Objective To investigate the distribution of small mammals species and their carrying status of pathogens in some areas of Zibo, Shandong Province, China. Methods From 2022 to 2023, small mammals were captured using the mouse trap method and rat cage method in Linzi District and Huantai County of Zibo City. Small mammals tissue samples were tested for Hantavirus, Dabie bandavirus, Leptospira, Rickettsia typhi, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Bartonella using quantitative real-time PCR. The data were entered and analyzed using Excel 2013 and SPSS 24.0 softwares, and the detection rates were compared using Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results A total of 439 small mammals were captured, including 294 Rattus norvegicus, 23 Mus musculus, 61 Rattus tanezumi, 57 Apodemus agrarius, 1 Niviventer confucianus, 1 Alexandromys fortis, and 2 small mammals belonging to the genus Sorex, accounting for 66.97%, 5.24%, 13.89%, 12.98%, 0.23%, 0.23%, and 0.46%, respectively. The pathogen test results showed that 66 of 439 rodents carried pathogens, with a positive rate of 15.03%. Specifically, 18 lung tissue mixed samples tested positive for Hantavirus, all of which were subtypes of Seoul virus (SEOV), with a positive rate of 4.10%. Fifty-three liver, kidney, and spleen tissue mixed samples tested positive for Bartonella, with a positive rate of 12.07%. The positive rate of Hantavirus in R. norvegicus was 6.12%. The positive rates of Bartonella were significantly different between R. norvegicus, M. musculus, and A. agrarius (12.24%, 4.35%, and 28.07%, respectively, χ2=11.775, P=0.003). Hantavirus and Bartonella were only detected in Linzi District, while Hantavirus was distributed in Jinshan Town and Qiling Sub-district, and Bartonella was solely distributed in Jinshan Town. Hantavirus was detected in small mammals from only two habitats: rural residential areas and key industries, with positive rates of 4.00% and 5.58%, respectively. Bartonella was detected in four habitats: rural residential areas, farmland, key industries, and alpine vegetation. There were significant differences in positive rates of Bartonella between the four habitats (P=0.005). Conclusions Small mammals in Zibo are infected with Hantavirus and Bartonella. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of rodent-borne pathogens and related diseases in key areas and develop appropriate prevention and control strategies for corresponding areas.
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