ISSN 1003-8280 CN 10-1522/R 中国疾病预防控制中心 主办
As an important vector for insect-borne diseases, mosquitoes transmit viral encephalitis, dengue, malaria, filariasis and others and cause great concern to human health. The prevention and control of mosquito vectors is an important measure for controlling these infectious diseases. Mosquitoes have developed innate immunity against pathogens such as viruses, fungi and parasites. The immunity of mosquitoes is mainly classified into humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Complement recognition and activation system, immune signaling pathways, melanization, reactive oxygen species, etc. are involved in the immune response to pathogens. This paper reviews the recent research progress in the immune response mechanism against pathogens such as malaria parasites and fungi in mosquito vectors, which will provide theoretical support for developing new mosquito control strategies.
Objective To determine the prevalence and gene sequence of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in the rodents in Ningbo Meishan Port Area. Methods Two pairs of specific primers were designed according to LCMV N gene, and RT-PCR was used to detect LCMV in the rodent samples captured in Ningbo Meishan Port Area in 2012. The PCR products of positive samples were subject to sequencing and then to nucleotide homology and phylogenetic tree analyses. Results Fifty-three rodent samples were tested, and two samples from house mice Mus musculus were LCMV-positive. The two isolated LCMV strains had a homology of 75%-87% with the LCMV strains isolated in other countries; they had the highest homology (87%) with the strain WHI and belong to the same group in the phylogenetic tree as the strain WHI. Conclusion LCMV prevalence in local rodents is confirmed, and there are some genetic differences between the two newly detected LCMV strains and the LCMV strains isolated elsewhere.
Objective Plateau zokor Myospalax baileyi is one of the dominant pests in the alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. M. baileyi dwells underground, therefore it is difficult to conduct ecological studies on this species due to limited access to their habitats. Radio tracking is a new technique for the ecological study on small rodents, but is rarely utilized in the studies on M. baileyi populations. The performance of three types of radio transmitters are evaluated in the field and reported in this paper. Methods The radio transmitters manufactured by three companies, Biotrack (Great Britain), Sirtrack (New Zealand) and Telenax (Mexico), were tested for the transmitting depth, transmitting distance, and frequency range of the signals, as well as the adaptability of M. baileyi to the attachment of radio transmitters. Results The radio transmitter manufactured by Biotrack outperformed the other two counterparts. It was attached to M. baileyi for more than 3 months; the radio signals were able to be tracked at a horizontal distance of 50 m, with a signal intensity of 25.00; the transmitter signals were detectable at an underground depth of 2.5 m, with a signal attenuation of 76.74%. The other two types of radio transmitters had no detectable signals at this depth. Conclusion Selecting and properly attaching high-performance radio transmitter enables radio-tracking technique to be used for the ecological studies on M. baileyi, which can be adapted for the similar studies on other subterranean rodents.
Objective To observe the sensilla on the cephalic segments of the second-instar larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and to provide new morphological information and screen out the characteristic for species identification. Methods From June to August 2012, adult females of L. sericata were collected in the Songshan National Nature Reserve in Beijing and the campus of Beijing Forestry University and was then reared in the laboratory to obtain larval specimens. The sensilla on the cephalic segments of larvae were observed by SEM. Results The cephalic segment bore an antenno-maxillary sensory complex formed by the antenna (a big coeloconic sensillum), three big coeloconic sensilla, three basiconic sensilla, and six small coeloconic sensilla on the inner surface of maxillary palp, and two big coeloconic sensilla on the outer surface of maxillary palp. A pair of pit sensilla were observed on the oral groove, and each labial organ was equipped with a big coeloconic sensillum and a pit sensillum. Conclusion The new morphological characteristics of the larvae of Calliphoridae, such as the pit sensillum on labial organ and the small coeloconic sensilla on maxillary palp, are discovered. The small coeloconic sensilla can be used as a morphological characteristic for identification of the second-instar larvae of L. sericata.
Objective To survey the number of species, species diversity, and faunal characteristics of Calyptratae in Liupanshan National Nature Reserve of Ningxia, China. Methods The study was conducted by biodiversity analysis and insect taxonomy. Results There were 424 species, 180 genera, and 10 families of Calyptratae in the Liupanshan National Nature Reserve. Tachinidae, accounting for 53.33% and 43.16% of all known Calyptratae genera and species in this area respectively, were predominant at both genus and species levels. In terms of faunal distribution, there were 140 Palaearctic species, 192 Palaearctic and Oriental species, and 81 wide-distribution species which were distributed in three or more zoogeographic realms, accounting for 33.02%, 45.28%, and 19.10%, respectively, of all known species in this area. Besides, there were 6 indigenous species, accounting for 1.42%. The diversity indices at the genus and species levels were 1.48 and 1.57, respectively. Conclusion Species diversity and faunal diversity exist in Calyptratae in the Liupanshan National Nature Reserve of Ningxia. The faunal composition mainly includes Palaearctic and Oriental species, followed by Palaearctic species and other faunal components.
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Yunnan province, China and to provide reference for the prevention and control of HFRS. Methods The data on HFRS cases in Yunnan were collected to establish a database using Excel 2003. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 to evaluate the incidence and mortality of HFRS, as well as the geographical, seasonal, and population distributions of the cases; analysis of variance was used to determine the regional differences in incidence, and linear correlation analysis was used to determine the population distribution of HFRS. Results From 1976 to 2012, a total of 876 cases of HFRS were reported in Yunnan province, and 50 cases were fatal; the average annual incidence was 0.058/100 000, the average annual mortality rate was 0.0042/100 000, and the fatality was 5.71%. Two epidemic peaks occurred in 1984-1987 and 1998-2006. The cases of HFRS were reported in 75 county-level regions (counties, cities, or districts) of 14 prefecture-level regions (prefectures or cities) in Yunnan. There were significant differences in the incidence of HFRS among the prefecture-level regions. The main epidemic areas (prefecture-level regions) were Kunming, Honghe, Chuxiong, and Dali, where 80.48% of all cases occurred, and particularly 35.50% of all cases were reported in Kunming. The epidemic areas were distributed in the central and northwestern regions at 1500-2500 m elevation; few cases were reported in the mountainous areas (>2500 m elevation) and low-elevation areas (<1500 m elevation) in the southwestern region. The incidence of this disease was found through the whole year, and the epidemic peak was in spring and summer. Young and middle-aged male farmers were the main affected population. Conclusion HFRS cases are widely distributed in Yunnan province, and the central and northwestern basin areas at 1600-2000 m elevation are the main epidemic areas. The surveillance and control of HFRS should be strengthened in the main epidemic areas.
Objective To establish the relationship between mosquito fauna as well as population densities and land use for providing reference for the early warning and surveillance of mosquitoes using 3S technology. Methods From March to December in 2010-2011, a sampling was conducted on the mosquito communities in the construction land, rural land, wetland, forest land, and farmland in Wuxi, Jiangsu province, China. The surface objects of construction land, farm land, green land, wetland, static water body, and livestock in the 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 m buffer areas of each study site were analyzed by 3S technology (Remote Sensing, Geography Information Systems, and Global Positioning Systems). The relationship between mosquito communities and land use was determined by redundancy analysis (RDA) using Canoco 4.53. Results The Monte Carlo permutation test confirmed the statistical significance of the relationship between mosquitoes and environment variables determined by RDA (axisⅠ: F=42.198, P=0.002; total axis: F=17.616, P=0.002). The sum of all canonical eigenvalues was the highest (0.889) for the mosquito communities and the land use in the 250 m buffer area of study site. The forward selection analysis showed that mosquito communities were significantly correlated with the construction land, livestock, farm land, green land, and wetland (P<0.01), but had no significant correlation with the static water body (P>0.05). The RDA biplot showed that Culex pipiens pallens was significantly positively correlated with the wetland, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Anopheles sinensis, and Armigeres subalbatus were significantly positively correlated with the livestock (>farm land), Ar. subalbatus was significantly positively correlated with the farm land (>livestock), and Aedes albopictus was significantly positively correlated with the construction land. Conclusion Predominant mosquito species have significant correlation with land use features, and 3S technology can be used for the early warning and surveillance of dominant mosquito species at the target areas. In Wuxi, the land use is significantly associated with specific mosquito communities, which should be taken into consideration in formulating strategies and practices for mosquito management.
Objective To establish the relationship between hantavirus harborage and genetic factors in Rattus norvegicus. Methods The genomic DNAs of R. norvegicus carrying hantavirus and those not carrying hantavirus were amplified by microsatellite PCR. The positive and negative samples in the same area were compared in terms of ten microsatellite loci. Results The 48 lung samples from the R. norvegicus captured in the epidemic areas of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome were rechecked, and 8 positive samples (carrying hantavirus) and 16 negative samples (not carrying hantavirus) in the same area were selected. There were no significant differences between the positive samples and negative samples at 8 microsatellite foci, and it was not stable at the other two loci. Conclusion There are no significant differences between R. norvegicus carrying hantavirus and those not carrying hantavirus at the 10 microsatellite loci.
Objective Rodent infestation monitoring is the foundation for rodent management in farmlands. The current study is to evaluate rodent population dynamics in the farmlands in Guangdong province, China, to compare the rodent density indices reflected by different methods, and to provide important baseline data for population management. Methods The rodent trace method and night trapping method were successively used to determine the rodent densities in the sampling areas. Rodent trace method: Two test lines were set along the irrigation channel or ridge, with a distance of more than 50 m in between; 50 mud stations (20 cm×20 cm) were set at a gap of 5 m on each test line. Night trapping method: Three hundred traps were set at night in each month; the distance between two traps was 5 m, and the distance between two test lines was more than 50 m; these traps were placed at night and collected in the morning of the next day. Results In the farmlands in Guangdong, the annual fluctuation in the density of rodent pests presented a bimodal pattern, and there were two peaks (in August and December) and two valleys (in September and February-March) every year. The capture rate, positive rate of rodent traces, and rodent trace index reflected the fluctuation in rodent population well and showed a significant linear positive correlation between each other; the linear regression equations were as follows: capture rate (Y)-positive rate of rodent traces (X): Y=0.115X＋1.119; capture rate (Y)-rodent trace index (X): Y=0.333X-1.078; positive rate of rodent traces (Y)-rodent trace index (X): Y=2.766X-16.332. Conclusion Night trapping method and rodent trace method have different advantages in the assessment of rodent populations in Guangdong farmlands and should be selected strategically according to specific circumstances.
Objective To determine the insecticide resistance of Culex pipiens pallens from different regions of Zhejiang province, China, to analyze the resistance phenotypes and genotypes of Cx. pipiens pallens and their association, and to provide a baseline data for the mosquito control in Zhejiang. Methods The larva dipping method was used to determine the insecticide resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens from four regions of Zhejiang province, and the genotypes were studied by PCR amplification and sequencing. Results The insecticide resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens varied greatly across different regions of Zhejiang, and beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, allethrin, DDVP, acetofenate, or propoxur had a median lethal concentration difference of 2.1 to 42.8 times, with the greatest variations in beta-cypermethrin. The Zhoushan strain had a significantly higher pyrethroid resistance than the strains from other regions. The pyrethroid resistance-associated vssc gene of Zhoushan strain had high polymorphism, and some samples had three neighboring fragment deletions (20 bp, 53 bp, and 40 bp) in the intron region of vssc gene. Conclusion The insecticide resistance phenotype varies greatly in Cx. pipiens pallens from different regions of Zhejiang. The kdr gene of Zhoushan strain has complex polymorphism, further study is warranted to determine whether it is the immediate cause of the change in resistance phenotype.
Objective To develop and evaluate a practical knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP) questionnaire on clonorchiasis for residents. Methods In consideration of the local epidemical history, the questionnaire was designed based on literature review and interviews with local residents in the epidemic area of clonorchiasis. Two rounds of expert evaluation were performed to delete and modify the items of questionnaire, and expert analysis of content validity index (CVI) was performed. In addition, questionnaire survey was performed in 60-100 local residents twice at an interval of two weeks to determine the test-retest reliability (TRR). Results The CVIs in the aspects of topic relevance, language clarity, and language simplicity were 0.918, 0.978, and 0.972, respectively. The overall TRR coefficient (r) was 0.823 (P<0.01), and r was 0.740 in the knowledge part and 0.609 in the attitude part (P<0.01). Conclusion This questionnaire has good validity and reliability. It is suitable for the KAP survey of residents in the epidemic area of clonorchiasis and the evaluation of health education in the epidemic area.
Objective To study the taxonomy of the genus Haemolaelaps from China. Methods The study was conducted by the morphological taxonomy and comparative morphology of the organism. Results Twenty-three species of the genus Haemolaelaps from China were recorded, and a new key to the species of the genus Haemolaelaps was established. Conclusion This study provides the baseline data for the distribution and classification of the genus Haemolaelaps from China.
Objective To determine the species diversity of Ceratopogonidae in Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve of Guizhou province, China. Methods The light trap and insect net were used to capture midges. Results In the Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve, 28 species of 4 genera belonging to 3 subfamilies of Ceratopogonidae were found, including 9 species of 1 genus belonging to the subfamily Ceratopogoninae, 12 species of 2 genus belonging to the subfamily Forcipomyiinae, and 7 species of 1 genera belonging to the subfamily Dasyheleinae. Conclusion This study provides baseline data for the systematic research on Ceratopogonidae in China.
Objective To determine the species composition and originations of imported cockroaches at Shanghai Yangshan port. Methods The imported cockroaches were identified by wing spreading, dissection of male genitalia, and observation of the scanning pictures under SteREO V12 dissecting microscope. Results In total, 38 species of 26 genera of imported cockroaches were identified in Shanghai Yangshan port. These cockroaches were from various places, and 89.47% of them were from Asia, Africa, and America. Thirty species of cockroaches were first intercepted in Shanghai, and 8 species were closely related to human dwellings. Conclusion There are numerous species of imported cockroaches in Shanghai Yangshan port, and they are from various places and very likely to cause public health concern. It is necessary to enhance the quarantine inspection of imported freight.
Objective To assess the risk of vector-borne diseases in Tianjin, China by risk recognition and assessment methods and to prevent the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases. Methods The risk of vector-borne diseases was graded by comprehensively analyzing the probability and consequence of risk events. Results In Tianjin, the density of rodents decreased year by year from 2008 to 2012 (0.64%-0.19%); the captured rodents had a negative indirect hemagglutination test for plague F1 antibody; hantavirus was detected in 0.85% of rodents in 2011 but not in 2012. The mean densities of mosquitoes were 14.11, 15.04, 16.64, 18.82, and 11.09 mosquitoes/lamp·h; no pathogens were detected in mosquitoes in recent years. In Tianjin, the prevalence of mosquito-borne diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and Japanese encephalitis, and rodent-borne diseases, such as plague and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, were at low risk. Conclusion Certain risk of vector-borne diseases does exist in Tianjin. In order to prevent and control the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases, it is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of vector density and pathogens carried by main vectors, enhance the knowledge among residents, and make good preparation for the potential introduction and disposal of vector-borne pathogens.
Objective To assess the progress and issues of the development of dog bite injury clinics since the Zhejiang Accreditation Standards for Dog Bite Injury Clinics (Tentative) (Zhejiang provincial Department of Public Health [2010] No. 50) was inaugurated, and to further improve the relevant standards for the development of dog bite injury clinics. Methods The assessment plan and questionnaire were developed, and trained staff conducted field survey of all dog bite injury clinics in Zhejiang province. A database was established using EpiData 3.0, and data analysis was performed using Excel. Results In 2011, there were 703 dog bite injury clinics in Zhejiang province; of these dog bite injury clinics, 79.23% were located in township health centers, 26.46% were operated independently, 68.71% provided full services, 9.39% had a facility smaller than 15 m2, 39.12% had no cold and hot water supplies, 8.96% had no wound irrigation devices, and 3.27% had no availability of first-aid supplies. There were 7 medical workers on average in each dog bite injury clinic, and 5.85% of all clinics had no medical staff on holidays and during night. Conclusion Compared with the situation in 2008, the standardized development of dog bite injury clinics in Zhejiang province was improved overall in 2011, but with great variations among different regions. Further study is warranted to improve the access to health services after dog bite injury, and the location, number, and configuration of dog bite injury facilities should be reconsidered.
Objective To identify the species of gamasid mites in the military camps in Shandong province, China and evaluate the gamasid mite control efficacy. Methods Gamasid mites were collected from rodent bodies and subject to taxonomic identification. Integrated control measures based on environmental management and chemical application were exercised to control gamasid mites. Results A total of 1293 gamasid mites (28 species, 13 genera, and 6 families) were collected from 25 military camps distributed in 18 prefecture-level regions of Shandong; 35.12% of rodents carried mites, and the mean mite index was 1.47 mites/rodent. The number of captured gamasid mites varied greatly at different survey sites. The dominant species of gamasid mites differed significantly across the military camps in different regions. Conclusion There are diverse species of gamasid mites in and around the military camps in Shandong province. Good gamasid mite control efficacy can be achieved by integrated management including effective rodent control in military camps.
Objective To compare the results of fixed and mobile monitoring for optimizing the surveillance program for Aedes albopictus. Methods From May to October 2012, 5 fixed sites were selected for the larval population monitoring of Ae. albopictus; meanwhile, at least 7 villages were selected as mobile monitoring sites in each month. Fifty households were monitored in each village. The data at each monitoring site were collected, and the breteau index (BI), container index (CI), and house index (HI) were calculated. The monitoring data obtained by the two methods were subject to analysis of variance and correlation analysis. Results The average BI, CI, and HI at fixed monitoring sites were 5.20, 15.55%, and 4.53%, respectively. BI varied slightly in different months, but the value in October was significantly lower than those in other months. The average BIs in Jiulian of Jiangdong, Qingsu of Yiting, Jiangwan of Choujiang, Siqian of Houzhai, and Dongqianwang of Choucheng were 4.67, 2.33, 4.67, 8.00, and 6.33, respectively. The analysis of variance showed that the average BI at different fixed monitoring sites varied insignificantly from May to October. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed no significant correlation between the BIs in different months at each monitoring site. The average BIs at mobile monitoring sites from May to October were 5.43, 8.60, 2.00, 5.00, 1.60 and 1.64, respectively. In each month, the average BI at fixed monitoring sites was not significantly correlated with that at mobile monitoring sites. Conclusion Fixed monitoring can reflect the temporal change in the density of Ae. albopictus, and mobile monitoring can expand the monitored area and improve the representativeness of monitoring data. The two methods can be combined to improve the monitoring of Ae. albopictus.
Objective To address the current issues of pest control operation (PCO) and pest control workers in Tianjin, China and to promote the specialized and standardized development of PCO companies in Tianjin. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in 165 pest control workers who were trained in 2010-2011 to address their general concerns and to determine their awareness of pest control knowledge. One pest control worker was randomly selected from each PCO company. Results The pest control workers in Tianjin had a young age structure; there were still some workers with low educational levels; the workers had short lengths of service and low wage levels. The PCO companies in Tianjin are small in size, have small market coverage and distinct regional characteristics, severe price competition in the low-end market, and low degree of specialization. Some companies sought short-term profits and had no operation standardization. The pest control workers in Tianjin had a relatively high awareness of fly and rodent control knowledge but a relatively low awareness of mosquito and cockroach control knowledge, and their awareness of integrated control of insect-borne diseases was particularly low. Conclusion The Pest Management Association must regulate and provide professional training of pest control workers, and establish the principle that chemical control is only part of the integrated pest management. It is necessary to promote category-specific regulations for pesticides, adaptation of relevant regulations and standards, quality control of third-part service, establishment of liability insurance, etc., so that the PCO companies are transformed into pest management professional companies and are more environment-friendly, specialized, and institutionalized.
Objective To determine the feeding preferences of the workers of Reticulitermes flaviceps for the Pinus massoniana wood flour treated with Auricularia auricularis (Gray), Gloeophyllum trabeum (Pers.), Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis), and Poria cocos (Schwein.) and to provide a scientific proof for developing new termite control bait. Methods The P. massoniana wood flour treated with different wood-rotting fungi and untreated wood flour were placed in PVC cylinders which were connected with glass pipes. The workers of R. flaviceps were allowed to visit different cylinders and feed on the wood flour ad libitum. The number of workers in each cylinder and the amount of wood flour consumed by them were determined. Results The P. massoniana wood flour treated with various wood-rotting fungi had different attractiveness to the workers of R. flaviceps. The wood flour treated with G. trabeum attracted the most workers (86.4±8.7), followed by that treated with A. auricularis (48.8±1.9), P. cocos (33.2±3.6), and G. lucidum (21.8±3.9); the numbers of workers attracted by the wood flour treated with these wood-rotting fungi were 8.8, 5.0, 3.4, and 2.2 times, respectively, as compared with those of workers attracted by untreated wood flour. However, among all treated wood flour, only that treated with G. trabeum, A. auricularis, and P. cocos were significantly preferred by the workers of R. flaviceps, and the consumptions of the wood flour treated with G. trabeum, A. auricularis, and P. cocos were 5.0, 3.1, and 2.3 times, respectively, as those of untreated wood flour. Conclusion The workers of R. flaviceps show significant preference for the P. massoniana wood flour treated with G. trabeum, A. auricularis, and P. cocos. It is recommended to use these wood-rotting fungi to treat bait material when developing new termite control bait in the future, so as to improve the control effect on R. flaviceps.
Objective To describe the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies in Qingdao, China from 2008 to 2012. Methods The epidemic data of human rabies cases from 2008 to 2012 were collected and analyzed, and brain samples were taken from suspected rabid dogs. Rabies virus was identified with both direct fluorescent antibody assay and RT-PCR. All data were subject to descriptive analysis. Results From 2008 to 2012, a total of 29 human rabies cases were reported in city of Qingdao, which were distributed in 7 districts or county-level cities. The incidence continuously increased from 2008 to 2011, and the highest was 0.15/100 000. Rural cases accounted for 96.55% of all cases. The incidence in city of Pingdu was 0.29/100 000, the highest among all districts and county-level cities. The number of cases during July and December was 3.14 times as that during January and June, the peak occurred in November. The male-to-female ratio was 2.22:1. The ages of the cases ranged from 27 to 79 years and 72.41% were aged 30-59 years. Farmers constituted 93.10% of all cases. Categories Ⅱ and Ⅲ rabies exposure accounted for 24.14% and 75.86%, respectively. Of all cases, wounds in 86.21% were untreated, 93.10% were not immunized with rabies vaccine, and 100% were not injected passive immunization against rabies. The incubation period was 14-413 d (median, 80.5 d). Sixteen cases were bitten by domestic dogs, 12 cases were bitten by stray dogs, and 1 was exposed when slaughtering dogs. Of 5 brain samples from suspected rabid dogs, 3 were positive for rabies virus. Conclusion From 2008 to 2012, the epidemic area of rabies expanded in Qingdao, the number of human rabies cases increased noticeably, and most of them were farmers. Lack of preventive care after exposure was the main cause of rabies. Therefore, emphasis should be given to post-exposure preventive care, and integrated measures should be implemented for the prevention and control of rabies.
Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Jinhua, China from 2007 to 2012 and to provide the foundation for prevention and control of JE. Methods The data on JE was collected from the reporting system for JE, and the epidemiological characteristics of JE in Jinhua during 2007-2012 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology. Results From 2007 to 2012, a total of 33 cases of JE were reported in Jinhua, and 1 case was fatal; the average incidence rate was 0.11/100 000. The cases were mainly distributed in cities of Yiwu, Dongyang and Yongkang. Thirty-two (96.97%) of all cases were aged under 15 years. The migrant population from other provinces accounted for 72.73% of all cases. The peak season was during July to August. No history of immunization was found in 84.85% of all patients. According to the vector surveillance, Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquitoes, accounting for 63.73%. Conclusion From 2007 to 2012, the migrant children from other province, who had no history of immunization with JE, constituted a large proportion of JE cases in Jinhua. Therefore, effective JE control measures should be taken to reinforce the vaccination among migrant children and strengthen the personal protection against mosquitoes in migrant population. Meanwhile, the surveillance of mosquito vectors and reservoir hosts should be conducted.
This article briefly reviews the research on Calyptratae in Sichuan province, China based on the data collected from field studies of Calyptratae over the past 50 years, especially during the last 30 years of economic reform and opening policies. In conjunction with the information provided by historical literature, the current paper provides basic data for relevant organizations and staff engaged in research on flies and other vectors.
In May 2013, more than 100 live cockroaches in the postal parcels from Germany were first intercepted by Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau. This event attracted extensive media attention. This article describes the current situation of keeping pet cockroaches worldwide, analyzes the risk of biological invasion of pet cockroaches, enumerates several foreign regulations for keeping or posting pet cockroaches, and gives some advices on the quarantine supervision for preventing the introduction of pet cockroaches. This article provides reference for better preventing the biological invasion of vectors of public health at frontier ports.
