Objective To investigate the developmental stage, species composition, and habitat of overwintering mosquitoes in the urban environment of Jiangsu province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for mosquito control and early warning of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods A survey of overwintering mosquitoes was conducted in relatively warm places during winter in the central urban and suburban areas of Nanjing, Xuzhou, Changzhou, Suzhou, Zhenjiang, Suqian, and Yangzhong, Jiangsu province, China from January 7 to 17, 2019. The resting collection method was used for adult mosquitoes, and the pipette method and spoon method were used for larvae. Results A total of 1 237 adult mosquitoes of four species were captured, including Culex pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Anopheles sinensis, and Aedes albopictus. The proportion of Cx. pipiens pallens was 99.43%. The density of Cx. pipiens pallens was high in storied buildings’ bottom-level stairwell, basements, underground garages, suburban private houses, and public toilets, being 16.79, 11.07, 15.61, 18.86, and 13.50 mosquitoes/habitat, respectively. Three female Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were found in a livestock shed of Jianglou village, Pantang subdistrict, Yunlong district, Xuzhou. Three female An. sinensis mosquitoes were found in the basements of the watchtower and watch-the-river pavilion in Binjiang Park of Yangzhong. One male Ae. albopictus mosquito was found in an underground garage of Yuhuaketing neighbourhood in Yuhuatai district, Nanjing. A total of 461 Cx. pipiens pallens larvae were captured in basements’ or underground garages’ water-collecting wells, basements’ drains, containers with still water, low-lying spots with still water, and sewage pool. One Cx. pipiens pallens egg raft was collected in the water-collecting well of the underground garage of Olympic Sports Center in Xinbei district, Changzhou. In the places with both male and female mosquitoes, 42.86% (21/49) of female Cx. pipiens pallens had fat body accumulation, 16.33% (8/49) had signs of blood sucking, and 32.65% (16/49) had signs of ovarian development, of which seven ovaries presented eggs. Conclusion Cx. pipiens pallens is the dominant overwintering mosquito species in the urban environment of Jiangsu province. The overwintering places mainly include storied buildings’ bottom-level stairwell, underground garages, basements, suburban private houses, and public toilets. When environmental conditions are suitable in underground garages, basements, etc., Cx. pipiens pallens can survive a relatively warm winter as adults, larvae, and eggs. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis can live in livestock sheds and basements in suburban areas.
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