Objective To study the repellent effect of allicin on larvae of Haemaphysalis longicornis and the duration of action of allicin long-acting repellent.Methods The repellent effect of allicin solution (0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,3.0,and 4.0 mg/ml) on larvae of H. longicornis was studied using an in vitro filter paper repellent device,and the repellent concentration 50(RC50) and repellent concentration 100(RC100) were calculated.The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the repellent effect every 48 h between different concentrations and dosage forms of allicin and three commercially available repellents (1% repellent ester long-lasting repellent,OFF repellent liquid,and Liushen Florida Water) and to determine its duration of action.Results When the concentration of allicin ranged from 0.5 mg/ml to 4.0 mg/ml,the repellent rate of allicin to larvae of H. longicornis increased gradually with the increase in concentration,and reached the maximum (100%) at 4.0 mg/ml;the RC50 and RC100 were 1.79 mg/ml and 3.52 mg/ml,respectively.The repellent efficacy of 0.5%,1.0%,and 3.0% allicin long-acting repellents was significantly higher than that of the respective water emulsion treatment group within 10 days (all P<0.05).Compared with the commercially available repellents,1.0% and 3.0% allicin long-acting repellents showed a better repellent activity against larvae of H. longicornis within 12 days.Conclusion 0.5%,1.0%,and 3.0% allicin long-acting repellents have the longest duration of action of 12,14,and 16 days,respectively and the effective protection duration of 2,4,and 6 days,respectively,and their repellent effect is better than that of commercially available repellents.
[1] Barradas TN,Lopes LMA,Ricci-Júnior E,et al. Development and characterization of micellar systems for application as insect repellents[J]. Int J Pharm,2013,454(2):633-640. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.050.
[2] 李慧,刘辉,张兴.植物源蚊虫驱避剂的研究与应用[J].中华卫生杀虫药械,2018,24(2):199-202. DOI:10.19821/j.1671-2781.2018.02.026. Li H,Liu H,Zhang X. Research and application of botanical mosquito repellents[J]. Chin J Hyg Insect Equip,2018,24(2):199-202. DOI:10.19821/j.1671-2781.2018.02.026.(in Chinese)
[3] Greive KA,Barnes TM. In vitro comparison of four treatments which discourage infestation by head lice[J]. Parasitol Res,2012,110(5):1695-1699. DOI:10.1007/s00436-011-2687-7.
[4] Carr AL, Salgado VL. Ticks home in on body heat:A new understanding of Haller's organ and repellent action[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(8):23-31.
[5] Dautel H,Kahl O,Siems K,et al. A novel test system for detection of tick repellents[J]. Entomol Exp Appl,1999,91(3)431-441. DOI:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00511.x.
[6] McMahon C,Krober T,Guerin PM. In vitro assays for repellents and deterrents for ticks:Differing effects of products when tested with attractant or arrestment stimuli[J]. Med Vet Entomol,2003,17(4)370-378. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2003.00453.x.
[7] Carroll JF,Klun JA,Debboun M. Repellency of Deet and SS220 applied to skin involves olfactory sensing by two species of ticks[J]. Med Vet Entomol,2005,19(1):101-106. DOI:10.1111/j. 0269-283X.2005.00559.x.
[8] Dautel H,Cranna R. Assessment of repellency and mortality of a imidacloprid+permethrin spot-on solution against Ixodes holocyclus using a moving object bioassay[J]. Aus Vet Pract,2006,36(4):136-147.
[9] 陶波,张大伟.蚊虫驱避剂的研究进展[J].东北农业大学学报,2014,45(2):123-128. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9369. 2014.02.020. Tao B,Zhang DW. Research advance of mosquito repellents[J]. J Northeast Agric Univ,2014,45(2):123-128. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9369.2014.02.020.(in Chinese)
[10] 向婧洁,钟延强,樊莉,等.蚊虫驱避剂新进展[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2013,24(1):79-82. Xiang JJ,Zhong YQ,Fan L,et al. Advances in mosquito repellent[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control,2013,24(1):79-82.(in Chinese)
[11] 张咏梅,孙雯雯,李培羽,等.对驱避剂的剂型及成分的试验研究[J].医学动物防制,1996,12(1):23-25. Zhang YM,Sun WW,Li PY,et al. Experimental study on dosage form and composition of repellent[J]. Chin J Pest Control,1996,12(1):23-25.(in Chinese)
[12] 董桂蕃,董言德,董瑞武,等.驱避剂新剂型的研究[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,1998,9(3):198-201. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4692.1998.03.014. Dong GF,Dong YD,Dong RW,et al. Studies on the new formulation of repellent[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control,1998,9(3):198-201. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-4692.1998.03.014.(in Chinese)
[13] Yim WT,Bhandari B,Jackson L,et al. Repellent effects of Melaleuca alternifolia(tea tree) oil against cattle tick larvae (Rhipicephalus australis) when formulated as emulsions and in β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes[J]. Vet Parasitol,2016,225:99-103. DOI:10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.007.
[14] Qiu H,Jun HW,McCall JW. Pharmacokinetics,formulation,and safety of insect repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet):A review[J]. J Am Mosq Control Assoc,1998,14(1):12-27.
[15] Abdel-Ghaffar F,Al-Quraishy S,Mehlhorn H. Length of tick repellency depends on formulation of the repellent compound (icaridin=Saltidin®):Tests on Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus placed on hands and clothes[J]. Parasitol Res,2015,114(8):3041-3045. DOI:10.1007/s00436-015-4506-z.
[16] Debboun M,Frances SP,Strickman S. Insect repellents:Principles,methods,and uses[M]. Boca Raton:CRC Press,2007:245-260.收稿日期:2022-06-27本文编辑:陈秀丽
[33] Chen B,Liu QY. Dengue fever in China[J]. Lancet,2015,385(9978):1621-1622. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60793-0.
[34] Yan MH,Niu WQ. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in China[J]. Lancet Infect Dis,2018,18(11):1180-1181. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30569-3.
[35] Aryaprema VS,Xue RD. Breteau index as a promising early warning signal for dengue fever outbreaks in the Colombo district,Sri Lanka[J]. Acta Trop,2019,199:105155. DOI:10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105155.
[36] Cao YY,Lu GY,Zhou HY,et al. Case-based malaria surveillance and response:Implementation of 1-3-7 approach in Jiangsu province,China[J]. Adv Parasitol,2022,116:1-31. DOI:10.1016/bs.apar.2022.04.003.
[37] 任东升,刘起勇,孟凤霞,等.关于国标《病媒生物应急监测与控制震灾》的编写[J].中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2013,24(3):241-243. Ren DS,Liu QY,Meng FX,et al. Study on national standard"vector surveillance and control in emergencies-earthquake disaster"[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control,2013,24(3):241-243.(in Chinese)
[38] Gao PJ,Pilot E,Rehbock C,et al. Land use and land cover change and its impacts on dengue dynamics in China:A systematic review[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis,2021,15(10):e0009879. DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009879.
[39] Liu QY,Xu WB,Lu S,et al. Landscape of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in China:Impact of ecology,climate,and behavior[J]. Front Med,2018,12(1):3-22. DOI:10.1007/s11684-017-0605-9.
