目的 研究水网地区有螺泥土中钉螺分布规律，为查螺、灭螺提供理论指导。方法 采用系统抽样结合环境抽查法，2016年5月在上海市青浦区练塘镇星浜村有螺地区的3个地块中分别采集土壤样本20块，捡取计数泥土表面钉螺后，每块土壤分别抽取3份（每份500.0 g）样品，采用双层箩筛水洗获得钉螺并进行计数。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov D检验进行土壤中钉螺的正态分布检验；采用集中趋势统计指标对泥土中钉螺分布情况进行统计学描述和分析；采用非参数Wilcoxon秩和检验对3个地块泥土中钉螺均数进行检验；采用负二项拟合优度检验钉螺是否服从负二项分布。结果 在星浜村的朱家埭河、青松港及断头浜3个地区共采集60份样品，经清洗获得泥土中钉螺成螺。正态性检验显示，钉螺分布不符合正态分布（偏度系数=1.03，峰度系数=0.71，D=0.167，P<0.001）；非参数Wilcoxon秩和检验3个地块泥土中钉螺数差异无统计学意义（Z=0.405，P=0.815）；每个地块泥土中钉螺的均数>中位数，峰度系数和偏度系数偏离0，钉螺分布属正偏态分布；方差>均数，属聚集性分布；负二项分布拟合优度检验服从负二项分布（χ2=1.844，P=0.765）。结论 有螺地区土壤中钉螺与泥土表面钉螺的分布一致，属聚集性、正偏态分布，服从负二项分布。
Objective To investigate the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis in the snail-obtainable soil of a waterway network, and the theoretical guide to finding and killing snails was provided. Methods Twenty soil samples were taken using systematic sampling and environmental sampling methods from three plots of snail-obtainable regions within Xingbang village, Liantang town, Qingpu district, Shanghai, China, in May 2016. Oncomelania hupensis snails on the surface of the soil were picked up and counted; then three pieces of specimens (500.0 g per piece) were taken from each soil sample, and the snails in the soil specimens were collected for counting after being washed with a double-layer sieve. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov D test was used to perform normal distribution analysis for the snails in the soil. Statistical parameters of aggregation tendency were used to describe the snail distribution. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the mean number of the snails among the three plots. The goodness-of-fit test was used to determine whether the snail counts follow a negative binomial distribution. Results Sixty pieces of soil specimens were taken from three plots of Zhujiadai River, Qingsonggang, and Duantoubang in Xingbang village, and they were washed for collecting adult snails in the soil. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov D test showed that the numbers of the snails were not consistent with normal distribution (skewness coefficient=1.03, kurtosis coefficient=0.71, D=0.167, P<0.001). The Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed no significant difference in the snail count between the three plots (Z=0.405, P=0.815). The mean of the snail counts was greater than the median in each plot, and the kurtosis and skewness coefficients both deviated from 0, indicating that the snail counts followed a positively skewed distribution. The variance was greater than the mean, representing an aggregation distribution; the goodness-of-fit test showed that the snail counts fitted a negative binomial distribution (χ2=1.844, P=0.765). Conclusion The distribution of O. hupensis in the soil is consistent with that on the soil of the snail-obtainable regions, which is clustered and positively skewed, following a negative binomial distribution rather than a normal distribution.
[1] 苏德隆. 苏德隆教授论文选集[M]. 天津:天津科学技术出版社,1995:97-101. Su DL. Selected collections of professor SU De-long[M]. Tianjin:The Science and Technology Publish House of Tianjin,1995:97-101.
[2] 孙振球. 医学统计学[M]. 3版. 北京:人民卫生出版社,2010:103-108. Sun ZQ. Medical statistics[M]. 3rd ed. Beijing:People's Medical Publishing House,2010:103-108.
[3] 中华人民共和国卫生部疾病控制司. 血吸虫病防治手册[M]. 3版. 上海:上海科学技术出版社,2000:40-41. Department of Disease Control,Ministry of Health,People's Republic of China. Handbook of schistosomiasis control[M]. 3rd ed. Shanghai:Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers,2000:40-41.
[4] 张志杰,彭文祥,Senghuat O,等. 广义负二项分布对钉螺分布的拟合[J]. 中国卫生统计,2008,25(1):2-6. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-3674.2008.01.001. Zhang ZJ,Peng WX,Senghuat O,et al. Fitting generalized negative binomial distribution to the data of Oncomelania hupensis[J]. Chin J Health Stat,2008,25(1):2-6. DOI:10. 3969/j.issn.1002-3674.2008.01.001.
[5] 方积乾,孙振球. 卫生统计学[M]. 6版. 北京:人民卫生出版社,2011:103-108,11-23. Fang JQ,Sun ZQ. Health statistics[M]. 6th ed. Beijing:People's Medical Publishing House,2011:11-23,103-108.
[6] 张文馨. 钉螺空间分布格局和抽样方法优化研究[D]. 南昌:江西师范大学,2015. Zhang WX. Study on spatial distribution pattern and sampling optimization of Oncomelania snails[D]. Nanchang:Jiangxi Normal University,2015.
[7] 张旭东,杨晓春,彭镇华. 钉螺分布与滩地环境因子的关系[J]. 生态学报,1999,2(2):265-269. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.1999.02.020. Zhang XD,Yang XC,Peng ZH. Relationships between the surviving Oncomelania and beaches environmental factors[J] Acta Ecol Sin,1999,2(2):265-269. DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.1999.02.020.
[8] 李源培,王海银,周艺彪,等. 湖区钉螺孳生地的微生态环境对钉螺分布的影响[J]. 中华流行病学杂志,2010,31(2):163-166. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2010.02.011. Li YP,Wang HY,Zhou YB,et al. Influence regarding micro-ecological environment of snail habitats in lake area on the distribution of snails[J]. Chin J Epidemiol,2010,31(2):163-166. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2010.02.011.
[9] 蔡新. 食物与温度对湖北钉螺生长发育及繁殖率的影响研究[D]. 武汉:湖北大学,2012. Cai X. The influence of food and temperature on development and reproduction rate of Oncomelania hupensis[D]. Wuhan:Hubei University,2012.
[10] 李召军,陈红根,刘跃民,等. 鄱阳湖区圩垸内外植被与钉螺分布关系研究[J]. 中国血吸虫病防治杂志,2006,18(6):406-410. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6661.2006.06.002. Li ZJ,Chen HG,Liu YM,et al. Studies on relationship between vegetation and snail distribution inside and outside embankment of Poyang Lake region[J]. Chin J Schisto Control,2016,18(6):406-410. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6661.2006.06.002.
[11] 李新祥,王萍,李冰. 江山市钉螺分布调查[J]. 预防医学,2019,31(8):833-836,840. DOI:10.19485/j.cnki.issn2096-5087.2019.08.021. Li XX,Wang P,Li B. A research on distribution of Oncomelania snails in Jiangshan city[J]. Prev Med,2019,31(8):833-836,840. DOI:10.19485/j.cnki.issn2096-5087.2019.08.021.
[12] 田建国,仲文江,黎桂福,等. 上海市青浦区钉螺再生性研究[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2011,22(2):162-164. Tian JG,Zhong WJ,Li GF,et al. Study on the reproducibility of Oncomelania snails in Qingpu district of Shanghai[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control,2011,22(2):162-164.
[13] 田建国,黎桂福,彭丽霞,等. 模拟湖沼钉螺迁徙水网地区生长繁殖的适应性研究[J]. 中国媒介生物学及控制杂志,2015,26(4):414-417. DOI:10.11853/j.issn.1003. 4692.2015.04.023. Tian JG,Li GF,Peng LX,et al. A research on the surviving and reproducing status of the imported Oncomelania snails from marshland areas to water network regions[J]. Chin J Vector Biol Control,2015,26(4):414-417. DOI:10.11853/j.issn.1003. 4692.2015.04.023.
[14] 谢法仙,朱达培,钱珂,等. 湖区草洲钉螺分布类型的研究[J]. 动物学报,1980,26(2):165-169. Xie FX,Zhu DP,Qian K,et al. Studies on theoretical distribution of Oncomelania snails over marshland,Poyang Lake area[J]. Acta Zool Sin,1980,26(2):165-169.
[15] 王海银. 日本血吸虫中间宿主-钉螺的螺口动力学研究[D]. 上海:复旦大学,2009. Wang HY. Research on intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum-Oncomelania hupensis popuiation dynamic[D]. Shanghai:Fudan University,2009.
