ISSN 1003-8280 CN 10-1522/R 中国疾病预防控制中心 主办
Bat is important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. It has been confirmed that bats in nature in China were infected by many emerging viruses, such as SARS - like coronaviruse, MERS - related betacoronavirus and another coronaviruses as well as novel Rotavirus, Orthohepadnavirus, Hantavirus, Adenovirus, Reovirus etc. In addition, antibodies against Ebola and Nipah viruses were detected in bats in China. This paper presente a review about the emerging viruses infection in bats in China.
Objective To study the evolutionary dynamics and origination of natural plague foci in China, and to reveal the basic role of environmental biology. Methods Reveal the formation of natural plague foci in China. Thus, based on the ecological landscape classification, Yersinia pestis genomes genotyping, we try to analyze the origination and the evolution of plague natural foci in China. Results Marmota baibacina and Citellus undulatus forest grassland natural plague foci located in the Tianshan Mountain may be the origination of Y. pestis evolution in China. Conclusion Efforts were made to demonstrate the origination and evolution of natural plague foci in China.
Objective To explore the prevalence of Bartonella in small mammals in some regions of Inner Mongolia, and provide scientific basis for the control and prevention of Bartonella infection in population of small mammals in Inner Mongolia. Methods Night trapping methods were applied to capture small mammals in different regions of Inner Mongolia in 2012 and 2013. Livers and spleens were collected by aseptic technique, and then the tissues were subjected to PCR to test the infection of Bartonella. Afterward, the positive PCR products were sequenced, and the nucleotide sequences were submitted to GenBank accompanying further comparison and analysis. To identify the species of Bartonella, 30 livers and 30 spleens samples were cultivated for Bartonella bacteria, and then extract DNA of suspected strains. Subsequently, sequence the 379 bp fragment of gltA gene and make a phylogenetic analysis. In addition, the prevalence of Bartonella was analyzed based on different species and viscera. Results The small mammals were captured in Erenhot, Xilin Gol, Inner Mongolia in 2012, and positive Bartonella was cultured from 8 species of small mammals corresponding positive rate 56.41%(66/117). The positive rate of liver DNA amplification performed by direct PCR was 57.26% (67/117). There was no marked significance between them (P=0.945). 21 of the 30 liver samples were positive for Bartonella while 13 of the 30 spleens samples were positive. There was no statistic significance between them (P=0.331). 86 small mammals were captured in 2013, including 13 species of rodents, and 33 stains of Bartonella were isolated from these rodents with infection rate 38.37%(33/86). As to the positive infection rate of Bartonella, the highest infection rate was Spermophilus dauricus (75.00%), followed by Allactaga sibirica (71.43%) and Lasiopodomys brandti (64.29%). There were no significant differences in Bartonella prevalence among three species of small mammals (P=0.883). Total of 4 strains of Bartonella were confirmed from small mammals in some regions of Inner Mongolia via DNA sequencing in the rodents: B. jaculi, B. grahamii, B. washoensis, B. vinsonii. Conclusion Bartonella is widespread in small mammals in Inner Mongolia, which increase the risk to human population. Sequencing analysis shows the diversity of genotype of Bartonella. Our study provides a solid foundation for the further research on Bartonella in Inner Mongolia and other regions in northern China.
Objective To investigate rodent-borne pathogens in volcano lava areas of Xunke county in Heilongjiang, China. Methods A total of 107 rodents were collected during April to September in 2014, and necropsy was conducted to acquire lung, kidney, liver, and kidney and bladder samples. All samples were amplified for the specific fragments of 10 rodent - borne pathogens by PCR, and further identified by gene sequencing. Results Five positive samples of SEO Hantavirus RNA were detected from 107 rodent's lung tissues, infection prevalence was 4.67%; 6 positive samples of leptospirosis DNA were detected from 107 rodent's kidney tissues, infection prevalence was 5.61%; 7 positive samples of Bartonella and 4 positive samples of Anaplasma phagocytophilum were detected from 107 rodent's spleen tissues, the prevalence of infection were 6.54% and 3.74% respectively; Detection of Yersinia pestis, Babesia, Spotted fever group rickettsia, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia mooseri from rodent's liver and spleen tissues and Borrelia burgdorferi from rodent's Bladder was all negative. Multiple infection was found in some rodents, the infection prevalence was 2.80%. Conclusion Hantavirus, Leptospirosis, Bartonella, Anaplasma phagocytophilum exist in rodent populations that dwell in the volcano lava areas of Xunke county, Heilongjiang, China.
Objective To determine the resistance levels of wild populations of Anopheles sinensis to commonly used insecticides in Shanghai and Hunan. Methods The adult mosquito filter paper contact method recommend by WHO was used to determine the resistance levels of An. sinensis to deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, BPMC and fenitrothion in Qingpu, Baoshan, Jiading, Jinshan districts, Chongming county of Shanghai and Daoxian county of Hunan. Results Anopheles sinensis in six districts in Shanghai showed different resistance levels to five tested insecticides. High resistance to all five insecticides was detected in Baoshan, as well as to deltamethrin, permethrin and BPMC in Qingpu. Mosquitoes collected from Chongming showed the high resistance to deltamethrin and low resistance to lambdacyhalothrin. Low levels of resistance to lambdacyhalothrin and BPMC was also noted in mosquitoes originated from Jiading. High resistance to deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, BPMC and fenitrothion was encountered in An. sinensis collected from Daoxian county of Hunan. Conclusion Anopheles sinensis has developed resistance to five tested insecticides in Shanghai and Hunan, and cross resistance among pyrethroid, organophosphate and carbamate may exist as revealed by correlation analysis.
Objective To determine the susceptibility of larvae and adults of a laboratory strain of Anopheles sinensis to the commonly used insecticides, and to provide a reference for comparison among field populations. Methods The insecticide resistance of An. sinensis laboratory strain was evaluated under laboratory condition with the WHO recommended bioassay on larvae and adults. Data were analyzed using Probit regression to determine LC50 values. Results The mortality of An. sinensis adults exposed for 1 hour to the following insecticides was 56.5% to 4% DDT, 100% to 0.025% and 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.05% beta-cypermethrin, as well as 0.25% and 0.75% permethrin, while mortality to 0.025% beta-cypermethrin was slightly lower (99.6%). The susceptibility of An. sinensis larvae to deltamethrin, beta- cypermethrin, permethrin, temephos, spinosad, and dinotefuran as expressed by LC5(0 95%CI)was 0.0025(0.0021-0.0030), 0.0047(0.0035-0.0062), 0.0190(0.0156-0.0224), 0.1125(0.0921-0.1407), 0.0047(0.0035-0.0062), and 0.1744 (0.1653-0.1840)mg/L, respectively. Conclusion The laboratory strain of An. sinensis from National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has showed reduced susceptibility to DDT, but remains susceptible to the commonly used pyrethroids as shown by bioassay data in adults. The actual resistance ratios in larvae and adults to the insecticides tested can be determined by comparing with known reference populations in the future if desired.
Objective To determine the cross-resistance spectrum of pyriproxyfen-resistant Culex pipiens pallens to other common insecticides and provide a basis for the optimal application of insecticides. Methods The larvae dipping method recommend by WHO was used to determine the median lethal concentration(LC50)against insecticides tested. Results The resistance-ratio of Cx. pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen increased to 5.69 after 12 generations of selection. There was a low cross resistance to deltamethrin and etofenprox, but no cross resistance to temephos, baytex and diflubenzuron. Conclusion The resistance to pyriproxyfen and cross-resistance to other insecticides are expected to occur after long-time application of pyriproxyfen,therefore strategies must be implemented to mitigate the development of resistance and cross resistance.
Objective To evaluate the toxic and knockdown activity of meperfluthrin, dimefluthrin, transfluthrin and prallethrin, against Culex pipiens pallens and Musca domestica. Methods The dipping method was applied to determine the LC50 of the 4th instar larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens. The 28 ｍ3 simulated site method was used to determine the KT50 of four - day old adults post - emergence of Cx. pipiens pallens, which were non - blood fed. Musca domestica larvae were bioassayed with feeding method and the effect was determined by LC50. For female M. domestica adults, the KT50 were determined by vaporizing mat method (quadrate box method). Results The LC50 of meperfluthrin, dimefluthrin, transfluthrin and prallethrin against Cx. pipiens pallens larvae were 0.94, 2.28, 3.10 and 54.00 μg/L, respectively, and the KT50 were 21.80, 26.89, 53.96, >60 min against Cx. pipiens pallens adults, respectively. The LC50 of meperfluthrin, transfluthrin, dimefluthrin and prallethrin were 4.20, 5.81, 9.92, 146.96 μg/g against M. domestica larvae, respectively, and the KT50 were 7.22, 5.05, 7.97, 13.02 min against female M. domestica adults, respectively. Conclusion Meperfluthrin is an active insecticide against larval M. domestica and Cx. pipiens pallens, and is more active than dimefluthrin, transfluthrin and prallethrin. The activity of meperfluthin against M. domestica adults is slightly less than transfluthrin.
Objective To study the ecotype and molecular characteristics of Yersinia pestis strain that was first isolated from Batang county of Sichuan, China and to provide scientific evidence for developing suitable strategy of plague control and prevention in Batang. Methods Traditional biochemical phenotype identification method and multi-locus variable number tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) were both chosen to identify ecotype and genotype of the tested strain. Traceability analysis was also performed. Results Yersinia pestis strain of Batang was capable of fermenting glycerine, arabinose and maltose, but not rhamnose. Nitrate reduction test of this strain was positive. The MLVA-type of tested strain was the same as Qinghai - Tibet Plateau Ecotype Y. pestis strains isolated from Qinghai province and Tibet Autonomous Region. Conclusion The ecotype of tested strain is Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Ecotype. It has closest relationship with Y. pestis strains distributed in both Qinghai and Tibet. Batang County of Sichuan is a newly discovered natural plague epidemic focus.
Objective To understand the distribution of the other pathogenic Yersinia in rodents in the plague focus of Yiwu, Zhejiang province and analysis of biological characteristics of the strains. Methods Yersinia was isolated from mouse feces, the isolated strains were identified by biological typing, serum typing and virulence gene detection. Results In total, 3623 samples were screened from 2005 to 2013, 74 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, and 11 strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis were isolated, the highest detection rate of Yersinia was in the spring (5.72%). Of the 68 strains of Y. enterocolitica, biotype 1A (55 strains), biotype 3 (1 strain), serotype O:5 (8 strains) and serotype O:8 (2 strains) were identified, ystB gene was detected from 29 strains. Conclusion The Y. pestis has not detected in the plague focus in Yiwu, but the Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis were isolated. It is necessary to correlate study of other pathogenic Yersinia in plague surveillance.
Objective The objective of this study was to elucidate the distribution of serovars of Salmonella isolates and their drug resistant profile in reptiles of close contact with human, to highlight the potential transmission risk of Salmonella from animal to human. Methods Salmonella was isolated from stool samples from pets and reptiles kept in market, zoo and breeding base, and identified by biochemical tests and serotyped by serum agglutination reaction. The susceptibility of all Salmonella isolates to fourteen antibiotics was tested by disk diffusion method and data was analyzed by Whonet 5.3 software. Results The overall prevalence was 30.7% and a total of 28 serotypes were detected. Thirteen serotypes of the total belonged to well-known human pathogenic serovars; the top 4 serotypes among reptiles were S. Stanley, S. Thompson, S. Westafrica and S. Typhimurium. Different distribution of serotypes among different animal sources was observed. The serotype of S. Pomona which ever caused multistate outbreak was isolated from pet-turtles. All isolates were susceptible to fluroquinolone and have a little lower susceptibility to the third and fourth generation cephalosporin. The lowest susceptibility was found to tetracycline and streptomycin. Twenty- nine isolates were found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics and four produced extended spectrum beta-lactamase. Conclusion High proportion of healthy reptiles shed Salmonella and therefore act as a potential zoonotic threat in the spread of Salmonella in the environment. Our results highlight the need for strengthening the management of pet market and the surveillance of pathogens carried by pet reptiles to avoid the outbreaks caused by Salmonella in human from animal.
Objective To identify Rhipicephalus turanicus in Yining county, Xinjiang Autonomous Region based on morphological and molecular evidence. Methods In total, 324 ticks were collected off livestock in the border areas of Yining county, Xinjiang Autonomous Region. All ticks collected were initially screened according to morphological features, and then 6 ticks were selected by morphological differences, then the 16S rRNA and COⅠ were amplified by PCR and subsequently sequenced, and phylogenetically analyzed with GenBank sequences. Results Rhipicephalus turanicus was observed and analyzed for its morphological characteristics. A high percentage of A+T base composition in the two sequences was observed, variation on the 16S rRNA gene was significantly conservative than COⅠ gene. Conclusion Rhipicephalus turanicus were firstly reported by morphological, 16S rRNA and COⅠ gene sequencing analysis, and it present high biodiversity in Yining county, Xinjiang.
Objective To analyze the sequence of Hantavirus(HV) from Zhejiang, Fujian provinces and Shanghai municipal. Methods The sequence of M segment of several HV strains from coastal areas of Zhejiang, Fujian province and Shanghai municipal were collected and analyzed by Mega 4.0 and DNAStar software, phylogenetic trees were built by neighbor joining method (NJ) and analyzed to compare the similarity of HV strains isolated from Zhejiang, Fujian provinces and Shanghai municipal. Results The phylogenetic tree revealed that the similarity of isolates in the same province is much higher than the other, meanwhile, in same province or city, the nucleotide similarity of the same region is higher than the other regions. The distributions of the isolates from closer regions share higher sequence similarity in the phylogenetic branches. The ZH53 strain of HTN isolated from Fujian province, Gou3 strain and ZJ5 strain of SEO isolated from Jiande region in Zhejiang province formed a distinct phylogenic lineage in HTNV clade and SEOV clade respectively, and these strains were different from other variants and international standard strains with the similarity of 82.7%-86.3% and 84.0%-85.3% respectively. The SEOV strains in Zhejiang were isolated from field mouse indicating the phenomenon of “host spillover”. Conclusion The sequence similarity and the phylogeny of HV in southeast costal area of Zhejiang, Fujian provinces and Shanghai is closed related to the isolated regions, indicating geographic distribution of HV.
Objective To investigate mosquito species and breeding sources of mosquito larvae in rice paddies in southwest area of Shandong province and provide the basis for mosquito control in rice culturing area. Methods Mosquito larvae were collected from the habitats with dipping technique, Meanwhile adult mosquitoes were trapped by human-bait net, CO2 trapping lamp method and net capture method from wild habitats. Results In total, 11 species belonging to 6 genera were collected, among which 9 species were indicated by larvae, 11 species by adults. The predominant species were Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Cx. pipiens pallens Coquillet and Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann, with ratios of 45.79%, 29.32% and 22.74%, respectively. The density of Culex and Anopheles larvae in rice paddies peaked in mid-to-late July and August. During epidemic season, the minimum and maximum density of Culex larvae were 0.08 and 1.88 larvae/dip, respectively. Meanwhile, the minimum and maximum density of Anopheles larvae were 0.09 and 2.82 larvae/dip, respectively. However, mosquito larvae were collected from rice paddies during all growing period of rice. Conclusion There is a rich biodiversity of mosquito species and breeding sources of mosquito larvae in rice culturing land in southwest area of Shandong province. Intermittent irrigation to control larvae in the rice fields may have been widely adopted, and above all, controlling adult mosquitoes is the best method to reduce mosquito-borne infectious diseases in this area.
Objective To identify the flesh fly from an entry ship rapidly and accurately with‘Barcoding and Morphology’ techniques. Methods A flesh fly specimen was collected by Zhongshan CIQ on an entry ship from Australia with grapes. Morphological identification was conducted, and genomic DNA were extracted from a hind-leg of the fly. Target fragments were amplified with animal DNA barcoding universal primers (LCO1490 and HCO2198), then purified, cloned, sequenced and blasted in BOLD, a NJ tree was built based on the original data. Results From the morphological identification, it is a female Sarcophaga sp. Because of the lack of the references for female flesh flies, we could only identify it to a female Sarcophaga sp. Sequence of the DNA barcode of it was 100% identical to the published sequence of Sarcophaga australis in BOLD.‘Science and technology novelty search’result showed that it is a non-recorded species in China. Conclusion Based on the results, it could be concluded that the fly was a female S. australis. It is intercepted for the first time at China port.‘B & M’techniques is a good tool to identify the intercepted non-recorded fly species.
Objective To evaluate CO Ⅰ, Cytb, 16S rRNA, D-loop genes as DNA barcodes for Rattus losea species identification. Methods Genome DNA was extracted from a R. losea sample HX41 captured in Daxie port. The mitochondrial COⅠ, Cytb, 16S rRNA, D-loop genes were amplified using the specific primers and sequenced. The phylogenetic trees was constructed based on the nucleotide sequences of HX41 with Rattus published in GenBank and the homology was analyzed. Results HX41 was located in the branch of the R. losea on phylogenetic tree based on COⅠ, Cytb, and D-loop genes, which form a single branch. The genetic distance analysis showed that the COⅠ gene distance of HX41 to R. losea HN158 is nearest, the value is 0.0034. The Cytb gene distance of HX41 to R. tanezumi HN99 is nearest, the value is 0.0355, but the species database of HN99 in GenBank was incorrect. The D-loop gene of HX41 to R. losea HN105 is nearest, the value is 0.0439. Because of lacking the data of R. losea 16S rRNA gene in the GenBank, the phylogenetic tree cannot be constructed. Conclusion Using molecular identification method for rat species identification, it is necessary to choose suitable DNA barcode according to the integrity and accuracy of the GenBank database.
Objective To understand the plague hosts and flea populations and plague pathogen Yersinia pestis, and to provide baseline information for the prevention and control of plague in coastal area in southern Zhejiang. Methods There were 6 plague monitor sites in coastal area in Wenzhou to understand the population structure of host animals and flea vectors from 2010 to 2012. Results There were 3 orders, 4 families, 10 genus and 13 species plague host animals found in this area. Among the host animals, Suncus murinus accounted for 41.03%, Rattus norvegicus for 35.02%, and R. tanezumi for 13.30%. The mean host animal densities were 8.96% indoor and 7.31% outdoor. There were significant differences for host animal densities at six monitoring sites and among different years. The mean flea-carrying rate of rodents was 4.63%, and the total flea index of rodents was 0.134. The dominant species of rat fleas was Leptopsylla segnis, accounted for 73.55%. The samples for host animals were negative for F1 antibody and pathogens. Conclusion The population densities and species composition of host animals and vectors were very rich, it is important to strengthen surveillance of the host animals and vectors of plague, to enhance prophylaxis and treatment of plague and to prevent the local plague outbreak caused by imported cases.
Objective To investigate the species diversity of small mammals and their phylogenetic relationship in the Chinese part of the Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, to facilitate pathogen screening of natural focal disease existing in the island and to provide scientific basis for disease prevention and control. Methods Small mammals were trapped using baited cages set in the evening and retrieved in the morning after a trapping night. Firstly, these mammals were identified using morphological characteristics. Secondly, mitochondrial cytochrome b (mt-cyt b) gene sequences were amplified by PCR, and then sequenced. Identity and phylogenetic analyses were performed using sequences obtained in this study and those from GenBank. Results Three hundred and seventy-four mammals, representing 2 order, 4 family, 6 genera, 9 species, were collected among which Apodemus agrariu and Myodes rutilus were the predominant species. The species identification based on morphological characters was in accordance with that based on molecular method. Conclusion In the Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island, small mammalian species are complex and diverse and their mt-cyt b genes had no obvious mutation. Many species can carry pathogens of natural focal diseases, so our study shed light on the prevention and control of these diseases.
Objective To evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies from 2010-2013 and to provide baseline data for the prevention and control of rabies. Methods Descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted on the surveillance data of human rabies which were collected in Mentougou district during 2010-2013 according to Technical specification of rabies management in Beijing. Results One case of human rabies was reported and the case was fatal. Totally 12 770 people were exposed to rabies with the rate of 1032.16/100 000. The disease mainly occurred in Mentougou district in summer, most cases were young and middle aged adults. The exposure rate was highest in the age group of 0-9 years (1910.06/100 000). The majority of the cases were in-service personnel, accounting for 31.02% and dogs were the main animals biting people, accounting for 88.38%. The wound grade Ⅲ accounted for 28.73%. The injection rate of rabies immune globulin was 72.42%. One dog biting multi-people were reported 3 times, which were all caused by stray dogs. Conclusion The situation of Mentougou district rabies prevention and control is of concern, it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of rabies in the studied area．
Dasyhelea list from Yunnan province, China is summarized and a new species of the genus Dasyhelea is reported in this paper. So far, only 20 species of Dasyhelea from Yunnan province has been recorded including the new species: Dasyhelea oxyria Yu, Wang et Deng sp. nov. from Kunming city, Yunnan province, China. Color and tail morphological of the new species is closely allied to D. kyrenica Remm, 1972 and D. arenosa Kieffer, 1925, but the new species is distinctly characterized by full closed paramere and short median apophysis, 2 lateral protrusions and the middle protrusion on the aedeagus with blunt round bending sudden end. The type specimens are preserved in the medical insect specimens Museum, Fengtai East Street No. 20, Beijing 100071, China.
This study reports one new record of the genus Fannia in Shanghai, China: Fannia dupla Nishida, 1974. This new fly species was cage-trapped in the green belt of Huaihai park of Shanghai and was considered migrating from the outside of Shanghai area. The F. dupla was recorded only in Japan and Taiwan province of China before, but in recent years, it was reported also in Beijing and Fujian province, besides, we found this fly species in 2 consecutive years in the same area of Shanghai (2012 and 2013). The present paper deals with the diagnostics, and the possible biology, distribution of this particular species．
Objective To survey plague infection of the dogs used for food among Guangxi and Guizhou provinces in southern China and to assess the risk of infection in humans by consuming dog meat. Methods Indirect hemagglutination test(IHA) was used to measure the specific F1 antibody titer. Results During the investigation from 2012-2014, 334 serum samples of the dogs used for food and 173 serum samples of the dogs lived in the farmhouse were collect in Guangxi and Guizhou, while 226 serum samples of shepherd dogs were collect in Gansu and Qinghai for contrast. The positive serums of F1 antibody were 25.71% and 18.18% among the samples of Gansu and Qinghai respectively. All the samples were negative in Guangxi and Guizhou. Conclusion The epidemic of plague has not been found in the dogs used for food among Guangxi and Guizhou provinces in southern China. The risk to contract plague from dogs processed as food is negligible.
Objective To analyze human population's awareness of brucellosis and the related factors of behavior in Qinghai province in Sanjiangyuan area, which can be used as guidance for health education and population intervention. Methods To carry out questionnaire survey in the population of Sanjiangyuan area by the method of random cluster sampling, using Excel to build the database, the statistical analysis of data used was SPSS 17.0. Results Survey of 2491 people, the awareness of basic knowledge was 17.59%, the awareness of brucellosis had significant difference with sex, age and other 5 kinds of factor. Multifactor non conditional logistic regression model showed there were significant statistically relationship between the occupation, education and the awareness of brucellosis. Among the 7 factors that were highly related to brucellosis,“consumption of uncooked meat or offal”had the highest proportion of 69.57%. Conclusion The awareness of brucellosis in high risk population was low in Sanjiangyuan area in Qinghai province, there were high risk behaviors associated with social - economic activities. Customized public outreach and education campaign should be implemented with consideration of disease risk, ethnic culture and other relevant factors to enhance the public awareness of brucellosis in Sanjiangyuan area, Qinghai province, China.
Objective To summarize the epidemic status of malaria and the experience of malaria control in Yongkang city, Zhejiang province, during 1950 and 2013, to evaluate the effect of malaria prevention and control, and to discuss the feasibility of malaria eradication. Methods On a review of malaria control process, this paper summarized the measures applied for the control of malaria epidemic. Results The vivax malaria was highly epidemic before 1980s. The highest annual morbidity was 74.09 per million. The morbidity since 1987 was under 1 per million. In 1987 we reached the standard that malaria were basically eradicated and came into the monitoring phase. The malaria morbidity fell year by year, and the imported cases was on rise, but secondary cases were not found. The malaria morbidity was under 0.1 per million in 2009. The controlling process can be divided into 4 stages including focus on the investigation and study on the pilot prevention, disease control, reduction of the morbidity, and consolidation, with appropriate control measures for each stage. Conclusion Prevention and treatment experience of 64 years has laid the foundation for the eradication of malaria in Yongkang city, Zhejiang province. Our goal of malaria eradication in 2015 is achievable if the following efforts are in place: health education for the migrating human population, efforts to improve the malaria detection, collaboration among more entities, timely management of human cases.
Objective Through the comparison and analysis of efficacy between streptomycin administered alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin to treat human plague cases in Qinghai province, to seek new solution for bubonic plague cases. Methods Plague cases were retrospectively analyzed by gathering case data such as age, disease type, the amount of streptomycin, streptomycin treatment time as targets,compared and analyzed the efficacy between streptomycin alone or jointly used treatment for the past human plague cases. SPSS 10.0 was used to do the related statistics analysis. Results Individual and joint application of streptomycin for bubonic plague in terms of amount of streptomycin and treatment time had statistically significant difference. As to the pneumonic plague however, there was significant difference. Conclusion Streptomycin in combination with ciprofloxacin could reduce the amount of streptomycin and treatment time for the bubonic plague, but the treatment's effect on pneumonic plague was not obvious.
Objective To fully clarify the species of the rodents at the port region of Sino-Vietnam in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, so as to provide basic data for the management of rodents. Methods Night trapping method and night cage method were used to collect the rodents. Results Collected were 498 rodents including 4 species at Dongxing port, 756 rodents including 14 species at Pingxiang port, 75 rodents including 6 species at Shuikou port and 173 rodents including 8 species at Longbang port. Among these rodents, Rattus norvegicus was the predominant species. Conclusion Rattus norvegicus was the key specie of the surveillance and control at the ports.
Objective To determine the species composition and population dynamics of mosquitoes in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang, China, to analyze the population trends in different mosquito breeding environments, and to provide a scientific basis for the city mosquito control operations. Methods Night light traps were utilized to conduct monthly monitoring in 11 counties of Wenzhou city from April to November during 2010-2013. Results A total of 14 597 adult mosquitoes were captured during the monitoring period, where Culex pipiens pallens was the predominant species, accounting for 82.44% of the total number of mosquitoes. The peak of adult mosquito density appeared from July to August, the highest density appeared in August or 2011, which is 2.83 mosquitoes per light-hour. The mosquito borne disease incidence peak was in July to August. A total of 37 cases of and 18 cases of were reported during 2010-2013. The highest adult mosquito density was in the livestock shed, which was 2.74 per light - hour among different environments. Conclusion The surveillance results of mosquito density and its seasonality provide guidance for urban mosquito control. The association of mosquito density with mosquito borne diseases should be analyzed to reflect the efficiency of mosquito control operations.
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by a newly discovered bunyavirus, which is an emerging infectious disease often leading high mortality. New cases have been reported from more than 10 provinces across China since 2010. This article reviews the most recent advances on the epidemiological characteristics, the hosts and vectors, transmission route, and risk factors for the disease.
Objective To compare the efficacy of“bamboo strips”and“bamboo joints”baiting methods to control commensal rodents that dwell the underground sewage in Shanghai, China. Methods (1)the foraging rate was compared between“bamboo strips”and“bamboo joints”;(2)Observation was made to compare the foraging rate among the baits of Asako, fresh rice dubbed 0.005% bromadiolone bait and Bromadiolone wax blocks;(3)Trails were conducted in the underground sewage system adjacent the groceries and restaurants. Results Data from underground sewage system adjacent the groceries and restaurants indicated that the foraging rate in“bamboo joints”method (6.02%) was significantly higher than traditional“bamboo strips”method (1.39%) (χ2=8.10, P<0.05), the rodent populations dwelling in underground sewage systems showed a foraging rate of 85.07% on Asako, followed by that on fresh rice dubbed with bromadiolone bait and then bromadiolone wax block. Conclusion The“bamboo joints”method was recommended for rodent control in underground sewage system by baiting.
