Attractive volatiles enable long-distance attraction ofBlattella germanicaindividuals in aggregation, foraging, and courtship behaviors. The aggregation behavior of B. germanicais guided by aggregation pheromone, and is affected by environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture. Reported aggregation agents include amines, cuticular hydrocarbons,and carbonic acids. The foraging behavior ofB. germanicais guided by food volatiles, mainly comprising carbonyl and hydroxyl compounds. Feces volatiles and food volatiles often contain some identical components, indicating universality in aggregation and foraging. Distant attraction of adults in courtship behavior of B. germanicais conducted by factors such as sex pheromone and nuptial gift. There is universality between nuptial gift and food attraction. All attraction factors are influenced by micro-environmental conditions. The universalities between different factors need to be further validated.
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