Objective To investigate the species composition, density, and seasonal variation of rodents in Xi'an, China, and to provide a scientific basis for formulation of rodent control and deratization measures. Methods Five rodent surveillance sites were selected from urban residential areas, natural villages, and the catering industry in each of the four districts/counties selected according to their geographical location (east, south, west, and north) in Xi'an. Surveillance was performed in the middle of each odd month using the trap-at-night method (i.e., traps were laid at night and recovered at day start). The rodent species were identified, and chi-square test was used for statistical analysis of the species composition of rodents in the four years and in different habitats. Results A total of 397 rodents belonging to 4 species of rodents were captured. The mean rodent density was 0.42% capture rate, lowest in 2016 (0.27%) and highest in 2018 (0.58%). Mus musculus was the dominant species, accounting for 52.90%. The rodent density had an unapparently bimodal seasonal variation, with a minor peak observed in January (0.47%), a major peak in July (0.48%), and a trough in November (0.34%). The rodent density was highest in natural villages (1.08%) and lowest in urban residential areas (0.24%). The dominant rodent species in different habitats was M. musculus, with significant differences in the species composition of rodents (χ2=60.875, P<0.001). The seasonal variation of rodent density was stable in urban residential areas, bimodal in natural villages, and unimodal in the catering industry. Mus musculus showed a clear seasonal variation among different rodent species, with a peak observed in January and July. Conclusion From 2015 to 2018, the mean density of rodents in Xi'an showed an upward trend. The density, species, and seasonal variation of rodents differ in different years and habitats. It is suggested that measures for rodent control and deratization in different habitats should be formulated, with rural areas as the focus of the work, to reduce rodent-borne diseases risk.
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