Objective To evaluate the impact Wenchuan earthquake exerted on vectors and vector-borne diseases and identify the species, density dynamics and ecologic patterns, providing scientific basis for the risk assessments of vector-borne diseases. Methods The density of vectors was monitored using such approaches as cage traps, light traps, visual observation and mist net capture, the species of mosquitoes and flies investigated. Results Low density of mosquitoes, flies, mice and fleas in the earthquake-stricken areas was identified, clearly below the reference indexes. However, high positive rates of larvae in stool were found. More than 800 mosquitoes and flies were captured, flies belonging to 42 species, 28 genera and 4 families and mosquitoes belonging to 5 species, 3 genera and 1 family. Helicophagella melanura, Mascina stabulans, Musca domestica, Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus were dominant species there. Conclusion Aggregate analysis revealed that vector control was effective and played a key role in preventing the occurrence of major epidemics after the earthquake. However, redundant and inadequate vector control was still noticed. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a long-term effective mechanism in conjunction with comprehensive responding teams for prompt emergency response.

Objective To observe and evaluate the palatability and efficacy of α-chlorohydrin rodenticides that causes sterility in male rats in laboratory and the field. Methods （1） Male adult rats without offspring were fed with 1% α-chlorohydrin wheat baits as the experimental group whilst the control group was fed with normal rat feed. Male and female rats were caged for two weeks in prior to dissection of the females to determine the number of fetuses. （2） The powder trace method was applied to measure the rat density for evaluating the field efficacy of rodent control. Results With an average coefficient of intake of 0.221, this male sterility?inducing 1% α-chlorohydrin baits caused an averagely 70.7% to 100% reductions of rat fetuses. The on?site rodent control rate reached 84.09%. Conclusion In addition to remarkable efficacy of rodent control in a laboratory setting, this rodenticide had obvious on?site rodent control effects. However, further improvements of the palatability of wheat?based male?sterilization 1% α-chlorohydrin baits are desired.

【Abstract】 Objective To evaluate common density surveillance methods of rat, mosquito, fly and cockroach. Methods Different surveillance methods were compared from the sides of monitoring species, monitoring instruments, monitoring data, monitoring areas, and monitoring styles. Results There are differences in monitoring species, monitoring instruments, data accuracy and the applicability among different methods. Conclusion The surveillance method should be chosen according to the object of monitoring and practice condition.

It is described that a new species of Scathophaga Meigen which was collected in the western region of Sichuan province from 1979 to 2000.The type specimens are preserved in Shanghai Institute of Entomology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai,China. Scathophaga curtipilata sp.nov.(Figs.1)♂:Body length 6.5 mm-7.0 mm;wings length 7.0mm-7.5mm.This new species is similar to Scathophaga chinensis Malloch,1935,but differs from the latter in following features:Fore tibia with 1-2 P ;mid tibia with one pv;abdomen without long pale of hair.It is also similar to Scathophaga mellipes Coquillett,1899,but differs from the latter in following features:Fore femur black on dorsal surface;abdomen bright black;fore tibia with 1-4 ad.♀:Body length 6.0 mm-6.5 mm;wings length 7.0 mm.Width of frons about the head-width one-third(0.429-0.440) strong;other's main features as this species of male.Holotype ♂,Mt.Emei(Taiziping,2 858 m;29°59′N,103°42'E),Sichuan,Prov.,21 June 1984,Collected by Feng Yan;paratypes 19♂♂,3♀♀,Mt.Emei(Xixiangchi,2070 m;Leidongping,2430m),Sichuan Prov.,Same collector and date as holotype.

【Abstract】 Objective To analyse effect factors of trap method and bait method, and to discuss how to improve the accuracy of surveillance methods. Methods Two methods combined with powder trace method were used in this study and its effect factors were analyzed. Results The invalid areas surveyed by bait method accounted for 53%, suggesting that the inducement of sweet potato was very weak. Successful surveillance area accounted for 8% and 67% by trap method and powder?trace method, respectively, showing that the reason leading to the insensitivity of rodent to trap method was its strong repellence to new substance. Conclusion There are many factors to affect the surveillance of rodent such as the repellence of rodent to new substance, the lure of baits, the abundance of food, the sensitivity of surveillance facility and the layout of surveillance sites. It is good to improve the accuracy of surveillance by single factor analysis.

Objective To determine the distribution of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses in the Yangtze River Basin within Gansu province, providing the basis for prevention and control of arbovirus-related diseases. Methods Electric mosquito- suction devices and insect-catching nets were employed to capture adult mosquitoes. The captives were classified and subject to virus isolation using cell culture. Serologic and molecular methods were used for virus identification. Results From 2006 to 2009, 10 528 mosquitoes were captured in the Yangtze River Basin, including 30 species of 5 genera. Among them were 5981 Culex tritaeniorhynchus, accounting for 56.81% of the total captives; Armigeres subalbatus, Anopheles sinensis, Cx. pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus accounted for 33.36%, 4.95%, 3.29% and 0.95%, respectively; and unidentified species accounted for 0.64%. A Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a Banna virus (BAV) and 15 unidentified RNA viruses were isolated from the mosquitoes. Conclusion Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the predominant mosquito species in the Yangtze River region within Gansu province. Since the mosquitoes were carrying such arbovirus as JEV and BAV, it should be strengthen the investigation, prevention and control of the related mosquitoes and arboviruses in the region.

Objective To find out flea population, distribution and its parasitism in historical plague epidemic area in Zhejiang. Methods Set up surveillance sites in the historical plague epidemic area, and identify the flea caught from mice. Results To detect 19 species of 61 859 rat-shape animals and 21 059 fleas were found on 13 species of rat-shape animal surface. The total infected rate was 12.38% and the total flea index was 0.340. The index of Xenopsylla cheopis was 0.032. 21 054 parasitical fleas belonged to 10 species, 9 genera and 4 families. Of which, Leptopsylla segnis accounted for 54.41%, 20.89% for Monopsyllus anisus and 9.50% for X.cheopis There were 13 kinds of parasitical hosts for L.segnis, 10 kinds for M.anisus and 6 kinds for X.cheopis. The main hosts of these three fleas were Rattus norvegicus and R.norvegicus from which L.segnis, M.anisus and X.cheopis were detected, and the proportion of them was 95.60%, 92.79% and 82.31% of total fleas respectively. Conclusion The dominant fleas were L.segnis, M.anisus and X.cheopis in Zhejiang province, and their main hosts were R.norvegicus and R.norvegicus. These fleas distributed widely and mostly in Zhejiang. As the main vector, X.cheopis parasitizes not only in domestic mice, but also in the wild mice such as R.losea and A.agrarius. It suggested that the main vectors such as X.cheopis should be surveyed intensively to understand its distribution and dynamic diversification in order to provide scientific data for plague prevention and control.

Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) is an aerobic spore?forming bacillus widely distributed in nature, with a sub?terminal swelling capsule and spherical spores. As Bs grows, it produces binary toxin, Mtx and Cry48Aa/Cry49A, which have specific toxic effects on a variety of mosquito larvae. It is hence widely used in biological vector and mosquito control and considered a larvicidal solution that is non?toxic to human, animal, poultry and aquatic life and environmentally friendly. At present, many countries, including China, have developed commercial Bs mosquitocides that are widely used worldwide to control vectors and mosquitoes and good results have been achieved. However, laboratory and field experiments show that mosquitoes can produce binary toxin resistance under a long-term high selective pressure, which compromises Bs products as a biological mosquito larvicide in the comprehensive prevention and control of vectors and mosquitoes. The present article provides introduction to the mosquito-killing mechanisms of Bs agents, the development and application of mosquitocides, the resistance against them and vector and mosquito control.

Objective To provide an overview of such dynamics as the population distribution and seasonal variation of mosquitoes in Zhejiang province, which gives the basis for prevention of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Mosquito light traps produced by one manufacturer, Wuhan Jixing Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, were used to collect the insects. Results Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes were the predominant species in most areas of Zhejiang province, while Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were predominant in Ningbo and Lishui areas, and Aedes albopictus were distributed in most parts of the province. Mosquito activities peaked from June to September, as the number of mosquitoes captured in this period accounted for 79.80% of the total in a year. Of the 5 different habitats, stockyards contained the most mosquitoes, accounting for 46.03%. Conclusion Zhejiang’s geographical environment and climatic conditions are favorable to the growth of a variety of mosquitoes, making the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases and reduction of mosquito density essential in all areas of the province.

Objective To study the season variety of mosquito at Beiwan region of the lower reach of the river Erqis,Xinjiang. Methods Using human-baited bed net method to collect mosquitoes in different habitats six times a day and once every ten days from April to September. Results The density of mosquitoes in the wood out of the camp court was the highest and that in the woods in the camp court and the desert out of the camp court was lower. Aedes vexans(90.18%-96.83%) was the dominant species in all the habitats. The amount of Aedes caspius(9.78%) in the desert was more than the other two habitats. The mosquitoes came to appear in the middle ten days of April and disappeared in the first ten days of September. The active peak was from June to July for mosquitoes at Beiwan. The curves of season distribution were different in distinct habitats for different species. Conclusion The density of mosquitoes was fairly high in all the three habitats,especially in the heavy wood and grass. The harm of mosquitoes was very serious from June to July at Beiwan region.

Objective:To study the poison effect of different isomerides of chlovaporthrin to mosquitoes and flies and cockroaches.Method:The effect of killing with the poison of four isomerides was studied at 5.0mg·ai/m ² on the surface of plant for above public health insects by forced touching method.Results:It was showed that the KT ₅₀ of cis-chlovaporthrin were 9.5 min for Culex pipiens pallens and 9.22min for Musca domestica vicina respectively,the KT ₅₀ of trans-chlovaporthrin was 6.28min for Culex pipiens pallens and 8.72min for Musca domestica vicina respectively,the KT ₅₀ of dextro-trans-chlovaporthrin was 8.06min for Culex pipiens pallens and 10.89min for Musca domestica vicina respectively,the KT ₅₀ of Le-trans-chlovaporthrin was 5.75min for Culex pipiens pallens and 10.44min for Musca domestica vicina.The 24h mortalities of all the mosquitoes and flies on the touching surface were 92%-100% except on the surface of cis-chlovaporthrin.Conclusion:All the effects of four isomerides for Blattella germanicas were not satisfactory,the 72h mortality was below 80%.

Objective To investigate the species, density and distribution of vectors in Longgang district, Shenzhen, providing the basis for vector prevention and control in the region. Methods Vector monitoring was conducted in 4 streets (Pinghu, Buji, Bantian, Pingshan) of Longgang district from March to June, 2009. Rodents were captured by night traps, mosquitoes by lamps, flies by glue boards and cockroaches by roach motels. Results As for Pinghu, Buji, Bantian and Pingshan, the rodent densities were 4.21%, 0, 12.09% and 13.75%, respectively; mosquito densities were 2.04, 0.84, 3.13 and 0.66/h, respectively; fly densities were 2.02, 1.43, 1.19 and 0.66/(board·day), respectively; and cockroach densities were 1.04, 1.80, 1.03 and 1.91/ instrument, respectively. Conclusion The general characteristics of vectors in Longgang district were identified, which would serve as the basis for development of corresponding vector control strategies.

  【Abstract】 Objective To study activity variance of carboxylesterase，glutathione S?transferase and acetylcholinesterase in different development stages and gender adults of German cockroach (Blattella germanica). Methods Enzyme activities were measured by spectrophotometry in vitro and the data were analyzed with software DPS. Results The activities of carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase in the first?instar nymphae were the highest and the activities values were （0.3741±0.0077）μmol/（mg pro·min） and  （61.7586±9.2400）nmol/（mg pro·min）, respectively. The differences among different development instars were significant. The activity of carboxylesterase in male adults was higher than that in female adults, and the difference between them was significant. For acetylcholinesterase, the activity in male adults was higher than that in female adults, but the difference was not significant.  The  activity  of  glutathione  S?transferase  among  different  development  stages  and  gender  adults  had  almost  no difference. Conclusion The activity differences of carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase among different development stages and male, female adults were significant whereas that  of glutathione S?transferase was not significant.

Objective To analyze the epidemic situation dynamics of dengue fever and the density change of mosquito in Leizhou city in 2006,and provide scientific evidence for early warning of dengue fever and the establishment of control strategy.Methods The data about population antibody level and Aedes collected from former dengue fever prevalence area was analyzed in 2006.Results 192 serum samples were collected.Of them,one sample collected from feverish patients was positive and 3 samples collected from health persons were also positive on late stage of prevalence.In addition,none was positive among 50 Aedes mosquito.The average Breteau index,Container index,House index and thousand-person index were 10.48,4.01,9.61 and 24.85,respectively. Aedes albopictus was the dominant species in the former prevalence area,which widely distributed and had high density.Conclusion The population density of Ae.albopictus was higher in Leizhou city and the outbreak of dengue fever had high risk.Thus,the monitoring should be strengthened to prevent the introduce of pathogen and the outbreak of this disease.

【Abstract】 Objective To learn the species and the distribution of mosquitoes and flies at Xibaipo scenic spot, and provide scientific basis for the control of vector?borne disease. Methods Mosquitoes and flies were surveyed with light?trap method and cage?trap method respectively. Results The investigation showed that there were 19 species and 5 genus mosquitoes in the district, of which, Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant specie, accounting for 61.31%, following with Armigeres subalbatus (22.02%) and Mansonia ochracea Theobald (6.36%). The seasonal fluctuation curve of mosquito density appeared single peak, and the peak was in late July. There were 3 species and 3 genus flies in the district. The seasonal fluctuation curve of fly was also single peak and the peak was in July. Conclusion There were many mosquitoes at Xibaipo scenic spot, which could increase the risk of mosquito?borne disease. So, it should carry out killing centrally and monitoring periodically to control mosquitoes effectively.

Objective To identify the dominance and diversity of species collected outdoors using CO₂ mosquito traps at different places and times in a military camp. Methods Insects captured using CO₂ mosquito traps were analyzed for the species and individual statistics to calculate the dominance, Shannon-Weiner diversity index and evenness. Results Among the collected blood-sucking dipteran insects there were mosquitoes, midges and horseflies. Mosquitoes and midges had higher degrees of dominance. The highest dominance of blood-sucking dipteran insects was up to 1.00, and the lowest 0.57. The higher degree of the environmental complexity, the richer diversity of species was seen. Human and climatic factors also exerted noticeable impact on the dominance, diversity and evenness. Conclusion CO₂ mosquito traps have high specificity for mosquitoes and midges. Species diversity is closely related to the environment.

【Abstract】 Cockroaches are the important vectors. The aim of our paper is to understand the biology and ecology of cockroaches, and analyze the present situation of the damage of cockroaches in China. The investigation finds that the invasive species Blattella germanica has become the dominant species and its damage was increasing in urban in China. A brief review is given on the development of the equipments and methods, their advantages and limitations in the control of cockroaches. Cockroaches also play an important role in the infection and allergy. The research and control of cockroaches in China started one century ago and cockroaches control was a long?term and arduous work as facing the challenge of pesticide resistance and pesticide pollution on environment.  It suggests that it should put the emphasis on environment improvement and chemical control to control cockroach, adding law and regulation control, pesticide control, biological control and genetic control, especially the rotational use of control equipment.

ObjectiveThe investigation was conducted from April to October in 2000 in several forest areas of Beijing,the object of which is to know of the density,constitution,seasonal fluctuation and predominant species of ticks and mice for further appreciating the risk to the people health.MethodsFree ticks were collected by dragging a blanket over the vegetation on the ground and field mice were captured with mousetrap everyday.Results1 608 free ticks were collected,including H.longicorni, H.concinna and D.silvarum,14 parasite ticks were also collected from mice bodies,including 8 I.persulcatus and 6 R.sanguineus. H.longicornis was found as the predominant species,accounting for more than 77.3% of the total number of collected ticks.In addition to Qinglongxia Valley of Huairou County, H.longicorni was found the predominant species,accounting for over 70%.Ticks were active from April to September in Tanghekou of Huairou County.The peak appears in the last ten-day period of May and the secondary peak appears in the last ten-day period of July.Whereas in Shidu of Fangshan district,the discrepancies of tick and mouse species,density and proportion may be related to the ecological environment of the different sites.Ticks were active from the last ten day period of April to October the peak and the secondary peak appear in the last ten day period of May and July respectively.87 mice belonging to 8 species were captured of which,the ratio of Rattus confucianus is the highest,accounting for 46%.Conclusion5 species of ticks and 8 species of mice were collected from forest areas of Beijing.They may play an important role in developing,maintaining and transmitting tick-borne diseases.

Objective In order to identify mouse,fly,mosquito and relative pathogens to provide basis for prevention,a baseline survey,from Dec.1999 to Nov.2000,was carried out at Nanchang Port.Methods Representative points for survey were selected.Mouse,fly,mosquito was captured respectively by double-layered mousetrap(mouse cage),flypaper,manpower hour method.Mite,flea and tick on mice were collected by flotation method.Leptospirosis and Haemorrhage Fever with Renal Syndrome(HFRS) of mice were tested respectively by microscope agglutinative test(MAT) and immunity fluorescent analysis(IFA).Results There were 7 rodent species,4 genera,2 families,2 orders at Nanchang Port.The dominant species were Mus musculus and R.norvegious.The annual average density of mouse was 2.64%.The carrying rate of parasites(mite,flea and tick) on rodent was 37.50%.The carrying rates of mite,flea,tick on rodent were 27.50%,20.00%,7.50% respectively.The tests of leptospirosis and HFRS of rodent were negative.There were 10 fly species,9 genera,4 families at Nanchang Port.Among them, M.domestica Vicina Macguart and Lucilia sericata Meigen were predominant species. Anthomyia illocata Walker was first reported in the district.The density of fly,which can be monitored this year,was 0.13-7.2 per strip for one day.There were 7 mosquito species,4 genera,2 subfamilies at Nanchang Port,the dominant species was Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett.Conclusion The effective control of rodent,fly,mosquito was benefit to wipe out the damage caused by mouse,fly,mosquito and relative pathogens.