目的 了解和掌握南通市古建筑白蚁危害现状，加强南通市古建筑的保护。方法 采用现场普查的方法，并采取全面调查和重点调查相结合的方式，对南通市崇川、港闸、通州和经济开发区范围内43处市级以上文物保护单位的古建筑进行白蚁危害现状调查。将在古建筑内和外围环境中采集的白蚁制作成标本，带回实验室进行形态学鉴定，并依据相关评定标准，对古建筑白蚁危害等级进行评定。结果 2019年3月4日至7月15日共计调查古建筑43处，发现其中25处古建筑遭受了不同程度的白蚁危害，古建筑白蚁危害率为58.1%。对采集到的白蚁标本进行鉴定，发现古建筑白蚁危害种类有1科2属3种，其中鼻白蚁科散白蚁属有2种，为黑胸散白蚁和黄胸散白蚁；鼻白蚁科乳白蚁属有1种，为台湾乳白蚁。经过统计分析，古建筑危害主要以散白蚁属为主，其中黑胸散白蚁为优势种，危害率为44.2%，明显高于黄胸散白蚁（14.0%）和台湾乳白蚁（4.7%）。25处古建筑白蚁危害等级评定结果显示，白蚁危害等级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级分别占调查总数的30.2%、18.6%和9.3%，其中2处古建筑危害程度已达3级，危害较严重，亟需进行古建筑的白蚁综合治理。结论 初步掌握了南通市古建筑白蚁危害情况，为南通市古建筑白蚁防治综合治理决策和实施提供了科学依据。
关键词：
古建筑; 白蚁; 危害; 调查; 南通市
Objective To grasp the current status of termite damage to ancient buildings in Nantong, China, and to strengthen the protection of these ancient buildings in Nantong. Methods The method of field survey combined with comprehensive and focused surveys were used to investigate the current status of termite damage to the ancient buildings in 43 cultural relic protection units above the municipal level in Chongchuan, Gangzha, Tongzhou, and the Economic Development District of Nantong. The termites collected inside and outside the ancient buildings were made into specimens and brought back to the laboratory for morphological identification, and the termite damage grade to ancient buildings was evaluated according to the relevant evaluation standards. Results A total of 43 ancient buildings were investigated from March 4 to July 15, 2019, and 25 of them were found to have suffered from varying degrees of termite damage, with a termite damage rate of 58.1%. Based on the identification of the termite specimens collected, it was found that the harmful species for ancient buildings belonged to 3 species, 2 genera, 1 family; two species of them were Reticulitermes chinensis and R. flaviceps belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae, genus Reticulitermes, and the other one species was Coptotermes formosanus belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae, genus Coptotermes. According to a statistical analysis, the damage to ancient buildings was mainly caused by Reticulitermes, of which R. chinensis was the dominant species with a damage rate of 44.2%, which was substantially higher than that of R. flaviceps (14.0%) and C. formosanus (4.7%). The grade assessment of termite damage was carried out in 25 ancient buildings, and the results showed that the termite damage levels belonging to grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ accounted for 30.2%, 18.6%, and 9.3% of the total number of surveys, respectively; among them, 2 ancient buildings were seriously damaged with a damage level of gradeⅢ, so it is urgent to carry out comprehensive termite control. Conclusion The status of termite damage to ancient buildings in Nantong has been preliminarily grasped, which provides a scientific basis for the decision-making and implementation of comprehensive termite prevention and control in ancient buildings in Nantong, China.
[1] 庞正平. 我国白蚁防治历史回顾与发展趋势探讨[J]. 中华卫生杀虫药械,2018,24(2):109-115. Pang ZP. The history and development trend of termites control in China[J]. Chin J Hyg Insect Equip,2018,24(2):109-115.
[2] 全国白蚁防治中心. 中国白蚁防治专业培训教程[M]. 北京:中国物价出版社,2004:379-380. National Termite Control Center of China. Training textbook for termite control in China[M]. Beijing:China Price Press,2004:379-380.
[3] 周鹏,刘超华. 旅游风景区白蚁危害及综合治理现状[J]. 中华卫生杀虫药械,2017,23(2):179-182. Zhou P,Liu CH. Termite damage and the integrated management in tourism scenic area of China[J]. Chin J Hyg Insect Equip,2017,23(2):179-182.
[4] 王安华,王一峰,金卫星,等. 南通历史建筑的保护和合理利用[J]. 江苏建筑,2009(2):7-9. DOI:10.3969/j.issn. 1005-6270.2009.02.003. Wang AH,Wang YF,Jin WX,et al. Preservation and adaptive reuse of Nantong historic buildings[J]. Jiangsu Constr,2009(2):7-9. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-6270.2009.02.003.
[5] 姚立群. 我国文物古建筑白蚁危害的现状与治理对策[J]. 白蚁防治,2009(2):23-25. Yao LQ. The current situation and control countermeasures of termite damage in ancient Chinese cultural relics[J]. Termite Control,2009(2):23-25.
[6] 严少辉,彭晓涛,彭正玲,等. 宜宾市古建筑白蚁危害现状调查及综合防治研究[J]. 中华卫生杀虫药械,2017,23(5):473-476. Yan SH,Peng XT,Peng ZL,et al. Investigation on termites damage and the integrated management for historic buildings in Yibin city[J]. Chin J Hyg Insect Equip,2017,23(5):473-476.
[7] 任庆伟,胡寅. 浙中古建筑白蚁危害现状调查[J]. 中华卫生杀虫药械,2016,22(1):79-80. Ren QW,Hu Y. Investigation of the termite damage to historic buildings in central region of Zhejiang[J]. Chin J Hyg Insect Equip,2016,22(1):79-80.
[8] 任庆伟,胡寅,陈蓉. 古建筑白蚁危害调查与等级评定探讨[J]. 城市害虫防治,2016(1):34-35. Ren QW,Hu Y,Chen R. Investigation on the damage and rating of termites in ancient buildings[J]. City Pest Control,2016(1):34-35.
[9] 吴静远,马艳,杨海霖,等. 蚌埠市白蚁危害现状及防治对策[J]. 现代农业科技,2017(14):126-127. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-5739.2017.14.084. Wu JY,Ma Y,Yang HL,et al. Damage status and prevention measures of termite in Bengbu city[J]. Mod Agric Sci Technol,2017(14):126-127. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1007-5739.2017.14. 084.
[10] 程冬保. 安徽省皖南地区古建筑白蚁危害及防治对策探讨[J]. 白蚁防治,2004(3):37-38,8. Cheng DB. Discussion on the damage of termites and its control measures in ancient buildings in Wannan area of Anhui province[J]. Termite Control,2004(3):37-38,8.
[11] 郭仁霞,顾颖迪,李冬虎,等. 扬州古建名居白蚁危害现状及防治技术探讨[J]. 中华卫生杀虫药械,2013,19(3):247-249. Guo RX,Gu YD,Li DH,et al. Harmfulness status of termites to ancient architectural buildings in Yangzhou[J]. Chin J Hyg Insect Equip,2013,19(3):247-249.
[12] 奚明. 舒城古建筑白蚁危害调查与防治措施探讨[J]. 中国文物科学研究,2007(2):79-80. Xi M. Investigation on the damage of termites and prevention measures in ancient buildings in Shucheng[J]. China Cultural Herit Sci Res,2007(2):79-80.
[13] 李杭天,张爱民,周云,等. 杭州余杭区古建筑白蚁危害的现状调查[J]. 中华卫生杀虫药械,2018,24(6):595-596. Li HT,Zhang AM,Zhou Y,et al. Investigation on termite damage in historic buildings in Yuhang district of Hangzhou[J]. Chin J Hyg Insect Equip,2018,24(6):595-596.
[14] 曾吉华,邓桂芳,魏开雄,等. 南昌市古建筑白蚁危害现状及防治对策探讨[J]. 江西植保,2010,33(2):79-80. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-3704.2010.02.008. Zeng JH,Deng GF,Wei KX,et al. Occurring status and control countermeasure for termites in ancient building in Nanchang city[J]. Jiangxi Plant Protect,2010,33(2):79-80. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.2095-3704.2010.02.008.
[15] 金勇. 上海衡复历史文化风貌区白蚁危害与区域白蚁治理[J]. 世界农药,2017,39(5):39-41,58. DOI:10.16201/j.cnki.cn31-1827/tq.2017.05.07. Jin Y. Termite damage and area-wide termite management of Hengfu historical and cultural area in Shanghai[J]. World Pestic,2017,39(5):39-41,58. DOI:10.16201/j.cnki.cn31-1827/tq.2017.05.07.
[16] 王长军. 江南民居的白蚁防治[J]. 住宅与房地产,2017(7):95. Wang CJ. Termite control in Jiangnan residential buildings[J]. Housing Real Estate,2017(7):95.
