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Catalogue of major invasive alien vectors and pathogens in China (2023 version)
LIANG Ying, XU Ye, YIN Ying-xuan, LI Xue-rong, MAO Fan-zhen, DAI Yang, LI Hong-yun, LI Chao, MA De-long, ZHOU Ruo-bing, WEI Xiao-hui, WANG Xiao-xu, JI Hao-qiang, YUE Yu-juan, HOU Xue-xin, LI Ming-hui, LI Zhen-jun, CAI Hui-ling, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract1268)      PDF (1007KB)(1182)      
Objective To formulate a catalogue of alien vectors and pathogenic organisms for early warning and effective prevention of alien species invasion. Methods The authors searched literature, online databases, and published catalogues for alien vectors and pathogens that can seriously threaten the health of human and animals and agricultural and ecological security. They were evaluated for the risk of invasion to China by using a suitable habitat prediction model and a comprehensive evaluation system of multiple indicators. Candidate species with the potential of invasion were included in this catalogue. Results A total of 304 alien species were screened out and listed in this catalogue for China, including 69 vectors and 235 pathogenic organisms. Among them, 275 species (47 vectors and 228 pathogens) had high probability of invading China. Conclusion This catalogue can be used as an early warning directory to prevent alien vectors and pathogenic organisms from invading China, which provides a reference for relevant departments to formulate preventive management strategies and measures.
2023, 34 (2): 129-136.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.02.001
Study on the lethal rate of six active ingredients to Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana
TANG Li-ping, ZHU Jian, LIAO Guo-dong, WU Ying-hua
Abstract1169)      PDF (749KB)(1480)      
Objective To test and compare the speed of death of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta americana treated with six active ingredients, and to provide theoretical basis for consumers' experience. Methods Using the open square box method, 30 test insects were starved for one day had allowed access to cockroach baits containing each of the six effective components. The number of dead insects was counted at regular time intervals, and LT 50 and LT 95 were calculated according to the weighted linear regression method. Results Without other feed, the LT 50 for B. germanica was in the order of 0.5% dinotefuran>2.5% imidacloprid>1.5% propoxur>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.1% indoxacarb, and the order of the LT 50 for P. americana was 2.5% imidacloprid>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>1.5% propoxur>0.1% indoxacarb. The LT 95 for B. germanica was in the order of 0.5% dinotefuran>2.5% imidacloprid>0.05% fipronil>0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.1% indoxacarb>1.5% propoxur, and the LT 95 for P. americana was in the order of 0.2% chlorpyrifos>0.05% fipronil>0.1% indoxacarb>1.5% propoxur>2.5% imidacloprid. Dinotefuran had almost no toxic effect on P. americana. Cockroaches fed less on the diets of dinotefuran, imidacloprid and propoxur, which had a faster death rate in the early stage, and fed more on the diets of chlorpyrifos, fipronil and indoxacarb, which had a slower death rate in the early stage. Conclusion On the whole, cockroach baits with different active ingredients had different lethal rates to different species of cockroaches. Dinotefuran, imidacloprid and propoxur were quicker to kill B. germanica, while chlorpyrifos and fipronil were quicker to kill P. americana.
2022, 33 (3): 340-345.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.005
Advances and achievements in the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China,2012-2021
LIU Qi-yong, LIU Xiao-bo, CHANG Nan, ZHANG Lu
Abstract844)      PDF (1117KB)(1170)      
Objective To analyze the policies,strategies,techniques,actions,and achievements in the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China since 2012. Methods Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze and summarize the epidemiologic situation and challenges of vectors and vector-borne diseases,the surveillance of vectors,and the advances in the control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China in the past ten years.The Mann-Kendall test was used to analyze the trend of the incidence rate of vector-borne diseases in the past decade using R 4.0.4 software. Results A series of policies,strategies,measures,and techniques were formulated and released for sustainable vector management in China in the past decade.The vector surveillance program in China had been continuously upgraded and improved,and a national vector surveillance network integrating ecology,etiology,and insecticide resistance had been established and improved.The number of national vector surveillance sites (1 097) in 2021 was increased by 54 times,and the funds input in national vector surveillance was increased by 127 times.Direct network reporting was realized for surveillance data,and there was a significant increase in the timely utilization rate of surveillance data,which provided better support for risk assessment,prediction and early warning,decision making,and control effect evaluation.The total annual incidence rate of vector-borne diseases in China in 2021(3.060/100 000) was reduced by 8.66% compared with that in 2007-2011(3.350/100 000),and the total annual mortality rate of vector-borne diseases in 2021(0.016/100 000) was reduced by 33.33% compared with that in 2007-2011(0.024/100 000).China had achieved the goal of malaria elimination and mitigated the accelerating increases in the incidence rates of dengue fever,scrub typhus,and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Conclusion In 2012-2021,leapfrog development has been achieved for the policies,strategies,techniques,and actions for the surveillance and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases in China,and there are significant reductions in the incidence and mortality rates of vector-borne diseases.In view of the natural and social driving factors at present,the prevention and control of vectors and vector-borne diseases still face severe challenges,and therefore,it is urgent to further promote the strategies and measures for sustainable vector management,implement Global Vector Control Response 2017-2030,build proactive defense based on"reverse microbial etiology",so as to prevent and control major vector-borne diseases.
2022, 33 (5): 613-621.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.05.001
Comparative study on the killing efficacy of 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur suspension concentrate and other four insecticides on millipede
ZHENG Feng-yun, CHEN Feng-ling, HUANG He
Abstract740)      PDF (495KB)(647)      
Objective To investigate the killing efficacy of several commonly used public health insecticides for the control of millipedes, and to provide scientific evidence for millipede control. Methods The insecticide screening test was performed to determine the toxicity of five insecticides with different insecticidal mechanisms to millipedes. The median lethal dose (LD 50) of 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur suspension concentrate (SC) was estimated, followed by simulated filed testing to verify its killing efficacy. Excel 2016 and SPSS 19.0 softwares were used for data analysis. The Chi-squared test was used to compare the knockdown effects of different insecticides on millipedes. Results The insecticide screening test showed that the 100 fold dilutions of 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur SC, 12% beta-cypermethrin·chlorpyrifos emulsifiable concentrate (EC), 10% lambda-cyhalothrin wettable powder, 20% propoxur EC, and 10% imidacloprid SC had:median knockdown times (KT 50) being 1.78, 8.55, 43.17, 1.15, and 9.23 min, respectively; times taken to knockdown 90% of millipedes (KT 90) being 2.63, 20.02, 68.83, 2.03, and 22.80 min, respectively; 2-h mortality rates after insecticide application being 76.25%, 56.25%, 73.33%, 56.67%, and 46.67%, respectively; and 24-h mortality rates all being 100%. The 200 fold dilutions of the five insecticides had:KT 50 being 2.08, 23.26, 56.00, 1.49, and 52.78 min, respectively; KT 90 being 3.15, 33.35, 85.68, 2.98, and 79.55 min, respectively; 2-h mortality rates being 65.00%, 47.50%, 68.33%, 40.00%, and 36.67%; and 24-h mortality rates all being 100%. The laboratory toxicity test showed that the LD 50 of 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur SC against millipedes was 5.42 mg AI/m 2. The simulated field test showed that the 24-h mortality rates of millipedes with 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur SC at 7.5, 15.0, and 30.0 mg AI/m 2 were 98.33%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Conclusion Among the five commonly used insecticides, 15% beta-cypermethrin·propoxur SC has relatively excellent efficacy in killing millipedes, which provides a reference for insecticide selection to control millipedes in public environment.
2022, 33 (3): 438-441.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.024
National surveillance report on rodent-borne pathogens of disease vectors in 2021
National Vector Surveillance System, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Abstract633)      PDF (892KB)(1085)      
In 2021, the national surveillance of rodent-borne pathogens of disease vectors had been started up, and a total of 123 prefectures were selected as national surveillance sites. Sampling was completed at 95 surveillance sites. A total of 17 910 rodent specimens were collected, and 16 891 of them were tested. The completion rate of pathogen detection was 94.31%. The overall infection rate of eight monitored rodent-borne pathogens around China was 2.43% (407/16 716) for Hantavirus, 0.02% (4/16 154) for Dabie bandavirus (i.e., severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus), 5.75% (624/10 850) for Leptospira interrogans, 0.11% (5/4 470) for Rickettsia mooseri, 0.05% (5/10 790) for Orientia tsutsugamushi, 2.39% (75/3 136) for Bartonella, and 0.04% (2/5 075) for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Francisella tularensis was not detected. More than ten species of rodents were found to be infected with different pathogens in 18 provinces across China. The infection rates of pathogens in rodents in southern regions were relatively high, and the positive rates of pathogens carried by various rodents differed. Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius were the species in which the most pathogens were detected.
2023, 34 (1): 1-8.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.01.001
Application of geospatial big data and artificial intelligence in driving factor identification and risk prediction for urban dengue fever
LI Zhi-chao, DONG Jin-wei, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract523)      PDF (497KB)(1025)      
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infectious disease that is widely distributed in urban or peri-urban areas in the tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate zones worldwide and threatens the health of populations in more than 100 countries and regions. Global climate change, urbanization, and urban population growth have created favorable conditions for the spread of dengue fever virus. At present, due to a lack of vaccines applicable for mass vaccination, Aedes vector control is the main measure for the prevention and control of dengue fever, and accurate and timely risk prediction for dengue fever can provide an important basis for precise prevention and control, and decision-making. In recent years, the development of geospatial big data promotes the identification of the driving factors for dengue fever at different spatial and temporal scales, and the advances in artificial intelligence, especially the emergence of various deep learning networks, provide new techniques for the risk prediction of dengue fever. Through a comprehensive analysis of the various types of driving factors for dengue fever and their mechanism of action, geospatial big data, and artificial intelligence techniques, this article elaborates on the application of geospatial big data in identifying the driving factors for dengue fever from the aspects of urban land use, climate and environment conditions, and population movement, as well as the current status of the application of artificial intelligence algorithms in predicting the risk of dengue fever transmission. Based on the current research status of geospatial big data and artificial intelligence, it is proposed that future research should develop spatiotemporal risk predictive models at different spatial and temporal scales and the performance of such models should be evaluated in terms of the difference between predicted and true values, the spatiotemporal aggregation patterns of dengue fever, and the actual needs of dengue fever prevention and control.
2022, 33 (3): 321-325.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.001
An investigation of mosquitoes in urban Tengchong, Yunnan province, China, 2018-2020
LI Xi-shang, WANG Jia-zhi, LI Sheng-guo, TANG Zong-yan, YANG Dong-hai, YIN Shou-qin, WANG Xing-juan, LI Zeng-zhu, CAI Wen-bin
Abstract519)      PDF (573KB)(807)      
Objective To investigate the species composition, spatial distribution, population density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in the urban area of Tengchong, Yunnan province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for mosquito prevention and control. Methods Adult mosquitoes were captured by the light trap method. Aedes albopictus larvae were investigated using the Breteau index (BI). The F test and Chi-squared test (or Fisher's exact test) were used for data analysis. Results A total of 61 810 adult mosquitoes were captured from 2018 to 2020, involving 12 species of 5 genera. The dominant species were Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the urban area, and Anopheles sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the suburban area. The average mosquito density was 2 183.32 mosquitoes/light·night in cattle sheds in the suburban area, 12.29 mosquitoes/light·night in hospitals, 4.93 mosquitoes/light·night in schools, 4.29 mosquitoes/light·night in parks, and 2.68 mosquitoes/light·night in residential areas. A total of 11 986 containers were examined for Aedes larvae. There were 80 positive containers, all of which were positive for Ae. albopictus larvae. The average BI was 0.66. Conclusion The species composition, spatial distribution, population density, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in the urban area of Tengchong are preliminarily understood. Control measures should depend on the seasonal fluctuation of mosquito density and the breeding environment of mosquito.
2022, 33 (3): 356-359.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.008
An investigation of killing effect of three commercially available aerosols on Cimex lectularius and Attagenus unicolor japonicus
JIA Xiao-kai, WANG Ying, GAO Chun-hua, ZHOU Dan-dan, WEI Fu-rong
Abstract447)      PDF (570KB)(585)      
Objective To investigate the insecticidal effect of three commercially available aerosols on Cimex lectularius and Attagenus unicolor japonicus, and to investigate the sensitivity of these two types of sanitary pests to different insecticidal aerosols. Methods According to the national standard GB/T 13917.2-2009, the cylinder method was used to determine the knockdown rate of C. lectularius and A. unicolor japonicus after 20-min exposure to the aerosols, and the mortality rate at 48 h and 72 h were observed. The Chi-square test was used to compare the 20-min knockdown rate and mortality rate between different groups. Results In the killing test to A. unicolor japonicus, the 20-min knockdown rate, and the mortality rate at 48 h and 72 h of A. unicolor japonicus were all 100% after exposure to the three commercially available aerosols; in the killing test to C. lectularius, the knockdown rates of C. lectularius were 100%, 98.33%, and 90.00%, respectively, after 20-min exposure to No. 1, No. 2, and No.3 aerosols, but the mortality rates of C. lectularius were 100% at 48 h and 72 h after exposure to the three aerosols. There was no significant difference in 20-min knockdown rate between different groups ( χ 2=3.000, P>0.05). Conclusion The killing effect of three commercially available aerosols on C. lectularius and A. unicolor japonicus measured according to the method of the national standard GB/T 13917.2-2009 showed that relatively high knockdown and killing rates can be achieved.
2022, 33 (2): 207-210.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.02.007
Effect of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in controlling the larvae of Aedes albopictus: A preliminary study
WU Yu-yan, LI Tian-qi, LIU Qin-mei, WANG Jin-na, LUO Ming-yu, GONG Zhen-yu
Abstract364)      PDF (626KB)(813)      
Objective To investigate the effect of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus endemic to China in controlling the larvae of Aedes albopictus, and to provide new ideas for biological control of mosquitos. Methods M. anguillicaudatus individuals were divided into two juvenile and adult groups. After weighing and fasting for 24 h, they were put into tanks with 100, 200, 400, and 1 000 larvae/basin. Gambusia affinis with the same weight was used as control group (multiple G. affinis fish with the same average weight as the two groups of M. anguillicaudatus were used). The numbers of larvae and pupa were counted at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h to compare the ability to devour the larvae of Ae. albopictus between M. anguillicaudatus at different growth stages and between M. anguillicaudatus and G. affinis. Results Each juvenile M. anguillicaudatus devoured 984 larvae per day on average, while each adult M. anguillicaudatus devoured 647 larvae per day on average. With the same density of Ae. albopictus larvae, juvenile M. anguillicaudatus devoured more larvae than G. affinis of the same weight ( F=58.051, P<0.001), whereas adult M. anguillicaudatus devoured fewer larvae than G. affinis of the same weight ( F=23.162, P<0.001). A 7-day experiment was conducted with juvenile M. anguillicaudatus for continuous devouring of larvae. The results showed stable daily devouring of larvae in the short and medium term. There were no significant differences in the number of mosquito larvae devoured per day ( χ 2=2.650, P=0.266), and the number was significantly higher than that of G. affinis of the same weight ( χ 2=16.758, P=0.001). Conclusion M. anguillicaudatus has good ability to devour Ae. albopictus larvae, and can be used as a new method to control mosquito larvae in small water bodies in residential areas.
2022, 33 (4): 453-457.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.04.001
The concept and connotation of “rodent-borne diseases”: A systematic study
XU Ai-ling, LI Dong-mei, LIU Qi-yong
Abstract339)      PDF (1756KB)(893)      
Objective To investigate the basic concept of "rodent-borne diseases" suitable for national vector surveillance and the list of "rodent-borne diseases" in China. Methods Related keywords were used to search for the articles on "rodent-borne diseases" in the databases and websites of SinoMed,CNKI,Wanfang Data,Super Star Digital Library,PubMed,and Web of Science,and the definition of "rodent-borne diseases" was summarized to determine its concept and coverage. A total of 27 diseases were selected to form the list of major "rodent-borne diseases" in China for expert consultation. Results A total of 178 references were used to formulate the basic concept of "rodent-borne diseases" and its inclusion criteria,and 18 experts consulted all agreed to the concept of "rodent-borne diseases". The information table of "rodent-borne diseases" in China was developed, including 5 viral diseases,12 bacterial diseases, and 8 parasitic diseases. Conclusion "Rodent-borne diseases" are a group of infectious diseases that seriously affect human health,and its basic concept and inclusion conditions are proposed to provide a reference for the comprehensive surveillance of disease-related pathogens carried by rodents and promote the establishment of more perfect control strategies.
2022, 33 (2): 161-170.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.02.001
Morphological identification of two non-recorded cockroach species (Latindiinae: Latindia) firstly intercepted in China
LI Ting-ting, LIU De-xing, CHEN Jian, WEI Xiao-ya, QIU De-yi, KE Ming-jian, YUE Qiao-yun
Abstract293)      PDF (31134KB)(775)      
Objective To morphologically identify two cockroaches intercepted from logs imported from French Guiana at Zhongshan port,Guangdong province,China on March 9 and May 11,2021. Methods The genus was preliminarily identified based on morphological characteristics.The species was determined according to the literature of this genus in South America where the logs were sourced from. Results The male cockroach intercepted on March 9 was Latindia dohrniana Saussure&Zehntner,1894.The male cockroach intercepted on May 11 was an unrecorded new species, Latindia sp .nov. Conclusion Latindia,including the intercepted L.dohrniana and Latindia sp .nov.,has not been recorded in China.This finding can provide a reference for future identification of this cockroach genus intercepted at ports.
2022, 33 (5): 742-747.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.05.024
The relationship between rodents and environmental factors and human activities
Zi-wei LI, Jia-xiang YIN
Abstract282)      PDF (571KB)(790)      
Rodents are not only causing massive damage to human production and life, but they also can pose a great threat to human life and health as they carry pathogens. Controlling the rodent population can reduce rodent infestation and effectively prevent rodent-borne diseases. This review demonstrates the relationship between biological, soil, meteorological, human activities and rodents, and clarifies the influence of environmental factors, human activities on rodents, which provides references for effective control of rodent infestation and scientific prevention and control of rodent-borne disease epidemics.
2023, 34 (1): 117-121.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.01.022
Attractive action of different chemical substances for Aedes albopictus
Fei WANG, Hao-di XU, Xin LI, Pei-en LENG, Hong-xia LIU
Abstract279)   HTML    PDF (854KB)(776)      

Objective: To select chemical substances with attractive effects on Aedes albopictus for on-field assessment, and to explore the preference of Ae. albopictus to six human odors. Methods: Under laboratory conditions, six chemical substances (1-octen-3-ol, lactic acid, myristic acid, ammonia, acetone, and ethyl acetate) were separately tested for their individual attracting effects on female Ae. albopictus at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/ml. The six substances were mixed in pairs (1∶1) at certain concentrations, and then the pairs were tested for attracting effects on female Ae. albopictus. The pair with good attractive effects was combined with lactic acid for testing. The attractant combination selected by laboratory experiments was tested for attractive action for Ae. albopictus in the field. The attracting effects of the substances or combinations on Ae. albopictus were compared using the t test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were attracted to 1-octen-3-ol at 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/ml, myristic acid at 1.0 and 10.0 mg/ml, and ethyl acetate at 0.1 mg/ml, but not to the other three substances at any concentration. The pairs of 1-octen-3-ol+myristic acid, lactic acid+myristic acid, and lactic acid+1-octen-3-ol statistically attracted Ae. albopictus compared with the control group (t=8.102, P=0.001; t=4.696, P=0.009; t=5.127, P=0.007). The combination of lactic acid+1-octen-3-ol+myristic acid statistically attracted Ae. albopictus compared with the control group (F=86.841, P < 0.001). Field testing showed significant differences in the attracting effect between lactic acid+1-octen-3-ol+myristic acid and the control (day 1: t=7.462, P=0.014; day 2: t=20.500, P < 0.001; day3: t=9.383, P=0.001). Conclusion: The combination of lactic acid, 1-octen-3-ol, and myristic acid has attractive action for Ae. albopictus, which should be further researched in the field.

2023, 34 (4): 447-450, 496.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.04.001
Complete genome characterization and source tracking of Dengue virus from the first local dengue outbreak in Sichuan province, China
FENG Yu-liang, LIN Shi-hua, PAN Ming, CAO Yi-ou, LI Wei
Abstract256)      PDF (1064KB)(632)      
Objective To sequence the complete genome of Dengue virus from the first local dengue outbreak in Sichuan province, China, 2019, and to analyze its molecular biological characteristics and possible origin. Methods Nucleic acids were extracted and whole genome sequences were amplified and sequenced from local case specimens that tested positive by real-time PCR, followed by homology analysis, phylogenetic analysis, and variation analysis. Results The complete genome sequence of one virus strain and the partial genome sequences (containing the E gene) of two virus strains were obtained. The complete genome was 10 706 bp long, encoding 3 393 amino acids. Homology and phylogenetic analyses showed that the epidemic strain in Sichuan province had high homology to the Guangzhou (China) strain isolated in 2019, the Guangzhou strain imported from Cambodia in 2019, the Yunnan province (China) strains isolated in 2019, the Vietnam strain isolated in 2017, and the Singapore strain isolated in 2016, belonging to the same branch in the phylogenetic tree. Compared with the prototype strain of Dengue virus type 1, the Sichuan strain had 589 nucleotide variations and 64 amino acid mutations that were scattered, but no alteration occurred at the key amino acid sites affecting virulence. Conclusion The first local dengue fever outbreak in Sichuan province, 2019 may be caused by imported cases from Cambodia, and the pathogen was the Dengue virus type 1, genotypeⅠ. The strain of Dengue virus isolated from Sichuan province has no marked alteration in virulence-related genes, but the biological significance of the point mutations in some sites remains to be further studied.
2022, 33 (2): 239-244.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.02.014
Epidemiological characteristics of visceral leishmaniasis in Shanxi province, China, 2020
DAI Pei-fang, TIAN Xiao-dong, ZHAO Jun-ying, DONG Hai-yuan, CHENG Jing-xia
Abstract252)      PDF (573KB)(603)      
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Shanxi province, China in 2020, and to provide a reference for the effective prevention and control of VL. Methods The data of VL cases reported in Shanxi province in 2020 were collected from the National Disease Reporting Information System and were collated. Excel 2010 software was used to process and plot the data, and SPSS 18.0 software was used to perform one-way analysis of variance for comparison of the number of reported cases between different age groups in different regions. Results In 2020, a total of 87 VL cases were reported in 18 counties of 6 prefectures in Shanxi province, which increased by 85.11% compared with the year 2019, with an annual incidence rate of 0.23/100 000. The cases were mainly distributed in Yangquan (68 cases), Changzhi (7 cases), and Linfen (6 cases). The counties/districts with an annual incidence rate of >1/100 000 included Pingding county, suburban, urban, and mining districts of Yangquan, Xiangyuan county, and Daning county, and 80.46% of the total reported cases happened in these counties/districts. The peaks of reported cases were in May and July, respectively, and no cases were reported in December. Among the reported cases, 57 were males and 30 were females; 25.29% of them were aged <5 years, 32.18% aged 60 and older, and 26.44% aged 40-59; farmers (43.68%) were the main susceptible population, followed by scattered children (26.44%) and unemployed persons (12.64%). Conclusion In 2020, the prevalence of VL increased and the epidemic area became wider in Shanxi province. It is a serious situation and awareness, prevention, and control should be strengthened.
2022, 33 (3): 405-408.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.017
Pathological changes of some organs of Marmota himalayana naturally infected with Yersinia pestis
Peng ZHANG, Yong-yun ZHOU, Dong-yue LYU, Zhao-kai HE, Ran DUAN, Shuai QIN, De-ming TANG, Meng XIAO, Huai-qi JING, Xin WANG
Abstract251)      PDF (39399KB)(730)      
Objective To investigate the weight of spleen and the histopathological changes of main organs caused by natural infection of Yersinia pestis in Marmota himalayana (marmot), and to reveal the pathogenic characteristics of plague. Methods The ratio of spleen weight to body weight of living marmots and self-dead marmots obtained from 2020 to 2021 was analyzed. The liver, lung, and spleen of normal marmots and self-dead marmots infected with Y. pestis were collected to make pathological sections for observing histopathological changes. Results The ratio of spleen weight to body weight of self-dead marmots infected with Y. pestis was statistically greater than that of marmots not infected with Y. pestis ( χ 2=33.144, P<0.001). In the liver, lung, and spleen of self-dead marmots infected with Y. pestis, there were cell morphology destruction, inflammatory cell infiltration, vasodilation, and other inflammatory lesions, and vascular injury of the spleen and changes in the red pulp and white pulp were more significant. Conclusion Y. pestis can cause serious inflammatory reaction in marmots, and the pathological changes of the spleen are of more significance for study of the pathogenic process and mechanism of Y. pestis.
2023, 34 (1): 9-13.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.01.002
Vector control strategy for Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games: Main Media Center as an example
ZHOU Xiao-jie, ZHANG Yong, WU Dan, ZHANG Hong-jiang, GAN Ya-di, TANG Wei-min, TONG Ying
Abstract250)      PDF (666KB)(808)      
In 2022, the Winter Olympic Games was first held in Beijing, China. To ensure that the key areas of the Winter Olympic Games were not affected by vectors and to minimize the risk of vector-borne diseases, the density of vectors in the key areas of the Winter Olympic Games and the cities where they are located should be effectively controlled. This paper focuses on the vector control strategy and working mechanism during Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games, and discusses the control model, risk assessment, inter-sectoral coordination, publicity and training, hazard monitoring, control technology, supervision and inspection, and emergency response with Main Media Center as an example. The vector density was effectively controlled during the Winter Olympic Games, no plague and other vector-borne diseases occurred, and there were no incidents of vector-borne hazards. The vector control model, technical measures, and working mechanism formed during the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympic Games were verified and deepened in the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games, which can be used as a guidance for vector control in similar large-scale activities in the future.
2023, 34 (1): 122-127.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2023.01.023
Surveillance and analysis of mosquito population density and seasonal fluctuation in Tangshan, Hebei province, China, 2010-2020
YUN Ling, WANG Fu-cai, ZHANG Ling
Abstract247)      PDF (621KB)(709)      
Objective To investigate the mosquito species composition, population density, and seasonal fluctuation in Tangshan, Hebei province, China, 2010-2020, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases in Tangshan. Methods Adult mosquito density of different species was monitored using the lamp-trapping method. The mosquito species composition, population density, and seasonal fluctuation were analyzed in different habitats. SPSS 25.0 software was used for data analysis. Differences in mosquito species composition were examined using the χ 2 test. Results A total of 24 039 adult mosquitoes were captured in Tangshan, 2010-2020, and the overall mosquito density was 1.91 mosquitoes/(lamp·h). The dominant species was Culex pipiens pallens, followed by Anopheles sinensis. The density of Cx. pipiens pallens[3.13 mosquitoes/(lamp·h)) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus[0.01 mosquitoes/(lamp·h)] were highest in livestock sheds. The density of Aedes albopictus[0.02 mosquitoes/(lamp·h)] was highest in urban residential areas. The density of An. sinensis[0.04 mosquitoes/(lamp·h)] was highest in parks. Mosquito density in Tangshan generally decreased over the past 11 years, with a statistical difference across the years ( χ 2=109.306, P<0.001). The highest mosquito density was found in livestock sheds, followed by hospitals, rural houses, parks, and urban residential areas. There was a statistical difference in the composition of mosquito species between different habitats ( χ 2=349.301, P<0.001). The trends of mosquito density in different habitats all showed unimodal distribution, and mosquito activity peaked in July and August. Conclusion Cx. pipiens is the dominant mosquito species in Tangshan. Mosquito density generally decrease over the years and is highest in livestock sheds. Mosquito activity peak in July and August when effective mosquito-control measures should be implemented.
2022, 33 (3): 351-355.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.007
Analysis of plague surveillance in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, 2020
HU Yan-hong, WANG Shu-yi, LI Jian-yun, ZHANG Da-yu, FENG Yi-lan
Abstract243)      PDF (562KB)(717)      
Objective To analyze the species, quantity and distribution of plague host animals and vector fleas in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Inner Mongolia), China, and understand the situation of human and animal plague, and to provide a scientific basis for accurate prediction of plague epidemics and formulating control countermeasures. Methods According to the National Plague Surveillance Program and Inner Mongolia Plague Surveillance Program, plague surveillance data from 57 surveillance counties in 12 prefectures (leagues) of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2020 were collected and sorted out. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze plague epidemics, host density, and flea index. Results In 2020, there were three human plague cases in Inner Mongolia, with two cases of bubonic plague and one case of intestinal plague. Four types of plague foci of Marmaota sibibirica, Spermophilus dauricus, Microtus brandti, and Meriones unguiculatus covering an area of 6 003 hm 2 were investigated, and 22 710 host animals were captured. The main hosts Meriones unguiculatus and Spermophilus dauricus accounted for 79.55% and 15.32% of the total capture rodents, respectively. The flea infestation rate was 30.38%, and the overall flea index was 0.97. The dominant flea species included Citellophilus tesquorum, Nosopsyllus laeviceps, and Xenopsylla conformis, which accounted for 44.92%, 22.28%, and 20.99% of the total population, respectively. A total of 22 451 host animals and 21 821 fleas were examined, and 99 Yersinia pestis strains were isolated from them. The indirect hemagglutination test detected 6 positive samples from 10 671 serum samples of various host animals. Conclusion The situation of human and animal plague in Inner Mongolia is complicated, which is intense in M. unguiculatus plague foci. It is necessary to strengthen plague monitoring and ensure timely detection and emergency preparedness and response.
2022, 33 (3): 418-425.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.03.020
Epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and surveillance studies of host animal in Quzhou, Zhejiang province, China, 2006-2020
WANG Min, YANG Hui, YU Zhang-you, ZHONG Jian-yue, FANG Chun-fu, WU Shi-quan, GONG Zhen-yu
Abstract239)      PDF (951KB)(714)      
Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) as well as the species composition and Hantavirus infection status of host animals in Quzhou, Zhejiang province, China, and to provide a reference for formulating scientific prevention and control measures. Methods The incidence data of HFRS in Quzhou from 2006 to 2020 were analyzed. The night snap-trapping method was used to capture small mammals to calculate the capture rate and analyze the species composition of small mammals. The lungs and blood of the small mammals were collected to detect Hantavirus antigen and antibody for information on hantavirus infection among the small mammals. The Chi-squared test was used to compare the rates. Results A total of 720 cases of HFRS were reported in Quzhou from 2006 to 2020, with an average annual incidence rate of 2.13/100 000. Of those, there were two deaths, with a fatality rate of 0.28%. The cases were mainly aged between 30 and 69 years, accounting for 92.08% of total cases. Farmers accounted for 80.14% of total cases. The male-to-female ratio was 2.35:1. The incidence of HFRS peaked during May to July and October to next January. The average annual incidence was highest in Kaihua county, which was 8.81/100 000. The indoor and outdoor capture rates of small mammals were 5.57% and 6.14%, respectively, showing a statistical difference ( χ 2=7.374, P=0.007). Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species indoors, accounting for 41.18%, and Apodemus agrarius was the dominant species outdoors, accounting for 62.97%. There was a statistical difference in the species composition of small mammals indoors and outdoors ( χ 2=1 343.773, P<0.001). The antigen-positive rate of Hantavirus averaged 2.42%, and differed statistically between different species of small mammals ( χ 2=17.260, P=0.004). The serum antibody-positive rate for Hantavirus averaged 6.71%, and differed statistically between different species of small mammals ( χ 2=32.923, P<0.001). Conclusion There is a high density of small mammals and a high infection rate of Hantavirus among these small mammals in Quzhou. Cases of HFRS are mainly middle-aged and elderly, with high proportions of males and farmers. Its incidence shows double peaks in summer and winter. It is still necessary to strengthen comprehensive control measures combining HFRS monitoring, rodent control, health education, and vaccination for prevention and control of HFRS.
2022, 33 (4): 480-484.   doi: 10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2022.04.007
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