沃尔巴克氏体是非脊椎动物胞内专性寄生、可经卵传递的胞内革兰阴性共生菌。用沃尔巴克氏体控制蚊媒及蚊媒病的原理是基于其所诱导的胞质不相容性和对病原体的抗性。沃尔巴克氏体对蚊媒病原体具有广泛抗性, 其直径大于蚊虫唾液腺管直径, 不能通过蚊虫叮咬感染人体或哺乳动物;反复受到沃尔巴克氏体感染蚊虫叮咬的人血中未检测到抗沃尔巴克氏体抗体。沃尔巴克氏体仅在宿主细胞内生存, 不能在培养基内和环境中独立生长;它不产生孢子, 不含质粒, 不随宿主死亡而分解扩散至环境;它不会横向传播至生活在同一生境中的其他节肢动物。捕食沃尔巴克氏体感染的蚊幼虫和成虫的节肢动物不能通过捕食而获得感染;基于沃尔巴克氏体的蚊媒和蚊媒病控制所产生的生物安全风险几乎可以忽略。
Wolbachia, a maternally transmitted obligate endosymbiotic gramnegative bacteria, is widely distributed in invertebrates. The Wolbachia?mediated biological control of mosquito and mosquito?borne diseases is based on the nature that Wolbachia induces cytoplasmic incompatibility, and reduces the vector competence of its host species. Wolbachia induced pathogen inhibition in mosquito is broad?spectrum, its size is larger than mosquito’s salivary gland duct so it is impossible to be transmitted to humans or mammals through mosquito bitin. Antibodies against Wolbachia have never been detected in blood of humans who are repeatedly bitten by mosquitoes which are infected with Wolbachia. Wolbachia cannot produce spores and does not contain plasmid, it will not disseminate to the environment when its host dies. Wolbachia cannot be horizontally transmitted from one invertebrate host to another that lives in the same environment. Invertebrate predators that feed on Wolbachia?infected mosquito larvae or adults do not get infected. The biological risks of Wolbachia?mediated biological control of mosquito and mosquito?borne diseases are negligible.
[1] Pfarr K, Foster J, Slatko B, et al. On the taxonomic status of the intracellular bacterium Wolbachia pipientis: should this species name include the intracellular bacteria of filarial nematodes[J]. Internat J Syst Evol Microbiol, 2007, 57(Pt 8):1677-1678.
[2] Kittayapong PK, Baisley J, Baimai V, et al. Distribution and diversity of Wolbachia infections in Southeast Asian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)[J]. J Med Entomol, 2000, 37(3):340-345.
[3] Hilgenboecker K, Hammerstein P, Schlattmann P, et al. How many species are infected with Wolbachia－A statistical analysis of current data[J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 2008, 281(2):215-220.
[4] Laven H. Eradication of Culex pipiens fatigans through cytoplasmic incompatibility[J]. Nature, 1967, 216(28):383-384.
[5] Dobson SL. Reversing Wolbachia?based population replacement[J]. Trends Parasitol, 2003, 19(3):128-133.
[6] Sinkins SP. Wolbachia and cytoplasmic incompatibility in mosquitoes[J]. Insect Biochem Mol Biol, 2004, 34(7):723-729.
[7] O’Connor L, Plichart C, Sang AC, et al. Open release of male mosquitoes infected with a Wolbachia biopesticide: field performance and infection containment[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2012, 6(11):e1797.
[8] Xi Z, Khoo CC, Dobson SL. Wolbachia establishment and invasion in an Aedes aegypti laboratory population[J]. Science, 2005, 310(5746):326-328.
[9] Hoffmann A, Montgomery A, Popovici J, et al. Successful establishment of Wolbachia in Aedes populations to suppress dengue transmission[J]. Nature, 2011, 476(7361):454-457.
[10] Kambris Z, Cook PE, Phuc HK, et al. Immune activation by life?shortening Wolbachia and reduced filarial competence in mosquitoes[J]. Science, 2009, 326(5949):134-136.
[11] Moreira LA, Iturbe?Ormaetxe I, Jeffery JA, et al. A Wolbachia symbiont in Aedes aegypti limits infection with dengue, Chikungunya, and Plasmodium[J]. Cell, 2009, 139(7): 1268-1278.
[12] Bian GY, Xu P, Lu YX, et al. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia induces resistance to dengue virus in Aedes aegypti[J]. PLoS Pathog, 2010, 6(4):e1000833.
[13] Walker TP, Johnson H, Moreira LA, et al. The wMel Wolbachia strain blocks dengue and invades caged Aedes aegypti populations[J]. Nature, 2011, 476(7361):450-453.
[14] Lu P, Bian G, Pan X, et al. Wolbachia induces density?dependent inhibition to dengue virus in mosquito cells[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2012, 6(7):e1754.
[15] Mousson L, Zouache K, Arias?Goeta C, et al. The Native Wolbachia symbionts limit transmission of Dengue virus in Aedes albopictus[J]. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2012, 6(12):e1989.
[16] Bian G, Joshi D, Dong Y, et al. Wolbachia invades Anopheles stephensi populations and induces refractoriness to Plasmodium infection[J]. Science, 2013, 340(6133):748-751.
[17] Popovici J, Moreira LA, Poinsignon AI, et al. Assessing key safety concerns of a Wolbachia?based strategy to control dengue transmission by Aedes mosquitoes[J]. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 2010, 105(8):957-964.
[18] Huigens ME, de Almeida RP, Boons PA, et al. Natural interspecific and intraspecific horizontal transfer of parthenogenesis?inducing Wolbachia in Trichogramma wasps[J]. Proc Royal Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 2004, 271(1538):509-515.
[19] Heath BD, Butcher RDJ, Whitfield WGF, et al. Horizontal transfer of Wolbachia between phylogenetically distant insect species by a naturally occurring mechanism[J]. Curr Biol, 1999, 9(6):313-316.
[20] Rowley SM, Raven RJ, McGraw EA. Wolbachia pipientis in Australian spiders[J]. Curr Microbiol, 2004, 49(3):208-214.
[21] Murphy B, Jansen C, Murray J, et al. Risk analysis on the Australian release of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) containing Wolbachia
[R]. Australian:CSIRO Report, 2010:1-94.
