目的 观察和比较印鼠客蚤、猫栉首蚤和缓慢细蚤3种蚤类幼虫的触角及肛柱形态，测量和比较触角长与触角间距比值、肛柱长与肛柱间距比值及差异，探讨和建立对幼虫可量化的数值分类与鉴定的方法。方法 在温度（24±1）℃，相对湿度（80±10）%的条件下，以小白鼠为供血动物，采用常规饲养和平皿中培育的方法获得3种蚤类幼虫，体式解剖镜下拍摄幼虫图片，测量幼虫的触角长、触角间距、肛柱长及肛柱间距，采用秩和检验对3种幼虫触角长与触角间距的比值、肛柱长与肛柱间距的比值进行统计学分析。结果 3种幼虫的触角形态基本相同，但触角长及触角间距存在差异，其中印鼠客蚤幼虫触角长与触角间距的比值为0.87±0.06，猫栉首蚤幼虫触角长与触角间距的比值为1.26±0.37，缓慢细蚤幼虫触角长与触角间距的比值为1.02±0.06，三者触角长与触角间距的比值进行秩和检验，差异有统计学意义（H=173.241，P<0.001），三者分别进行两两比较，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）；印鼠客蚤幼虫的肛柱纤细，且基部至端部近等粗；猫栉首蚤幼虫的肛柱形态由基部到端部变化急促，基部粗，端部细；缓慢细蚤幼虫肛柱粗壮，且基部至端部近等粗。3种幼虫肛柱及肛柱间距存在差异，其中印鼠客蚤的幼虫肛柱长与肛柱间距的比值为1.31±0.13，猫栉首蚤的幼虫肛柱长与肛柱间距的比值为2.60±0.55，缓慢细蚤的肛柱长与肛柱间距的比值为4.82±1.47，对三者的肛柱长与肛柱间距的比值进行秩和检验，差异有统计学意义（H=161.082，P<0.001），三者分别进行两两比较，差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.001）。结论 3种幼虫的触角形态相近，肛柱形态各异。触角长与触角间距的比值及肛柱长与肛柱间距的比值均存在较大差异，可作为居民区常见蚤种幼虫形态分类鉴定的依据。
Objective To observe and compare antennae and anal column morphology of three flea larvae, Xenopsylla cheopis, Ctenocephalides felis, and Leptopsylla segnis, to measure and compare the ratios of antenna length to antenna spacing and anal column length to anal column spacing of the three species, and to explore and establish a quantifiable method to classify and identify the flea larvae. Methods At a temperature of (24±1)℃ and a relative humidity (80±10)%, the three species of flea larvae were obtained by conventional feeding and plate culture with mice as blood supply animals. The pictures of the larvae were taken under an anatomical microscope. The antenna length, antenna spacing, anal column length, and anal column spacing of the larvae were measured. The ratios of antenna length to antenna spacing and anal column length to anal column spacing of the three species of larvae were statistically analyzed by the rank sum test. Results The antennal morphology of the three larvae was basically the same, but the length and spacing of antennae were different; the ratio of antenna length to antenna spacing was 0.87±0.06 for X. cheopis, 1.26±0.37 for C. felis, and 1.02±0.06 for L. segnis, with a significant difference by the rank sum test (H=173.241, P<0.001), as well as a significant difference between any two species of them (all P<0.001). The anal column of X. cheopis larvae was thin, with nearly the same thickness from the base to the end; the anal column of C. felis larvae changed greatly from the base to the end, with a thick base and a thin end; the anal column of L. segnis larvae was thick, with nearly the same thickness from the base to the end. The length and spacing of anal columns of the three species of larvae were different; the ratio of anal column length to anal column spacing was 1.31±0.13 for X. cheopis, 2.60±0.55 for C. felis, and 4.82±1.47 for L. segnis, with a significant difference by the rank sum test (H=161.082, P<0.001), as well as a significant difference between any two species of them (all P<0.001). Conclusion The larvae of X. cheopis, C. felis, and L. segnis have similar morphology of antennae, but different morphologies of anal columns. The ratios of antenna length to antenna spacing and anal column length to anal column spacing of the three species are significantly different, which can be used as a basis for the morphological classification and identification of common flea larvae in residential areas.
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