Objective To investigate the species, density, and seasonal variation of rodents in human settlements and surrounding environment at national surveillance sites in Liaocheng city of Shandong province, China, in 2018-2020, and to provide a scientific basis for rodent prevention and control. Methods According to the requirements in the National Vector Surveillance Implementation Scheme developed by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the trap-at-night method was used to monitor rodent density once every 2 months (in odd months) during the middle ten days of each month for surveillance, with an interval of no less than 30 days between surveillance. The three habitats of urban residential areas, special industry, and rural residential areas were established as the surveillance sites, and no less than 200 effective traps were placed at each surveillance site. Excel 2007 and SPSS 17.0 softwares were used to perform a statistical analysis of surveillance data, and the Chi-square test was used for comparison of rodent density across different years and habitats. Results The overall rodent density was 0.83% in 2018-2020, and the composition ratios of Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, and Apodemus agrarius were 55.38%, 42.31%, and 2.31%, respectively, with the highest rodent density of M. musculus. The mean rodent density in the three years was 0.42%, 0.70%, and 1.40%, respectively, which showed an increasing trend year by year, and there was a statistical difference in rodent density across the years (χ2=30.403, P<0.001). The rodent density was 0.50% in urban residential areas, 0.39% in special industries, and 1.56% in rural natural villages, suggesting that rural natural villages had a significantly higher rodent density than urban residential areas and special industries, and there was a statistical difference in rodent density (χ2=28.124, P<0.001; χ2=36.680, P<0.001). Inconsistency was observed in the trend of seasonal variation of rodent density in the three years, with two peaks in May and November of 2018, one peak in July 2019, and one peak in March 2020. The peak of rodent density was observed in July and November in urban residential areas, the peak of rodent density was observed in May and September in special industries, and the peak of rodent density was observed in May in rural natural villages. The peak density of M. musculus was observed in May, the density of R. norvegicus basically showed an increasing trend from month to month, and the peak density of A. agrarius was observed in November. Conclusion M. musculus is the dominant species of rodents at the national surveillance sites in Liaocheng city of Shandong province, followed by R. norvegicus. Rural natural villages will be the focus of rodent prevention and control in the future, and it is recommended to take the comprehensive long-acting prevention and control measures according to their breeding, perching habits, and seasonal variation.
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