20 December 2018, Volume 29 Issue 6
    

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  • Population density prediction of Adeds albopictus in Guangzhou based on autoregressive integrated moving average model
    PAN Yan-yu, WU Hai-xia, GUO Jia, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 545-549. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.001
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    Objective To construct the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model to predict by summarizing the density data of Aedes albopictus in Guangzhou. Methods Through the R programming language 3.4.4, the model was constituted by density of Ae. albopictus from January 2009 to June 2017, proceeded significance test of model and parameter, and evaluated the model by overall data. the predicted value and the real value from July to December 2017 were compared to evaluate the extrapolation effect. Results ARIMA (0, 1, 1) (0, 1, 1)12 has been constituted with AIC=-268.83 and R2=0.427. Residual sequence was proved white noise (P>0.05) and homoscedasticity. The predicted value and the real value from July to December 2017 are approximately in agreement, showing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)=0.087 4 and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE)=0.028 3. Good data fit was demonstrated. Conclusion The model can well predict the density data of Ae. albopictus in Guangzhou.
  • Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Banna virus (genus Seadornavirus, family Reoviridae) isolated from Anopheles sinensis
    CHENG Rui, FU Shi-hong, FAN Na, HE Ying, LEI Wen-wen, WANG Huan-yu, WANG Bin, LU Xiao-qing, LIANG Guo-dong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 550-556. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.002
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    Objective To determine the whole genome nucleotide sequence and carry out molecular genetic analysis of Banna virus (BAV) isolated from Anopheles sinensis. Methods The 12-segment nucleotide sequence of BAV was determined by molecular virological methods. Sequence alignment, homology, and molecular phylogenetic analysis were performed by using bioinformatics software. Results The BAV isolated from An. sinensis (YN12234 strain) caused cytopathic effect (CPE) and stable passage in C6/36 cells. The virus was composed of 12 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Phylogenetic analysis of the viral VP1 protein (RdRp) amino acid sequence revealed that the YN12234 virus belongs to BAV of genus Seadornavirus of family Reoviridae. Further analysis of the 12th segment of the gene sequence revealed that the YN12234 virus belongs to the BAV genotype A2. The results of phylogenetic analysis also showed that the BAV isolated from An. sinensis in this study was in a different evolutionary branch from the BAV previously isolated from An. sinensis, and the BAV isolated from different mosquitoes was located in the different evolutionary cluster. Conclusion The YN12234 strain isolated from An. sinensis belongs to the BAV with 12 segments. The results of molecular evolution analysis suggest that vector adaptability between virus and mosquito species does not exist for the BAV isolated from the mosquitoes at home and abroad, including the YN12234 virus isolated in Yunnan province.
  • Application of Bayes analysis in Japanese encephalitis prediction based on multiple seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model
    GAO Wen, HUANG Gang, HAN Xiao-li
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 557-563. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.003
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    Objective To expound the application of Bayes analysis in the relationship between Japanese encephalitis (JE) and multiple seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) in Hebei province, meanwhile, to evaluate the effect of the multiple seasonal ARIMA model in the prediction of monthly mosquito density and JE prediction. Methods We collected the incidence data of the JE and mosquito population density data. A mathematic model was constructed using SPSS 21.0 and used to predict the situation, discuss the application of Bayes analysis in the relationship between JE and multiple seasonal ARIMA model of total mosquito density. Results ARIMA (0,1, 1)×(0, 1, 1)12 model best fitted the incidence of mosquito density from 2009 to 2016. The incidence of JE disease was correlated with mosquito population densities (r=0.101, P=0.043). Bayes analysis indicated that 63.16% subjects were correctly discriminated among samples of mosquito density and Bayes analysis got a result that the coincidence rate was 100% among the prediction of mosquito density and true ones in JE prediction. Conclusion Bayes analysis verified that the multiple seasonal ARIMA model in the prediction of monthly mosquito density can be used to predict the JE. ARIMA model fits well in the prediction of mosquito density, and applies to the information system of vector monitoring, and to early warn the unusual mosquito density and control mosquito-borne infectious diseases.
  • Studies on the genotypes of Yersinia pestis in Hebei province by two genotyping methods
    WANG Hai-feng, ZHANG Yi-hui, YANG Xiao-yan, LIU Yi-yang, NIU Yan-fen, LIU Guang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 564-566. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.004
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    Objective To analyze the genotypes and genetic characteristics of Yersinia pestis isolated from Hebei plague foci. Methods The DNA of Y. pestis collected in Kangbao county from 1972 to 2017 was extracted by boiling method, the multiple locus variable number tandem repeat (MLVA) and the DFR primers according to a publication were synthesized by a biological company, then amplified by polymerase chain reaction, then genotypes were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results All of the strains showed one MLVA genotype, and the main genotypes of Y. pestis from Hebei foci were G17 and G20. The absence of DFRs were 1, 6, 7, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 in G17, the absence of DFRs were 1, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 in G20. Conclusion The genetic characteristics of enzootic plague in Hebei province remain stable. Further studies are warranted to confirm whether the epidemics among wildlife in 2017 was caused by spread of neighboring foci or by genetic shifting of the pathogen.
  • Analysis on Bartonella infection status of Citellus undulatus in Wusu city Guertu township, Xinjiang
    LI Bo, YUE Xi-hong, LU Shan, LUO Tao, WANG Xin-hui, LI Wei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 567-570. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.005
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    Objective To understand the infection status of Bartonella in Citellus undulatus from Guertu, and to provide the basis for risk early warning and control measures of rodent-borne diseases. Methods In total, 86 C. undulatus were collected from Chagangguole, Bulanbulake and Baishitou by bow-shaped clip method during 24 hours, the kidneys of the captured rodents were sampled under aseptic condition, genome DNA was extracted and detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR targeting ssrA of Bartonella. The rate of infection were calculated and analyzed by cp test (cp value). Results A total of 86 C. undulatus were tested, the infection rate of Bartonella in those rodents was 48.84% (42/86). The cp of positive samples had the highest value of 37.83 and the lowest value of 27.49, 88.10% of positive samples was in the "35.00-37.83" range. The infection rate of Chagangguole, Bulanlulake and Baishitou were 48.48%, 60.87%, 40.00%, respectively. The flea infection rate and flea index in Bulanlulake were higher than those of other places, the infection rate had no correlation with the flea infection in Guertu (P>0.05). Conclusion There were natural infection of Bartonella among C. undulatus in Guertu, with tendency of wide spread, but pathogen loads were relatively low in wild rodents.
  • Ecological investigation and analysis of small mammals and their ectoparasites in Wucai mountain scenic area, Beijing
    ZHANG Wen-zeng, MA Tie-zheng, WU Dan, PI Hai-lun, ZHU Si-jie, ZHANG Song-jian
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 571-575. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.032
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    Objective To gather the basic information of small mammals and their ectoparasites in Wucai mountain scenic area of Beijing, including species composition, predominant species and parasitism, and to provide basic data for the prevention and control of related natural epidemic diseases. Methods Small mammals were captured alive with baited mouse traps at different representative habitats in Wucai mountain scenic area from January to December 2017. All the ectoparasites of the hosts were thoroughly collected. Small mammals and ectoparasites were identified and classified separately. Excel 2010 and SPSS 19.0 softwares were used to collate and analyze data. The composition ratio (C), prevalence (P), and average ectoparasite abundance (A) were determined to reflect the prevalence and density of ectoparasites. Results In 2017, a total of 73 small animals were captured in Wucai mountain scenic area of Beijing. The catch rate was 3.41%. The captured small mammals were identified as belonging to 2 species, 3 families, 6 genera and 7 species. Apodemus agrarius was the predominant species in studied areas. Of the 73 small animals, 42 (57.53%) were infested with 6 species of ectoparasites, including 2 species of chigger mites, 1 species of gamasid mites, and 3 species of fleas. The total infestation index was 10.70 (781/73) and the infestation rate and total infestation index were higher in autumn. Chigger mites were the predominant parasite populations on the surface of small mammals. Conclusion The structure of small mammals and their ectoparasites communities are complicated in Wucai mountain scenic area of Beijing. It is important for the prevention and control of related natural epidemic diseases in this area to focus on the ecological investigation and analysis.

  • Morphological and molecular identification of Cimex hemipterus and C. lectularius
    LIU De-xing, QIU De-yi, LI Ting-ting, ZHANG Rui-ling, LIU Chun-xiao, YUE Qiao-yun
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 576-581. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.006
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    Objective To establish a method for the morphological and molecular identification of Cimex hemipterus and C. lectularius. Methods In July 2017, C. hemipterus were found and collected in a dormitory in a university in Shenzhen and C. lectularius were found and collected in a dormitory in a university in Tai'an, Shandong. The morphological characteristics of C. hemipterus and C. lectularius were compared and described. Neighbor-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree were constructed with mitochondrial gene COI, 16S rDNA, and ribosomal genes 28S rDNA, ITS2. Results Although the adults of C. hemipterus and C. lectularius were similar in external morphology, but they still can be identified and separated by the detailed characteristics differences on their prodorsum, elytra, leg and abdomen. The differences of intra-species DNA sequences based on four genes were less than 2%, and differences of inter-species DNA sequence based on four genes were more than 2%. In all the four NJ trees, C. hemipterus and C. lectularius were clustered into one single branch separately, and the support rate were 100%. Conclusion Cimex hemipterus and C. lectularius can be identified by their external morphology, and can be identified with the common adopted molecular marker. Molecular identification is a good tool to test the results of morphology. Combining the morphology and molecular identification together can provide a conclusive evidence for the morphological closely related species.
  • Morphological and DNA barcoding identification of the indoor Ameroseius plumosus
    WANG Yi-xiao, ZHENG Ling-xiao, GUAN Guo-yu, YIN Can-can, LIU Xiao, WANG Shu-ran, WEN Zi-ang, CHEN Ying-wei, CHENG Xu, SUN En-tao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 582-585. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.007
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    Objective To identify the mites accurately and rapidly. Methods Most of the mites seized on a plush toy in a Children's room in Wuhu in July 2016 were identified by morphology. Six individuals were amplified by the cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COⅠ) gene. Meanwhile, based on the gene, phylogenetic tree of the known Ameroseiidae mites was constructed by Neighbor-Joining method. Results According to morphological observations, the mite we seized was identified as female Ameroseius plumosus, belonging to Ameroseiidae, Ascoidea, Gamasina. The DNA barcode of the COⅠgene was obtained from the mite for the first time. The six individuals were identified as the same species because all the inter-individual's DNA barcode differences were less than 0.5%. Phylogenetic tree shows that A. plumosus is associated with other individuals of Ameroseiidae. Conclusion It's the first time that the A. plumosus was found on a plush toy. Combining morphology and DNA barcode techniques together could provide a good tool for the identification of the medical vectors rapidly and accurately.
  • Efficiency of three monitoring methods for the density of adult Aedes albopictus: a comparative analysis
    TIAN Ye, WU Zhi-ming, ZHANG Heng-duan, WU Xiao-qun, ZHOU Ming-hao, CHU Hong-liang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 586-589. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.008
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    Objective To compare the efficiency of the double mosquito net method, human-baited net trap method, and human-baited landing method in monitoring the density of adult Aedes albopictus, and to provide a reference for the monitoring of the density of adult Ae. albopictus and the prevention and control of Aedes-borne diseases including dengue fever. Methods From August to September, 2016, three methods were used to monitor the density of adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in three habitats with high adult mosquito density in Taihua town of Yixing, Jiangsu province, China. With the Latin-square experiment design, the habitats and methods were used alternately. Three rounds of experiments were performed. The least significant difference (LSD) test was used for comparison between two groups; an analysis of variance was used for comparison of meteorological data between different habitats, and the LSD test was used for comparison between two groups; Pearson correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between adult mosquito density and meteorological data. Results The mean density of adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes measured by the human-baited landing method was significantly higher than that measured by the double mosquito net method[(30.44±8.70) mosquitoes/person/hour vs (10.67±7.42) mosquitoes/net/hour, LSD-t=6.865, P=0.021] and the human-baited net trap method[(30.44±8.70) mosquitoes/person/hour vs (12.89±2.53) mosquitoes/net/hour, LSD-t=6.093, P=0.026], while there was no significant difference in monitoring efficiency between the double mosquito net method and the human-baited net trap method (LSD-t=-0.772, P=0.521). Average temperature, average relative humidity, and average wind speed were not correlated with the density of Ae. albopictus (r=-0.019, -0.031, and -0.332, P=0.961, 0.938, and 0.383). Conclusion The double mosquito net method has comparable monitoring efficiency to the human-baited net trap method, but both of them are less efficient than the human-baited landing method. The double mosquito net method has a clear advantage in protecting attractors and is still an efficient monitoring method in the epidemic area and during the outbreak of mosquito-borne diseases.
  • Investigation of distribution of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Leizhou, Guangdong province
    CHEN Zong-jing, XING Feng, ZHANG Li-ju, DENG Hui, ZHOU Jing-ya, HUANG Jing-yi, CAI Song-wu, LIU Li-ping, YIN Wei-xiong, WU Jun, LIN Li-feng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 590-593. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.009
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    Objective To understand the distribution status of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Leizhou and assess the risk of dengue and Zika virus diseases transmission. Methods From July to August in 2017, using remote sensing technology and geographic information system (GIS), the distributions of Ae. aegypti in Wushi, Qishui and coastal villages of Leizhou, Guangdong province were investigated by larval straw method and mosq-ovitrap method. Results Seventy-nine (79) residential buildings and 23 fishing vessels were investigated in Wushi and 55 residential buildings and 28 fishing vessels in Qishui. There were 34 positive places of Aedes mosquitoes in Wushi, of which 17 were positive for Ae. aegypti, 14 were positive for Ae. albopictus, and 3 were positive for both. There were 17 positive places of Aedes mosquitoes in Qishui, of which 4 were positive for Ae. aegypti and 13 were positive for Ae. albopictus. In total, 308 bodies of water in 15 coastal villages from Liusha to Jijia were investigated and only Ae. albopictus was found without Ae. aegypti. Aedes aegypti mostly breed in water storage containers of residential buildings and fishing vessels, while Ae. albopictus mostly breed in outdoor tires. Conclusion Aedes aegypti was only found in Wushi and Qishui in Leizhou, and its population and distribution range had a decreasing trend. Large-scale wooden fishing vessels in the two towns still had the Ae. aegypti distribution.
  • Risk assessment indicator system for cross-border imported dengue fever in Yunnan border area
    HUANG Tian, JIANG Li, LI Qiong-fen, ZHENG Er-da, ZHENG Yan, HE Ji-bo
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 594-597. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.010
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    Objective To establish a risk assessment indicator system for cross-border imported dengue fever in Yunnan province, and to provide scientific evidence and reference for the prevention and control of cross border transmission of dengue fever. Methods Qualitative and quantitative research combining the first literature retrieval research, group discussion and expert consultation tentatively set the original indicator system framework, and then through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Delphi method constructed the risk assessment indicator and its weight. Results The positive coefficient of the 2-round of expert consultation was 100%; the average expert authority indices were 0.836 1±0.074 3、0.861 1±0.055 7; the mean coefficient of variation was 0.297 3±0.169 7, 0.158 6±0.052 3; expert opinion coordination coefficient was 0.678 (χ2=573.694, P<0.05) and 0.691 (χ2=577.390, P<0.05). After two rounds of expert consultation, the risk assessment indicator system for imported dengue fever in the border areas of Yunnan province was established, including 4 of first level indicators, 10 of two level indicators and 41 of three level indicators. Conclusion Preliminary establishment of the risk assessment indicator system for cross-border imported dengue fever in the border areas of Yunnan. The indicator system provides a reference for carrying out risk assessment of dengue transmission, and provided a scientific basis for the prevention and control of dengue fever in border areas.
  • Field control efficacy of Aedes vectors of dengue fever with five public health insecticides
    LI Zu-qiu, QU Zhi-qiang, TANG Hong-yang, LING Feng, LI Ping, LUO Mi-fang, SHI Jian
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 598-600. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.011
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    Objective To evaluate the field efficacy of 5 insecticides on Aedes mosquitoes, providing the technical support for Aedes mosquito control. Methods Aedes mosquito control was conducted in 5 residential areas in Nanning city by combination of ultra-low volume (ULV) spray and barrier treatment technology with 8% chlorinulthrin, 10% aminulthrin, 10% amine-chlorinulthrin, 10% cyanthrin and 10.4% permethrin from June to October in 2017. Observation was made for the change of Aedes albopictus density in above 5 treated areas and 1 untreated control area before and after spraying for evaluating their control efficacy. Results Aedes mosquitoes density (landing index) were 2.0-4.0, 1.0-2.0, 1.0, 1.0-2.0, 2.0-4.0, and 3.0-5.0 only/person·hour following 5 insecticides spray on the day 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 respectively, their reduction rates were more than 80% and their control lasted more over 15 days. The mosquito density in untreated control area were 16.0, 16.0, 17.0, 17.0, 18.0, and 19.0 only/person·hour. Differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) in Aedes densities between test areas and the untreated control area. Conclusion Above 5 insecticides could be used to control adult Aedes by ULV or barrier treatment, and their initial efficacy was quick and satisfactory, residual efficacy lasted more than 15 days.
  • Investigation on Borrelia burgdorferi in rats captured at Kaihua county in Quzhou of Zhejiang province
    WANG Shuang-qing, ZHAN Bing-dong, ZHANG Jian-min, CAO Guo-ping, ZHONG Jian-yue, YU Zhang-you
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 601-603. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.012
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    Objective The present study was conducted to investigate the infection of Borrelia burgdorferi in rodents in Kaihua county. Methods Nested PCR were used to amplify 5S-23S rRNA spacer fragments of B. burgdorferi from kidney samples of rodents captured by mouse cage in Kaihua county. And the positive samples were sequenced and analyzed. Results A total of 10 rodents were positive in 149 samples tested,with the prevalence of 6.71%. The positive samples were identified from Rattus edwardsi, Niviventer niviventer, N. fulvescens, R. tanezumi, Apodemus agrarius, and R. norvegicus. The predominant species in Kaihua county were Ap. agrarius, R. fulvescens, and N. niviventer and the positive rates were 4.05%, 10.00%, and 10.00%, respectively. The spleen specimens from the N. confucianus and N. fulvescens were positive for B.burgdorferi sensu stricto, and that from R. norvegicus was positive for B.valaisiana. Conclusion The N. confucianus and N. fulvescens are considered as important reservoirs. The infection of two B. burgdorferi genotypes in rodents was confirmed in Kaihua county. It is very important to enhance the B. burgdorferi surveillance in wild animals and focus the morbidity in population.
  • Epidemiological characteristics of plague in Qinghai province based on geographic information system
    TANG Xin-yuan, WANG Mei, CHEN Hong-jian, LI Hong-ying, CAI Jia-zuo, HE Duo-long, CUI Bai-zhong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 604-608. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.013
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    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and epidemic situation of plague in Qinghai province by using geographic information system (GIS) data platform to provide the basis for the formulation of prevention and control measures. Methods Using the spatial analysis function of plague prevention and control geographic information system in Qinghai province, the distribution, incidence and geographical factors of plague foci and the epidemiology of animal plague or human plague in 1954-2017 were analyzed and classified according to time and space. Results There are 2 kinds of plague (Himalaya marmot plague and Microtus fuscus plague) natural foci in Qinghai province since 1954, animal plague epidemic has been occurring year after year, the epidemic has never been interrupted. Over the past 60 years, human plague did not occurred in 14 years, human plague cases were reported in the remaining years. In total, 198 outbreaks of human plague, 468 cases of disease, 240 cases of death, and fatality rate 51.28% were recorded. There are 30 counties in Qinghai province where there is an epidemic of animal plague. The plague epidemic mainly distributes in 12 counties of 5 states, they are Xinghai and Tongde counties of Hainan state, Qilian county of Haibei state,Wulan, Tianjun, Delingha and Geermu of Haixi state, Yushu, Chenduo, Zhiduo, Nangqian, Qumalai county of Yushu state and Guoluo state. The plague epidemic time is the May-October, the peak period of isolation of Yersinia pestis strain is from July to September. Conclusion During the past 60 years, the epidemic of animal plague and human plague in Qinghai province decreased slowly from 1950 s to the end of the 1990 s, followed by a resurging trend since 2000.
  • Epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and investigation of the host animals in Jingzhou city of Hubei province in 2017
    LIU Tian, HUANG Ji-gui, HAO Hai-bo, LI Bin, LIU Man, LIU Li, XIA Shi-guo, MAO An-lu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 609-612. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.014
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    Objective To study the epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and the distribution and virus-carrying situation of host animals in 2017, to provide a scientific basis for the monitoring and prevention of HFRS. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the survey data. The investigation of host animals was carried out in high incidence counties (cities and districts). Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the rates. Results A total of 124 HFRS cases including four deaths were reported,the incidence rate was 2.17/100 000. The top three regions of incidence were Jiangling county (6.94/100 000), Jianli county (3.03/100 000) and Honghu city (2.59/100 000). Two peak seasons were observed in spring (May-June) and winter (November-December). The majority of the patients are young males and middle-aged farmers. The investigation of host animals showed that the average density of rodent was 5.28%, the rate of virus carrier of rodent was 12.44%, the average index of virus harborage was 0.08. The average density of rodent was 5.73% indoors. The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), not carrying Hantavirus, was the predominant species. In the field, the average density of rodent was 5.13%, the rate of virus carrier of rodent was 17.02%,the average index of virus carriage was 0.09. Apodemus agrarius, the reservoir of HNTV, was the predominant species in general. But R. norvegicus was the predominant species in Jianli county and was trapped in paddy field with raising craw fish and rice alternately. Conclusion Human and rodent epidemic situation are severe in Jingzhou city. Apodemus agrarius is still the main reservoir host of HFRS in Jingzhou city. The relevant departments should pay attention to the R. norvegicus,which migrated from indoor to the field.
  • Epidemiological analysis of scrub typhus in Yunnan province during 2006-2017
    YUAN Qing-hong, CHEN Min, YANG Xiang-dong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 613-616. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.015
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    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of scrub typhus in Yunnan province from 2006 to 2017, and provide the scientific evidence for the prevention and control, so that to reduce the incidence of scrub typhus. Methods To collect data of scrub typhus in Yunnan province from 2006 to 2017, and use descriptive epidemiology and SPSS 17.0 software for analysis of the temporal and spatial incidence and mortality of scrub typhus. Results Scrub typhus cases occurred every year in Yunnan during 2006-2017. A total of 27 838 cases were reported cumulatively, of whom 11 died. The annual incidence ranged from 0.65/100 000 to 13.36/100 000. The overall case fatality was 0.04%; the scrub typhus cases occurred in all 16 prefectures, the cases were reported from 118 of 129 counties (cities). Baoshan and Lincang cities had the most cases (41.94%), while Diqing prefecture had the lowest incidence. The cases mainly occurred in August, with a high temperature and rains. Most patients were children aged 0-5 years (13.16%) and farmers (68.41%). The ratio of male (49.53%) to female (50.47%) was 0.98:1. Conclusion The incidence of scrub typhus in Yunnan province is high, mostly in August, which belongs to summer and autumn type. Scrub typhus is prevalent in farmers and the children aged 0-5 years. There is no significant difference between males and females. Strengthening the health education in epidemic areas, improving the diagnostic ability, enhancing the protection in the field and carrying out the patriotic health campaign with rodent and chigger control are the important measures to prevent the scrub typhus.
  • Study on resistance of commensal rats (Rattus norvegicus) to anticoagulant rodenticides in Shenzhen
    LIU Yang, ZHANG Shao-hua, LIANG Zhuo-nan, ZHU Yi-chao, LIANG Gui
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 617-620. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.016
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    Objective To investigate the resistance of Rattus norvegicus to first and second generation anticoagulant rodenticides in Shenzhen, provide science evidence to choose rodenticides in deratization. Methods Test rats were caught by mousetrap from residential area in 4 municipal districts of Shenzhen city in 2017. Non-selective feeding trial was used in this study, the poison bait contained 0.005% warfarin and 0.005% bromadiolone. Excel software was used for data input and collating, SPSS 16.0 software was used for statistic description and statistical analysis. Results Warfarin-and bromadiolone-resistant individuals were not detected in all 245 rodents. The average lethal dose of warfarin was 9.87 mg/kg, and the average time of poisoning symptoms appearing and death was 3.06 d and 4.48 d respectively. The average lethal dose of bromadiolone was 10.69 mg/kg, and the average time of poisoning symptoms appearing and death was 3.32 d and 4.82 d respectively. The lethal dose had significant difference between different collection sites. Conclusion Although R. norvegicus are susceptible to warfarin and bromadiolone in Shenzhen at present, the possibility of resistant development still exists. Deratization procedure normalization and well-palatability rodenticides should be considered to enhance chemical control effectiveness.
  • Study on the seasonal dynamics and insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus in Jiangmen city, China, 2015-2017
    OU Bo-wen, ZHANG Jin-miao, ZHU Yu-ping, HUANG Mu-chang, HUANG Xiao-jiang, HUANG Yue-zhi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 621-624. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.017
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    Objective To understand the seasonal dynamics of Aedes albopictus and their insecticide resistance distribution in Jiangmen city and to provide the scientific basis for the prevention and control of mosquitoes. Methods Breteau index (BI) method and Mosquito oviposition positive index (MOI) method were utilized to conduct monthly monitoring in 7 counties of Jiangmen city during 2015-2017. Larvae resistance was tested by dipping method recommended by WHO. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was obtained by using SPSS 19.0 software for biometric data statistics, and the resistance distribution map was made by using Epi Info 3.5.3 software according to the resistance level. Results Mosquito density showed one peak in most counties in 2015-2017, and the peaks were May and from July to September. The highest BIs were 14.23, 12.85, 7.36 and the highest MOIs were 11.39, 20.41, 14.86. The average values of BI and MOI showed that the density of mosquito in most counties were low. Seven population of larval mosquitoes were susceptible to permethrin and showed sensitivity and low resistance to beta-cypermethrin, propoxur, deltamethrin, temephos, and Es-Bioallethrin. Xinhui district population developed medium resistance to dimefluthrin and the others had low resistance. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen density and resistance surveillance of Ae. albopictus, and choose insecticides reasonably to delay the development of insecticide resistance and control mosquito-borne diseases effectively.
  • Taxonomy and fauna of Culicidae in Tibet Ⅱ. First discovery of genera and species of Toxorhynchites, Udaya, and Orthopodomyia from Tibet
    ZHUOMA Yang-jin, YANG Xiao-dong, DUOJI Zhuo-ma, XU Hui-mei, LI Hai-dong, ZHAOXI Zhuo-ma, WANG Jian, YANG Gui-rong, ZHOU Hong-ning, GONG Zheng-da
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 625-627. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.018
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    Objective To investigate and understand the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region. Methods Mosquito larvae of various breeding habitats in southeastern Tibet were investigated and sampled. Results Genus Toxorhynchites, Udaya, and Orthopodomyia, and species Toxorhynchites gravely, Udaya argyrurus, and Orthopodomyia pheloides were first found in Tibet. They are all new records of mosquitoes in Tibet. In this paper, the main morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment of the three genera and species, and the morphology of male genitalia with the physical specimens are described and reported. Conclusion Due to the relatively low altitude, abundant rainfall and complex climate and environment in southeastern Tibet, mosquitoes are abundant. With the further investigation of the fauna, the genus and species richness of mosquitoes will undoubtedly increase further.
  • Fauna and a new species of hematophagous midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in China-Burma border
    FENG Yun, LIU Guo-ping, YANG Wei-hong, ZHANG Jing, LIANG Guo-dong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 628-630. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.019
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    This paper reports 2 genera, 16 species of hematophagous midges from Lushui, Fugong, Gongshan, 3 counties of Yunnan province in China-Burma border, 2017, among which 15 species in Culicoides and 1 species in Lasiohelea. A new species C. (Culicoides) lushuiensis Liu et Feng, sp.nov. is described. Three species:C. cylindratus, C. newsteadi, La. hainana are recorded for the first time in Yunnan province. Culicoides (Culicoides) lushuiensis Liu et Feng, sp.nov. is closely allied to C. dubius Arnaud, 1956, but is distinctly different from distal portion anal cell of wing with a ouvm shap pale spot, PR 3.00 of female; and ninth sternum with wide "V" caudomedion excavationninth, tergum apically with fine break out, Basistyle with rectangulate ventra root, aedeagus distal portion short, stout, aedeagus basal arch extending nearly to half of total length of male of C. dubius Arnaud, 1956. The type specimens are deposited in the Shenyang Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shenyang 110034).
  • Newly recorded species of gamasid mites in Yongxing Island in Hainan province, China (Acari: Mesostigmata)
    ZHANG Qian, YANG Rui-rui, XIE Li-xia, CAI Bo, YAN Yi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 631-632. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.020
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    In order to investigate the biodiversity of gamasid mites in Yongxing Island of Sansha in Hainan province, China, gamasid mite specimens were collected in the soil around Yongxing Island in 2017. According to morphological taxonomy, there were four newly recorded species of gamasid mites in Hainan province, i.e., Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley, 1956), Gymnolaelaps weishanensis (Gu & Guo, 1997), Cosmolaelaps hrdyi (Samšiňák, 1961), and Parasitus wentinghuani (Ma, 1995). The specimens are deposited in Laboratory of Systematic and Applied Acarology, Shandong Agricultural University.
  • Quality analyses of malaria blood smears in febrile patients in Chenzhou city from 2015 to 2017
    ZHU Han-wu, WANG Yan-qin, TAN Hui
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 633-635. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.021
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    Objective To analyze the quality of malaria blood smears of febrile patients in Chenzhou city in order to provide a scientific basis for the standardization of blood test. Methods According to the technical solutions to eliminate malaria of 2011 edition, more than 3% Plasmodium negative blood smears and all Plasmodium positive blood smears were reviewed monthly from 2015 to 2017. The quality of blood smear preparation, staining, cleanliness and detection results were reviewed by malaria microscopic examination staff. The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data. The Chi square test was used to compare the rates, and P<0.05 was statistically significant. Results A total of 9 806 malaria blood tests among febrile patients were carried out in Chenzhou city in 3 years. Plasmodium negative blood smears were reviewed in the number of 518, accounting for 5.29% of all Plasmodium negative blood smears, with the production qualified rate of 77.80%, the staining pass rate of 89.58%, the cleanliness pass rate of 95.17%. No missed detection was found in Plasmodium negative blood smear review. Nine (9) Plasmodium positive blood smears were rechecked, accounting for 100% of all Plasmodium positive blood smears, and the qualified rate of production, staining and cleanliness all were 88.89%. One Plasmodium classification error was found in Plasmodium positive blood slides review. There were statistically significant differences among each county in the production qualified rates, the staining pass rates and cleanliness pass rates (χ2=87.286, 80.636, 81.023, all P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences among each year in the production qualified rates and cleanliness pass rates (χ2=3.484, 1.941, both P>0.05). There were statistically significant differences among each year in the staining pass rates (χ2=6.521, P=0.038). Conclusion The production and staining of Plasmodium blood smears should be further standardized in Chenzhou in the future, the training and quality control of Plasmodium microscopy should be further strengthened to improve the quality and the accuracy of microscopic examination for malaria diagnosis.
  • Investigation on Metorchis orientalis and vector host in Pucheng county, Fujian province, 2016-2017
    CHEN Bao-jian, XIE Han-guo, JIANG Dian-wei, XIE Xian-liang, CHEN Zhu-yun
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 636-638. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.022
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    Objective To investigate human and vector host infectious of Metorchis orientalis in Pucheng county. Methods Modified Kato-Katz thick smear was applied to detect the eggs of intestinal helminthes. Fresh water fish and ducks were surveyed on Pucheng county from 2016-2017. Livers and gallbladders of cat and dog were detected in Pucheng county to survey the Infected focus. Results The infection rates of M. orientalis in human, ducks, cats and dogs were 0.60%(7/1 168), 26.70%(4/15), 7.14%(1/14), and 3.33%(1/30) respectively. Infection rate of fish was 55.88%, infection rate in Pseudorasbora parvas was 90.31% (177/196), the highest with the average count of metacercaria 62. in this fish. Conclusion Infectious focus of M. orientalis in Pucheng county exist. There is infection risk for residents and the preventive measures should be taken and carried out.
  • Study on the change of numbers and distributions of Spermophilus dauricus in plague natural foci of Hebei province in 2007-2016
    CHONG Yan-min, XU Chong-yangmin, SHI Xian-ming, DU Guo-yi, LI Yu-gui, CUI Yao-ren, YANG Shun-lin, LIU Guan-chun, LIU Yi-yang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 639-640. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.023
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    Objective To study the changes of Spermophilus dauricus number and distribution in Hebei province plague natural foci. Methods Investigate the plague surveillance data from 2007 to 2016 of plague natural foci in Hebei province, and statistically analyze the density, quantity change and distribution of S. dauricus in different habitats, analyze the results via rank sum test. Results A total of 1 086 hectares of plague natural foci in Hebei province were investigated over a decade, with 7 082 cloth clips, 794 rodents, with an average density of 0.73 per hm2. Spermophilus dauricus had the highest density in the three habitats of woodland, hillside and grassland, which were 0.86/hm2, 0.85/hm2, and 0.83/hm2, respectively. Conclusion The density of S. dauricus does not change much from year to year, and the population is relatively stable. Woodland, hillside, grassland are the most suitable habitats for S. dauricus.
  • Analysis of rabies post-exposure treatment surveillance in Wuhu city in 2014
    AN Zhou, WANG Fei, LI Xiao-mei, QIAN Bang-qun, WANG Xu, TONG Fei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 641-644. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.024
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    Objective To study the situation of rabies post-exposure treatment surveillance in Wuhu city in 2014 and provide evidence for rabies prevention and control. Methods The data of rabies post-exposure treatment surveillance were collected from dog-bite injury clinic of Wuhu Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2014, descriptive epidemiological analysis and Logistic regression were applied for data analysis. Results A total of 10 009 cases of rabies post-exposure treatment were reported, the majority of these cases were young-and middle-aged adults; cases were reported every month, exposure mainly occurred in summer and autumn, the number from May to October accounted for 60.99% of all incidents. Injuries were mostly on four limbs and GradeⅡ exposure, and the upper and lower limbs accounted for 53.64% and 41.27% respectively, grade Ⅱ and gradeⅢexposures accounted for 86.38% and 12.30% respectively, all exposed cases were inoculated with rabies vaccines and 38.42% of cases with Grade Ⅲ exposure were given passive immunizing agents. However, 8.71% of the wounds were untreated after exposure, dog bites constituted 78.31% of all exposures and only 22.59% of dogs were vaccinated before and without vaccination accounted for 72.36%. Age, injured place, grade of exposure, wound self-treatment and immunization history of the animals were the protective factors. Conclusion Injuries were mostly Grade Ⅱ exposure in Wuhu during 2014, low rates of passive immunizing agents among the cases with Grade Ⅲ exposure, parts of the cases lack of standard wound treatment after exposure. Therefore, public health education and post-exposure treatment should be further strengthened to reduce the risk of rabies incidence.
  • Investigation of breeding situation of flies in different environments in Wuhan, 2016
    ZHOU Liang-cai, BAO Ji-yong, WU Li-qun, CHEN Xiao-min
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 645-647. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.025
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    Objective To investigate the breeding situation of flies in different environments in Wuhan and to provide scientific evidence for fly control. Methods To investigate the breeding situation of flies in different environment in Wuhan from May to October 2016 by visual method. The fly larval breeding rates between different months were compared with χ2 test. Results A total of 5 094 breeding sites were found, and there were 320 fly larval breeding sites, with a mean fly larval breeding rate of 6.3%. The fly larval breeding rate in different environs ranged from 0 to 16.8%. In the demolition site, the fly larval breeding rate was the highest, accounted for 16.8%, followed by the refuse transfer station 13.5%, the public greenbelt 12.9%, the construction site 12.6%, the railway line 12.4%, the farm produce market 8.9%, the real estate district 7.9%. The breeding rate of fly larvae in food processing plants was the lowest, i.e. 0. The fly larval breeding rate in May was the highest, accounted for 7.8%, and lowest in October, accounted for 5.7% (χ2=2.967, P=0.085). Conclusion To master the breeding situation of flies in different environments of each type of habitat in Wuhan city, to provide good background information for the prevention and control of flies in the future, as well as disease vector management in hygienic city campaign.
  • Analysis on resistance trend in Culex pipiens pallens to different insecticides in Kaifeng and Anyang in Henan province during 2012-2016
    ZHAO Qi, GAO Li-jun, ZHANG Yu-qin, GAO Ya-ping, GAO Ping, WANG Meng-meng, ZHOU Ke-hui, LIU Ji-qi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 648-650. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.026
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    Objective Survey the resistance trend of Culex pipiens pallens to Permethrin, Deltamethrin, beta-Cypermethrin, Fenobucarb, and Temephos in Kaifeng and Anyang, to provide scientific guidance for chemical prevention. Methods Larvae were collected from flower gardens or abandoned pools and so on in the urban area of Kaifeng and Anyang from June to August in 2012, 2014, and 2016. Results The median lethal concentration (LC50) of the Kaifeng population against Permethrin in 2012, 2014, 2016 were 0.147 5-0.523 8 mg/L, the resistance ratios were 5.76-20.46 fold; against Deltamethrin were 0.006 2-0.011 7 mg/L, the resistance ratios were 31.00-58.50 fold; against beta-Cypermethrin, Fenobucarb and Temephos were 0.001 6-0.513 4 mg/L, the resistance ratios were 0.22-7.90 fold. The LC50 of the Anyang population against Permethrin, beta-Cypermethrin, Fenobucarb and Temephos were 0.000 8-0.915 5 mg/L, the resistance ratios were 0.50-8.00 fold; against Deltamethrin were 0.002 2-0.012 2 mg/L, the resistance ratios were 11.00-61.00 fold. Conclusion Culex pipiens pallens in Kaifeng and Anyang showed different levels of resistance to pyrethroids and organophosphorus insecticides, but still susceptible to carbamate insecticides. The strategy of mosquito control in Kaifeng and Anyang should focus on source reduction. Chemical control should be limited, scientific and effective.
  • Resistance of Aedes albopictus to commonly used insecticides in Dalian, Liaoning province
    WANG Chun-yu, LI Zhi, XING Jun, BAI Yu-yin, DING Jun, ZHANG Jia-yong, HOU Wen-ge, SONG Li-hua, ZHOU Yi, LIANG Yu-hong, ZHANG Ji-bo
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 651-653. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.027
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    Objective To study the resistance levels of mosquito larvae and adult insecticides of dengue transmission media in Dalian, Liaoning province, to provide scientific basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of Aedes albopictus. Methods The larvae and egg masses of Ae. albopictus were collected in the residential area of Dalian city from August to September 2017 and bred in the laboratory. The WHO recommended larvae dipping method and mosquito contact barrel method were employed in the bioassay. Results The resistance multiple of the larvae of Ae. albopictus to deltamethrin was 3.00, which was low resistance. The resistance multiples of the other four insecticides, such as β-cypermethrin, parathion, dichlorvos and permethrin were less than 3.00 and were sensitive. Aedes albopictus to malathion resistant population of adult primary (M), the mortality rate was 97.00%, of β-cypermethrin, permethrin and deltamethrin were sensitive group (S), mortality rates were 100%, 99.00%, and 98.00%. Conclusion Aedes albopictus in Dalian Liaoning province is low or sensitive to commonly used insecticides, which insecticides can be used for daily control of Ae. albopictus.

  • Analysis of the results of the investigation of plague natural foci in Yinchuan during 1970-2014
    GAO Bin, ZHANG Tao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 654-656. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.028
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    Objective Animal plague survey data in Yinchuan city form 1970 to 2014 were analyzed to provide scientific guidance for the prevention and control of plague in this area. Methods The main host density of Yersinia pestis was investigated by pit clamp method. The nocturnal rodents were investigated by 5-meter or 5 meter clamp line method. The investigation of body fleas in rodents was carried out by combing their body surface. Pathogenic detection of plague was conducted by culturing rodent organs and taking liver and spleen tissue imprint. Forms were designed data of plague survey were collected, and a database was established in Yinchuan for 1970-2014. Results In Yinchuan city, area of 4 043 hm2 was sampled, 6 369 rodents were captured during 1970-2014. The annual average density of Meriones unguiculatus was 1.58/hm2 (0.10-3.34); We put 164 394 nocturnal mouse traps, and 13 572 rodents were captured, the average capture rate was 8.26% (2.17%-12.13%), and the number of nocturnal rodents changed greatly from year to year. A total of 25 038 rodents were examined and 7 000 of which carried flea on their body surface. The average flea rate was 27.96%, and the average flea index was 0.98 (0.09-2.84). In the past 44 years, 44 strains of Yersinia pestis were isolated, of which 37 were detected by animals, and 7 strains were isolated from the fleas. In total, 5 453 serum samples were detected by indirect hemagglutination method (IHA), and 15 of which were positive. Conclusion In Yinchuan, M. unguiculatus plague foci only distributed in Tonggui town and Yueyahu township. Especially M. unguiculatus and M. meridianus were predominant species in the Yueyahu town ship, Xenopsylla conformis conformis is still the predominant flea, plague natural foci will be of long existence.
  • Research progress in molecular mechanisms of vector insect's resistance to insecticides
    SONG Xiao, SHI Qi-qi, CHENG Peng, GONG Mao-qing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 657-661. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.029
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    Studies on the mechanisms of insect's resistance to insecticides are extremely significant to the management of vector insects, the monitoring of insecticide resistance, as well as the development of new insecticides. The research of insect's resistance mechanisms has made a breakthrough, recently, with the application of insect genomics, proteomics, genetics and molecular biology, there is a deeper understanding of physiological metabolism, resistance behavior, target-site and the relationship between structure and function of insects. It has been confirmed that insect's resistance is mainly related to enhanced detoxification metabolism and decreased target sensitivity, it rooted from genetic changes, including gene amplification, structure mutation and expression up-and down-regulation. This paper reviewed the progress of vector insect's resistance to insecticidesat the molecular level.
  • Overview of research on Callopsylla dolabris
    LIU Zhe, GUO Xian-guo, YANG Zhi-hua
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 662-665. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.030
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    As a species of fleas, Callopsylla dolabris is a main transmission vector of plague in the natural foci of Marmota himalayana in China. This species of flea is mainly distributed in Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, and Xinjiang of China. Based on the documented literatures, this paper made a review on C. dolabris, including its taxonomic position, morphological features, life cycle and ecology, and the determination of its vector potentials, together with its epidemiological significance, surveillance and control. The review is an attempt to benefit the comprehensive understanding of C. dolabris, and then guide the surveillance and control of vector fleas, plague and some other flea-borne diseases.
  • Study on the epidemic situation of mosquitoes populations and mosquito-borne diseases in Central Command Region of CPLA
    TANG Tian, YANG Hui, DENG Bing, DU Zhi-hui
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2018, 29(6): 666-668. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2018.06.031
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    By summarizing the literature, we studied the population composition and seasonal variations of the mosquito populations in the Central Command Region of CPLA, and summed up the connection of the local epidemic diseases and mosquito population distribution. This paper summarized the mosquito population investigation and natural epidemic disease in Beijing, Tianjin, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Hubei provinces for the past years, and provided reference for the health and disease prevention in the Central Command Region of CPLA.
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