目的 了解重庆市国家级监测点鼠种类、密度及季节消长情况，为预防和控制鼠传疾病的发生与流行提供依据。方法 2018年1-11月，在重庆市4个国家级监测点采用夹夜法和路径法监测鼠类，采用SPSS 25.0和Excel 2010软件进行统计学分析，构成比之间的比较采用χ²检验。结果 2018年重庆市国家级监测点城镇和农村居民区鼠密度分别为0.98%和0.73%，室内外鼠平均密度为1.15%，以重点行业的鼠密度最高（1.74%）；各类场所外环境鼠密度平均路径指数为1.81处/km，以垃圾中转站或公共厕所周围最高（2.86处/km）；城镇和农村居民区优势鼠种均为小家鼠，不同生境的鼠种构成差异有统计学意义（χ²=32.814，P<0.001）。结论 初步了解了重庆市鼠类情况，建议各监测点区（县）根据监测结果采取合理的防控措施。

Objective To investigate the community structure, density, and seasonal variation of rodents at national-level surveillance sites in Chongqing, China, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of rodent-borne diseases. Methods From January to November, 2018, the trap-at-night method and the route index method were used at four national-level surveillance sites in Chongqing. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of constituent ratio. Results In 2018, the density of rodents was 0.98% in urban surveillance sites and 0.73% in rural surveillance sites, with a mean density of 1.15% indoors and outdoors, and the highest density was observed in special industries (1.74%). The mean route index of rodents was 1.81/km in the external environment of various places, and the highest index was observed in waste transfer stations and public toilets (2.86/km). The dominant species was Mus musculus in both urban and rural areas, and there was a significant difference in the composition of rodent species between different habitats (χ²=32.814, P<0.001). Conclusion This study provides preliminary results of the rodents in Chongqing, and reasonable prevention and control measures should be adopted based on surveillance results in districts and counties.