目的 通过对新疆维吾尔自治区阿勒泰地区青河县山区的鼠疫自然疫源地初步调查，掌握该区鼠疫疫源地状况。方法 2015－2017年在青河县山区采用夹线法、路线法和定点观察法等调查啮齿动物的区系、种类、密度及其寄生媒介等情况；对啮齿动物脏器、骨髓和媒介蚤悬液用反向血凝试验检测鼠疫F1抗原；血清标本用IHA检测鼠疫F1抗体；利用鼠疫“四步检验”法检测鼠疫耶尔森菌（鼠疫菌）。结果 捕获的啮齿动物隶属于3科5属5种，即灰旱獭、长尾黄鼠、棕背䶄、狭颅田鼠和高山鼠兔。灰旱獭和长尾黄鼠平均密度分别为0.31和4.60只/hm²；青河县山区寄生蚤类隶属4科5属5种，捕获灰旱獭4只，染蚤1只；长尾黄鼠染蚤率为41.30%（228/552）；采集灰旱獭脏器标本4份、长尾黄鼠脏器标本552份、自毙灰旱獭和长尾黄鼠脏器及骨骼标本13份、媒介寄生蚤583匹，检测鼠疫菌及F1抗原结果均为阴性；长尾黄鼠和牧犬血清阳性率分别为0.18%（1/552）和4.65%（6/129），平均滴度分别为1∶2⁹和1∶2^3.83。牧犬和长尾黄鼠阳性血清全部集中于花海子地区。结论 青河县山区存在潜在鼠疫自然疫源地，建议该地区进一步开展鼠疫自然疫源地调查工作。

Objective Through the investigation of the plague natural infectious at Qinghe county in Altay district, to master the situation of plague natural foci in this district. Methods The investigation of rodents on fauna, species, density, and ectoparasites were conducted by the sandwich methods, route methods, site observation and others in Daqinghe, Xiaoqinghe, Bianhaizi, Zhonghaizi, Huahaizi, Halabaliqike, Qiaolakesaiyi and other mountains at Qinghe in Xinjiang during 2015-2017. IHA was used to test F1 antibody/antigen against plague; "Four-step test" was used to test Yersinia pestis. Results The preliminary investigation of mountains in Qinghe indicated that there were 5 species of rodents belonging to 5 genera and 3 families, including Marmota baibacina, Citellus undulatus, Clethrionomys rufocanus, Microtus gregalis, and Ochotona alpina. Among these, M. baibacina were distributed in forest steppe zones and mountain grassland at the altitude of 1 750-2 700 m, average density was 0.31 catches per hectare; C. undulatus were distributed in Huahaizi, Zhonghaizi, Bianhaizi, Halabaliqike, and Qiaolakesaiyi districts, average density was 4.60 catches C. undulatus per hectare; Four M. baibacinas and 552 C. undulatus were captured, infestation rate of fleas was 25% and 45%, respectively. The study used "Four-steptest" to detect Y. pestis, and used plague RIHA to test F1 antigen in 4 viscus samples from M. baibacina, 552 viscus samples from C. undulatus, 13 viscus samples and skeletons of self-dead M. baibacina and C. undulatus, as well as 583 fleas. The results of "Four-step test" and F1 antigen were negative. The IHA was used to test 552 serums of C. undulatus,the results indicated 1 serum sample was positive, positive rate was 0.18%, antibody titers was 1:2⁹. The IHA was also used to test 129 sera of herding dogs, the results indicated 6 sera were positive, positive rate was 4.65%, the mean antibody titers was 1:2^3.83. Conclusion The study indicated the mountain areas have potential plague natural infections at Qinghe county in Xinjiang. It is suggested to conduct further investigation on plague foci of natural infections at Qinghe county in Xinjiang.