF cases are reported in Dehong prefecture in 2013-2019, and imported cases from Myanmar are the main cause of local prevalence of DF in Dehong prefecture. The epidemic areas of DF in Dehong prefecture are consistent with the distribution of Ae. aegypti, and the seasonal distribution of DF cases is closely associated with the increase in mosquito density. Strengthening the surveillance and management of the cross-border transmission of DF along the Sino-Myanmar border and conducting regular mosquito control are the key measures to control DF in this region.
2021, 32 (2): 173-180.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.02.011
An investigation of killing effect of three commercially available aerosols on Cimex lectularius and Attagenus unicolor japonicus
JIA Xiao-kai, WANG Ying, GAO Chun-hua, ZHOU Dan-dan, WEI Fu-rong
Abstract447)      PDF (570KB)(585)      
Objective To investigate the insecticidal effect of three commercially available aerosols on Cimex lectularius and Attagenus unicolor japonicus, and to investigate the sensitivity of these two types of sanitary pests to different insecticidal aerosols. Methods According to the national standard GB/T 13917.2-2009, the cylinder method was used to determine the knockdown rate of C. lectularius and A. unicolor japonicus after 20-min exposure to the aerosols, and the mortality rate at 48 h and 72 h were observed. The Chi-square test was used to compare the 20-min knockdown rate and mortality rate between different groups. Results In the killing test to A. unicolor japonicus, the 20-min knockdown rate, and the mortality rate at 48 h and 72 h of A. unicolor japonicus were all 100% after exposure to the three commercially available aerosols; in the killing test to C. lectularius, the knockdown rates of C. lectularius were 100%, 98.33%, and 90.00%, respectively, after 20-min exposure to No. 1, No. 2, and No.3 aerosols, but the mortality rates of C. lectularius were 100% at 48 h and 72 h after exposure to the three aerosols. There was no significant difference in 20-min knockdown rate between different groups ( χ 2=3.000, P>0.05). Conclusion The killing effect of three commercially available aerosols on C. lectularius and A. unicolor japonicus measured according to the method of the national standard GB/T 13917.2-2009 showed that relatively high knockdown and killing rates can be achieved.
2022, 33 (2): 207-210.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.02.007
Anopheles vector control strategy and technology for eliminating the malaria in China
LIU Qi-yong, LIU Xiao-bo
Abstract434)      PDF (972KB)(1079)      

Malaria is a major vector-borne disease transmitted by the bite of Anopheles mosquito,which has caused a heavy disease, economical and social burden to China. After long-term effective malaria control and elimination actions,China was officially granted a malaria-free certification by the World Health Organization (WHO) in June 30, 2021. From "Eliminate the four pests to prevent diseases" initiated by the Patriotic Health Campaign Committee in the early years of the founding of the people’s Republic of China,to the integrated mosquito management strategy in the 1980s, to the sustainable vector management proposed in 2004,and then to Anopheles control of the epidemic spot in the stage of malaria elimination,the Anopheles control strategies and techniques in China have been evolved and innovated with stratified sustainable Anopheles control in the past 70 years,which has played a key role in malaria elimination in China. At present,there are still severe challenges and great pressure in controlling the risk of re-transmission caused by malaria importation and maintaining the malaria-free in China. It is necessary to continue to carry out sustainable control of Anopheles in China,and share the stratified sustainable Anopheles control strategies and practical experience for actively participating in the global action to eliminate malaria,so as to contribute Chinese efforts to realizing the vision of a Malaria-Free world and a community of common health for mankind.

2021, 32 (5): 513-518.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.05.002
Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 bait against cockroaches: A laboratory and field study
HE Ya-ming, JI Heng-qing, PENG Guo-xiong, XIAO Han-sen, TU Tao-tian, ZHANG Ying, YU Zhan, LIU Zong-ling, WANG Xiu-juan, LI Ming
Abstract414)      PDF (527KB)(904)      
Objective To evaluate the effects of the Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421 bait in controlling Blattella germanica in both laboratory and field settings, and to provide a reference for the application of fungal insecticides in the control of hygiene pests. Methods The M. anisopliae CQMa421 baits at different concentrations were prepared, and their effects on the population density of B. germanica were measured in the laboratory and field settings. SPSS 25.0 software was used to analyze mortality, median lethal time (LT 50), median lethal concentration (LC 50), and 90% lethal concentration (LC 90) to evaluate the cockroach-killing effects of the M. anisopliae CQMa421 baits. The chi-square test was used to compare mortality between groups. Results The laboratory test showed that after feeding B. germanica for 12 days with the M. anisopliae CQMa421 bait at 1×10 8 spores/g, LT 50was (6.85±0.24) days. In the field test, after placing the M. anisopliae CQMa421 bait at 1×10 8 spores/g (1 box/per 2.5 m 2) for 30 days, the relative density of B. germanica decreased by 93.22%. Conclusion The M. anisopliae CQMa421 bait at 1×10 8 spores/g can effectively control the population density of B. germanica.
2021, 32 (5): 633-636.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.05.025
Investigation of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses in some regions of Guizhou province, China, 2019
YAN Dong-ming, WANG Wen-zhou, WANG Xue-shuang, LIU Qiang, WU Xing-bin, ZHAO Ning, LIANG Wen-qin, ZHOU Jing-zhu, WANG Dan, WANG Jun, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract382)      PDF (1268KB)(1175)      
Objective To investigate the mosquito species and the distribution of mosquito-borne viruses in some regions of Guizhou province, China, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases in this area. Methods Mosquitoes collected with trapping lamps were identified, mosquito-borne viruses were identified by molecular biological methods, and a phylogenetic tree of virus strains was constructed using bioinformatics software. Results A total of 27 169 mosquitoes (9 species, 3 genera) were collected in Zhongchao town of Liping county and Yangchang town of Wudang district (Guiyang city) of Guizhou province in June 2019. The dominant species was Anopheles sinensis (13 712/27 169,50.47%), followed by Culex tritaeniorhynchus (12 444/27 169,45.80%) and other species (70/27 169,0.26%). A virus strain isolated from a mosquito sample (LK6110) from Zhongchao town was identified as Japanese encephalitis virus genotype Ⅲ (JEV Ⅲ). Conclusion In this investigation, Yangchang town was dominated by An. sinensis and Zhongchao town was dominated by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and JEV Ⅲ was isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Zhongchao town.
2021, 32 (4): 422-427.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.04.007
Distribution characteristics of plague epidemics in animals in natural plague foci of Hebei province, China
BAI Xue-wei, CHEN Yong-ming, NIU Yan-fen, WANG Hai-feng, YAN Dong, SHI Xian-ming, DU Guo-yi
Abstract376)      PDF (663KB)(1220)      
Objective To analyze the epizootic trend of animal plague in the natural plague foci of Hebei province, China, and to provide evidence for formulating the strategies for the prevention and control of plague in Hebei province. Methods The monitoring data of animal plague in the natural plague foci of Hebei province from 1950 to 2019 were analyzed using Excel 2007 and SPSS 19.0 softwares. The number of Yersinia pestis positive animals was described as constituent ratio. The distribution of different groups was compared by the χ 2 test. The seasonal distribution of animal plague was analyzed by concentration degree. Results The median interval of plague epizootics in the natural plague foci of Hebei province was 9.5 years. The epizootics had certain seasonality ( M=0.387), with a high frequency during October to November and then during April to May. Kangbao pasture (constituent ratio 73.13%) and Zhaoyanghe town (constituent ratio 26.12%) were the main epizootic areas. Meriones unguiculatus (constituent ratio 87.31%) was the main animal involved in the epizootics. The main vectors were Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi (constituent ratio 1.49%) and Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus (constituent ratio 1.49%). Among positive rodents, 92.25% were naturally dead rodents. The number of Y. pestis strains isolated from M. unguiculatus was significantly different between five rounds of plague epizootics ( χ 2=20.026, P<0.001). The average density of M. unguiculatus was 1.98/hm 2, the average flea index of body fleas was 1.12, and the average flea index of nest fleas was 3.19. Conclusion Plague epizootics in the natural plague foci of Hebei province show intermittent and relatively stable characteristics. In order to reduce the risk of animal plague, close attention should be paid to the density and parasitic flea index of M. unguiculatus, and measures should be taken timely to kill rodents and fleas in spring and autumn. At the same time, the searching for naturally dead rodents in historical epizootic areas should be strengthened to discover plague epizootics in time and prevent the spread of plague.
2021, 32 (3): 324-328.    doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2021.03.013
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