Objective: To analyze the allocation of plague prevention professionals and laboratory testing capabilities in prefectural and county-level institutions for disease control and prevention (ICDs), including center for disease control and prevention and institute of endemic disease control, in Hebei Province, China, evaluate the plague prevention capability of disease control and prevention institutions, identify weaknesses, propose prevention and control suggestions, so as to enhance the plague response capability of the ICDs across the province, and establish a scientific evaluation methodology for plague control and prevention capacity. Methods: A combination of questionnaire survey and on-site verification was used to investigate the plague prevention professionals, laboratory setup, test items, and reagent reserves in 14 prefectural ICDs (covering the two provincially-administered county-level cities of Xinji and Dingzhou, and Xiongan New Area) and their respective county-level centers for disease control in Hebei Province in January 2025. Data were organized and analyzed using Excel 2010 and SPSS 26.0 softwares. Results: The workforces of IDCs in plague control key prefectures and counties (cities and districts) (hereinafter called key prefectural and county-level IDCs) demonstrated higher proportions of personnel with associate senior titles or above, bachelor's degree or higher, preventive medicine major and aged > 50 than in non-key prefectures and counties (cities and districts). The differences in the composition ratios of professional titles, educational backgrounds, majors, and age groups among personnel were statistically significant between key and non-key prefectural and county levels IDCs (χ2=11.372, P=0.008; χ2=7.860, P=0.020; χ2=8.230, P=0.016; χ2=15.467, P=0.001). No statistically significant difference existed in plague detection capabilities between key and non-key prefectural institutions (Z=1.722, P=0.085), whereas a significant difference was found between key and non-key county-level institutions (Z=4.865, P < 0.001), with key county-level institutions demonstrating higher plague detection capabilities. Conclusions: In 2025, 12 key prefectural and county-level ICDs for plague prevention in Hebei Province face issues of aging plague prevention professionals and reserve talent shortages. However, they have more laboratory test items for plague, more sufficient reagent reserves, and higher plague prevention capabilities compared with non-key institutions. The 176 non-key prefectural and county-level institutions face challenges such as insufficient plague prevention professionals, weak professional abilities, few test items for plague, and reagent shortages, necessitating the strengthening of plague prevention capability. It is recommended to further consolidate the plague prevention capabilities of prefectural and county-level institutions in Hebei Province by increasing talent reserve, optimizing resource allocation, and intensifying training.