Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of small mammals and their parasitic fleas in the border area of Menglian Dai, Lahu and Wa Autonomous County (Menglian county), Yunnan province, China, and to provide basic data for the surveillance and control of vector-borne diseases. Methods In November 2020, two border townships in Menglian county were selected as the survey sites. The cage and clip trapping methods were used to investigate the species composition and density of small mammals in three habitats (residential areas, farming areas, and forest areas). Afterwards, ectoparasitic fleas were collected from the small mammals and the flea infestation rate and flea index were calculated. The ecological approach was used to analyze the species composition and distribution of the small mammals. The β-diversity index was used to analyze the community similarity. The Chi-square test was used to compare the capture rate between different habitats. Results A total of 313 small mammals were captured, which belonged to 15 species from 9 genera, 4 families, and 3 orders. Rattus tanezumi (47.60%), R. andamanensis (20.13%), and Suncus murinus (10.86%) were the dominant species. The capture rate in residential areas was 3.25%, and most were R. tanezumi (97.44%), while R. tanezumi, R. andamanensis,and S. murinus were the dominant species in farming and forest areas. The sorensen coefficient value of small mammals in farming and forest areas was 0.80, with a relatively high community similarity. The capture rates in farming and forest areas were 18.42% and 19.20%, respectively, with no statistical difference between the two habitats (χ2=0.146, P=0.703). Furthermore, a total of 99 fleas were collected and classified into 7 species of 7 genera of 4 families of 1 order, with a mean flea index of 0.32. Xenopsylla cheopis (69.70%) and Palaeopsylla remota (20.20%) were the dominant species. Conclusion The main hosts and vectors of plague are widely distributed in the border area of Menglian county, Yunnan province, and the capture rate of small mammal and their flea index are relatively high in some areas. It is suggested that continuous surveillance should be performed, and preventive rodent and flea control should be carried out in areas with high rodent and flea densities to reduce the risk of rodent-borne diseases.
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