Objective To establish the susceptibility baseline of Musca domestica to pyrethroid insecticides, and to analyze the knockdown resistance gene polymorphism in some wild populations of M. domestica in Henan province, China.Methods The susceptible strain of M. domestica was a laboratory population that had not been exposed to any insecticides. The wild populations were collected in Kaifeng, Anyang, Nanyang, Zhumadian, and Hebi cities in 2019-2021. Topical application method was used to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of permethrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin in female adult flies. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) was used to determine the genotypes and mutation rates of knockdown resistance genes. Spearman correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between mutation rate and LD50. DNA sequencing was used to verified the results of AS-PCR.Results The LD50 of permethrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin was 0.151 0, 0.077 2, and 0.166 6 μg/♀ in the susceptible strain, 0.321 6, 0.130 6, and 2.235 4 μg/♀ in Kaifeng population, 0.867 7, 0.459 2, and 1.591 6 μg/♀ in Anyang population, 5.173 7, 1.037 2, and 0.416 1 μg/♀ in Nanyang population, 0.634 1, 0.108 2, and 0.262 4 μg/♀ in Zhumadian population, and 2.745 0, 1.102 9, and 2.556 0 μg/♀ in Hebi population, respectively. Only one genotype, i.e. sensitive homozygote, was detected in the susceptible strain. Five genotypes were detected in the wild populations, including sensitive homozygote (L/L), sensitive/1014F heterozygote (L/F), sensitive/1014H heterozygote (L/H), 1014F/1014H heterozygote (F/H), and 1014H homozygote (H/H). Mutation rates in the wild populations were 14.84%, 17.97%, 13.28%, 10.16%, and 20.31%, respectively. The correlation test showed that the resistance to beta-cypermethrin was related to L1014H mutation. Five genotypes from 130 M. domestica samples were sequenced, and the accuracy of AS-PCR results was 79.23%.Conclusions The susceptibility baseline of M. domestica to pyrethroid insecticides is established in Henan, and this baseline can be used as a reference value for insecticide resistance monitoring. AS-PCR can be used for routine monitoring of resistance genes in M. domestica.
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