20 December 2020, Volume 31 Issue 6
    

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  • Risk assessment and prevention and control recommendations for vectors transmitting coronavirus disease 2019
    WU Hai-xia, REN Dong-sheng, LI Gui-chang, WANG Xue-shuang, LIU Xiao-bo, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 633-638. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.001
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    Vectors can transmit viruses by mechanical transmission, and some species can transmit viruses by biological means. As for whether vectors can transmit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), this article assess the risk of several categories of vectors closely related to humans in transmitting SARS-CoV-2, so as to provide a basis for developing more precise SARS-CoV-2 prevention and control measures. Based on the collected literature, the risk matrix method was used to evaluate the probability of vectors transmitting SARS-CoV-2 and determine the level of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and the risk level of SARS-CoV-2 transmission for different vectors in different places. The preliminary results showed that the risk of mosquitoes in transmitting SARS-CoV-2 was very low; rodents, cockroaches, and flies had a potential risk of mechanical transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and rodents also had a potential risk of biological transmission of SARS-CoV-2; the three categories of vectors had different risks of the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in different places, and the risk level of transmission was associated with the risk level of exposure to SARS-CoV-2, as well as the distribution, density, and activity of vectors. In general, the risk of mosquitoes in transmitting SARS-CoV-2 could be excluded; the vectors including rodents, cockroaches, and flies have a potential but low risk of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 in specific places and surroundings exposed to SARS-CoV-2.

    • Expert Forum
  • Epidemic situation and control measures of Lyme disease
    HAO Qin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 639-642. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.002
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    Lyme disease is an important emerging infectious disease, which is mainly transmitted by tick-biting in humans and animals. The pathogen of this disease is Borrelia burgdorferi. The risk of B. burgdorferi infection in humans is associated with the distribution of tick species, geographical factors, and human activities. This article reviews the epidemic situation, genotype distribution, main vectors, animal hosts, and prevention and control measures of Lyme disease, in order to provide a reference for the surveillance and control of Lyme disease.
    • Original Reports
  • Epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Zhejiang province, China, 2015-2019
    WANG Zhen, LING Feng, LIU Ying, REN Jiang-ping, SUN Ji-min
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 643-647. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.003
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    Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of dengue fever in Zhejiang province, China, from 2015 to 2019 and the different characteristics of imported cases and local cases, and to provide a scientific basis for accurate prevention and control of dengue fever in Zhejiang province. Methods The data of dengue fever cases in Zhejiang province from 2015 to 2019 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and SPSS 20.0 software was used to perform descriptive and statistical analyses of related data of imported cases and local cases, including sex, age, occupation, seasonal distribution, geographic distribution, and interval from disease onset to confirmed diagnosis. Results A total of 2 532 dengue fever cases were reported in Zhejiang province from 2015 to 2019, among which there were 961 imported cases and 1 571 local cases. Among the 2 532 patients, there were 1 424 male patients and 1 108 female patients, and the male/female ratio was 1.90:1 in imported cases and 1.02:1 in local cases; the composition ratio of male patients in imported cases was significantly higher than that in local cases (χ2=54.626, P<0.001). The median age of all cases was 44 years, with an inter-quartile range of 32-58 years; the median age was 37 years for imported cases and 50 years for local cases, and the imported cases had a significantly younger age than local cases (Z=-15.681, P<0.001). The numbers of commercial service personnel, retired persons, workers, housekeeping and unemployed persons, farmers, and cadres were 474, 424, 352, 315, 287, and 214, respectively; commercial service personnel accounted for the highest proportion in imported cases, while retired persons accounted for the highest proportion in local cases; there was a significant difference in occupational distribution between imported cases and local cases (χ2=303.418, P<0.001). Imported cases were observed in each month, mainly June to October, and all local cases occurred in July to November. From 2015 to 2019, the number of counties (cities/districts) reporting dengue fever cases in Zhejiang province gradually increased year by year, and about 95.56% of the counties (cities/districts) reported dengue fever cases during the past 5 years, among which 48.89% reported local cases of dengue fever. Conclusion The epidemic situation of dengue fever in Zhejiang province becomes more severe year by year, and there are significant differences in sex, age, occupation, and disease onset between imported cases and local cases. Zhejiang province should adopt more precise and strict measures to reduce the epidemic risk of dengue fever according to epidemiological characteristics.
  • Study on epidemiological characteristics and pathogen typing of brucellosis in Alxa league, Inner Mongolia, China
    XU Chuang-ze, PIAO Dong-ri, JIANG Hai, LIU Hui-lan, LI Meng, TIAN Hai-rong, JIAO Hong-yan, TIAN Guo-zhong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 648-651. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.004
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    Objective To investigate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of human brucellosis in Alxa league, Inner Mongolia autonomous region (Inner Mongolia), China. Methods The clinical isolates of suspected Brucella with a positive blood culture result during 2015 to 2019 were identified by conventional biological methods and multiplex PCR assay. The molecular epidemiological characteristics of Brucella were investigated using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Results Twenty-three suspected Brucella strains were isolated from the confirmed cases of brucellosis in Alxa league from 2015 to 2019, and were identified as B. melitensis biovar 3 using conventional biological methods and multiplex PCR assay. Among the 23 cases, herdsmen accounted for 30.43% (7/23) and farmers accounted for 39.13% (9/23), both of whom had a history of sheep contact. The positive rate of Brucella antibody in serum was 78.26% (18/23). The MLVA showed that the 23 strains had genotypes of the main epidemic B. melitensis strains in China. According to the three loci with differences, the strains isolated from Bayanmuren Sumu belonged mainly to one group, and the two strains from Jilantai town belonged to another group. The 23 strains were associated with the isolates from Ningxia, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Guangdong (provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government), and were not associated with isolates from its neighboring province Gansu. Conclusion The Brucella strains from Alxa league, Inner Mongolia are consistent with the epidemic strains of brucellosis in China, and are associated with the isolates from Ningxia, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Guangdong (provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government).
  • An investigation of the vector mosquitoes and arboviruses during a Japanese encephalitis epidemic in Baotou of Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China, 2018
    NAN Xiao-wei, XIE Xin-xia, YU Hong-min, SI Xiao-yan, CHEN Ji-lai, ZHANG Chen-guang, ZHANG Xiu-hong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 652-656. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.005
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    Objective To investigate the mosquitoes and arboviruses causing the Japanese encephalitis epidemic in Tumoteyou banner in Baotou of Inner Mongolia autonomous region, China in 2018. Methods The lamp trapping method was used to collect mosquito specimens in Tumoteyou banner of Baotou, and the mosquito specimens were classified and numbered based on morphological identification and were then stored in liquid nitrogen. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to identify mosquito viruses, and several bioinformatics softwares, including DNAStar, were used to analyze the molecular biological features of the nucleotide sequence of the virus. Results On September 8-12, 2018, a total of 208 139 mosquitoes belonging to 5 species were collected in Tumoteyou banner of Baotou, and Aedes dorsalis, Culex pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. modestus, and Ae. flavescens accounted for 46.56%, 35.77%, 8.12%, 5.25%, and 4.30%, respectively, of the mosquitoes collected. A total of 198 mosquito specimens were ground, 2 of which tested positive for flavivirus, with 1 positive for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and 1 positive for Tahyna virus. Complete genome sequencing was performed for the JEV-positive specimen, and a complete genome sequence of 10 880 bp was obtained. Genotyping was performed using the PrM segment of the virus (456-695 nucleotides of the genome), and the sequence of JEV was determined as genotype I. Compared with the strain SA14-14-2 for live attenuated vaccine against Japanese encephalitis in China, the virus has a nucleotide difference of 12.59% and an amino acid difference of 2.96%. Conclusion The complete genome sequence of genotype I JEV is obtained for the first time in Ae. dorsalis in Inner Mongolia autonomous region.
  • A study on detoxifying enzymes related to the resistance of Rattus losea to anticoagulant rodenticides under its selective pressure
    YAO Dan-dan, JIANG Hong-xue, SUI Jing-jing, FENG Zhi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 657-661. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.006
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    Objective To explore the relationship between the resistance of Rattus losea and its metabolic detoxifying enzymes under the selective pressure of anticoagulant rodenticides, and to lay a foundation for elucidating the resistance mechanism. Methods A microplate reader was used to determine the contents and activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP450), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and cytochrome b5 (Cytb5) in serum and liver of R. losea; meanwhile, comparative analyses were performed between different populations for the relationship of the difference with resistance level. Results The content and activity of detoxifying enzymes in liver were higher than those in serum in both sensitive and resistant R. losea populations in Jiangmen, Guangdong province, China. The content and activity of NQO1 and the content of Cytb5 in liver were significantly higher in the sensitive rodents than in the resistant rodents (t1=2.408, P1=0.037; t2=2.515, P2=0.031; t3=2.281, P3=0.046). However, there were no significant differences in the contents and activities of the three enzymes in serum, the content and activity of CYP450 in liver and the activity of Cytb5 (all P>0.05). Conclusion Among the three enzymes, only the content and activity of NQO1 and the content of Cytb5 in the liver are related to the insecticide resistance of R. losea. It is speculated that the resistance of rodents to anticoagulant rodenticides is a synergistic effect of multiple factors. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of multiple factors should be performed to better clarify the mechanism of action of rodents' resistance to anticoagulant rodenticides.
  • Application of DNA barcoding technique in identification of common flea species in plague foci of Hebei province, China
    LAN Xiao-yu, LU Liang, HOU Zhi-lin, DU Guo-yi, SHI Xian-ming, CUI Yao-ren, LIU Guan-chun, CHEN Yong-ming, KANG Dong-mei, ZHENG Nan, REN Xing-yu, YAN Dong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 662-666. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.007
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    Objective To perform molecular biological identification of the common plague vector fleas in Hebei province, China by analyzing the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunitⅠ(COⅠ) gene and cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅱ:(COⅡ) gene, and to establish a DNA barcode database of common flea species in Hebei province. Methods Rodent-parasitic fleas and burrow fleas were collected in Kangbao ranch of Zhangjiakou, Hebei province from June to August, 2018, and rodent-parasitic fleas were collected in Chongli district of Zhangjiakou from September to October, 2018. After morphological identification, total DNA was extracted from various species of fleas of intact specimens, and then the mitochondrial COⅠ and COⅡ gene fragments were amplified and sequenced. The sequences were compared by BLAST for homology with those of fleas in GenBank. The phylogenetic tree of the COⅠ gene and COⅡ gene sequences was constructed by the neighbor-joining method. Results The specific COⅠ and COⅡ gene bands were amplified by PCR in all 16 samples of fleas. Among them, the COⅠ gene was sequenced successfully in 13 samples, and the COⅡ gene in 12 samples. According to the results of molecular phylogenetic tree of the COⅠ gene, 12 samples were consistent with morphological identification, and 1 sample was not. The results of molecular phylogenetic tree of the COⅡ gene were all consistent with the morphological identification in 12 samples. Conclusion Both COⅠ and COⅡ genes can be used as DNA barcode markers for species identification of common fleas in plague foci of Hebei province. Simultaneous identification of fleas using two genes improves the success rate of identification. The accumulated data will help establish an available database for future flea molecular identification technology.
  • An investigation of tick species in Changbai mountain area of Jilin province, China
    SHEN Bo, LI Ji-xu, HUANG Biao, ZHAO Qing-long, YAO Lai-shun, WANG Ao, WU Dong-lin, YANG Xian-da, WEI Lei-lei, DENG Li-quan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 667-671. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.008
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    Objective To investigate the species composition and regional distribution of ticks in Changbai mountain area of Jilin province, China. Methods From May to June 2017, ticks were collected on vegetation and as parasites on the body surfaces of cattle and sheep in 19 counties (cities) across the Changbai mountain area in Jilin province, and were brought back to laboratory for species identification by morphology. Results A total of 16 512 ticks in 1 family, 3 genera, and 5 species were collected, 13 532 of which were from vegetation and 2 980 from the body surfaces of cattle and sheep. The tick species included Ixodes persulcatus, Haemaphysalis concinna, H. japonica, H. longicornis, and Dermacentor silvarum. The ticks from vegetation included I. persulcatus (32.60%), H. japonica (24.42%), H. longicornis (17.89%), D. silvarum (16.14%), H. concinna (8.40%), and ticks with unidentified species (0.55%); the proportions of different tick species were significantly different (χ2=6 275.311, P<0.001). The ticks from the body surfaces of cattle and sheep included I. persulcatus (33.05%), H. Japonica (32.62%), D. silvarum (24.70%), H. longicornis (5.54%), and H. concinna (4.09%); their proportions were also significantly different (χ2=1 515.801, P<0.001). I. persulcatus was mainly distributed in Fusong county (92.52%) and Wangqing county (75.54%), H. japonica in Panshi city (64.57%), D. silvarum in Antu county (80.94%) and Shulan city (77.41%), H. longicornis in Tumen city (100%), Hunchun city (98.85%), and Ji'an city (98.55%), and H. concinna in Longjing city (71.52%); there were significant differences in the species composition of ticks from different regions (all P<0.001). Conclusion The tick species distributed in the Changbai mountain area in Jilin province have a great diversity and obvious regional distribution characteristics. It is necessary to strengthen the background investigation of tick species in this area in order to actively prevent and control tick-borne diseases.
  • Life cycle and morphological observation of Xenopsylla cheopis
    KANG Dong-mei, CUI Yao-ren, ZHENG Nan, MENG Feng-xia
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 672-675. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.009
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    Objective To rear Xenopsylla cheopis, and to observe and record its morphological changes and characteristics in various stages of life cycle. Methods Xenopsylla cheopis was reared and bred using wet filter papers combined with petri dishes. Stereomicroscope and microscope imaging system were used to collect, observe, and record the morphological changes and characteristics of X. cheopis in each life-stage. Results The images of morphologic changes of X. cheopis in "egg-larval-pupal-adult" stages were obtained. The period from the eggs being laid to the offspring emerging as adults lasted 26-35 days, including 2-7 days of egg stage, 6-19 days of larval stage, 10-22 days of pupal stage, and 26-60 days of adult stage. The number of eggs laid and the number of larvae hatched followed the circulation mode of "peak-trough" with the time of blood supply. Conclusion There are time-points of morphological changes and developmental stages in the life cycle of X. cheopis, which can provide targets for its precise control.
  • Comparative analysis of cockroach infestation rate based on sticky trap method and visual observation
    ZHANG Yu-fu, ZHANG Shou-gang, ZHU Ding, GE Xiao-wu, CAO Gan, CHU Hong-liang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 676-679. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.010
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    Objective To analyze the cockroach infestation rates determined by the sticky trap method and visual observation, and to evaluate the difference, consistency, and correlation between the two methods. Methods The sticky trap method and visual observation were used simultaneously to carry out comparative studies in four districts in 2018. Between-group comparison was made by the Chi-square test or rank sum test. Results The sticky trap method gave a significantly higher cockroach infestation rate than visual observation (7.92% vs. 2.56%, χ2=153.893, P<0.001). Compared with visual observation, the sticky trap method had a lower frequency of the infestation rate in the 0% group but higher frequencies from the 0%~group to the 70%~group. Both the sticky trap method and visual observation gave higher infestation rates in farmers' markets (16.95%, 4.80%) and food industry (14.17%, 2.76%), and lower infestation rates in hospitals (2.17%, 1.83%) and residential areas (4.29%, 1.58%). By using the sticky trap method, the infestation rate was higher from May to November and lower in in January and November; by visual observation, the cockroach infestation rate was higher from March to July and lower in January and March. The cockroach infestation rates determined by the two methods were consistent (Z=12.212, P<0.001), with a simple Kappa coefficient of 0.47. There was a correlation between the two methods (r=0.560, P<0.001). Conclusion Cockroach infestation can be effectively reflected by the infestation rate determined by the sticky trap method or visual observation. The two methods are to a certain extent consistent and correlated with each other. However, the sticky trap method is more sensitive than visual observation.
  • An investigation of rodents in Haloxylon ammodendron forest along the north margin of Junggar basin
    GUI You-jun, WANG Cheng, LUO Yong-jun, ABUDUREXITI Abulikemu, WANG Qi-guo, LIN Jun-jian, YUSUFU Kasimujiang, LI Bo, LUO Tao
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 680-684. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.011
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    Objective To investigate the rodent species composition in Haloxylon ammodendron forest along the north margin of Junggar basin, and to provide a basis for ecological restoration, plague control, and construction of "healthy silk road" in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, China. Methods Following the protocols for field rodent study, an investigation of rodents was conducted in H. ammodendron forest along the north margin of Junggar basin from October to November, 2019. Small nocturnal rodents and Rhombomys opimus were investigated by 5-m wire clamping method and route-cave group method, respectively. The data were analyzed by WPS Office 2019 software. Results A total of 67 nocturnal rodents were caught by 1 950 effective small plate clips, with a capture rate of 3.44%. A total of 36 rodents were caught by 350 small bow clips, with a capture rate of 10.29%. In the captured or observed 110 rodents, 8 rodent species were identified, belonging to 7 genera and 4 families. Rhombomys opimus and Meriones meridianus were the dominant species in the survey area, accounting for 71.84% of the total rodent counts. The mean density of Rh. opimus was 15.83 rodents/hm2. Cricetidae accounted for the highest proportion of rodents (86.36%) in H. ammodendron forest. Conclusion Rhombomys opimus and M. meridianus are the dominant species in H. ammodendron forest. Rhombomys opimus feeding on H. ammodendron is most detrimental to forest. Moreover, R. opimus and other rodents are hosts and vectors of many pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, strengthening the surveillance of rodents is of great practical significance in accelerating ecological restoration of H. ammodendron forest and formulating the preventive measures against rodent-borne diseases.
    • Original Reports
  • Mosquito-trapping effect of photocatalysis mosquito lamp versus BG-trap mosquito lamp
    MA De-zhen, MING Ming, LU Hua
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 685-689. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.012
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    Objective To investigate the mosquito-trapping effect of photocatalysis mosquito lamp versus BG-trap mosquito lamp, and to provide a more effective method for the surveillance of dengue vector Aedes. Methods From August to September in 2019, one site each was selected from the four types of habitats of urban residential area, farm house, tire factory, and salvage station as the surveillance sites in Daiyue district of Tai'an in Shandong province, China, and photocatalysis mosquito lamp and BG-trap mosquito lamp were set up at the same time, with a distance of 100 m between the two types of mosquito lamps. Power supply was turned on at 15:00, and the lamps were collected at 09:00 on the next day. Surveillance was performed once in the first, middle, and last ten days of each month, and the mosquitoes were taken back to the laboratory and were frozen and sacrificed for taxonomic identification and counting. Excel 2010 and SPSS16.0 softwares were used for statistical analysis, and the χ2 test was used for the comparison of composition ratio (rate). Results The dominant mosquito species were Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens in Tai'an. A total of 212 female mosquitoes were captured by photocatalysis mosquito lamp, mainly Cx. pipiens pallens (49.53%), and a total of 1 005 female mosquitoes were captured by BG-trap mosquito lamp, mainly Ae. albopictus (55.32%). There were significant differences in the trapping rates of different mosquito species between the two types of mosquito traps (all P<0.05); the BG-trap mosquito lamp had significantly higher trapping rates of Ae. albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus than the photocatalysis mosquito lamp, while the photocatalysis mosquito lamp had significantly higher trapping rates of Cx. pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Anopheles sinensis than the BG-trap mosquito lamp. The highest number of mosquitoes were captured in the tire factory, with the dominant species of Ae. albopictus (65.22%), followed by the farm house, with the dominant species of Cx. pipiens pallens (47.40%). There were significant differences in the trapping rates of Cx. pipiens pallens, Ae. Albopictus, and Ar. subalbatus between different habitats (all P<0.05). For the tire factory, the mosquitoes trapped by BG-trap mosquito lamp accounted for 65.90% of all mosquitoes, mainly Ae. albopictus (89.37%); for the farm house, there were significant differences in the trapping rates of Ae. albopictus, Ar. subalbatus, and An. sinensis between the two types of mosquito traps (all P<0.05), and compared with the photocatalysis mosquito lamp, the BG-trap mosquito lamp had higher trapping rates of Ae. albopictus (17.48% vs 2.74%) and Ar. subalbatus (12.59% vs 2.74%) and a lower trapping rate of An. sinensis (20.28% vs 42.47%). Conclusion BG-trap mosquito lamp has a relatively good trapping effect on Ae. albopictus, and it is recommended to be used in the surveillance of dengue vector Aedes and the investigation of breeding sites.
  • Surveillance and analysis of fly density and seasonal fluctuation in Dongcheng district of Beijing, China, 2014-2019
    A Zhuo, WEI Xu-qiang, QUE Ran, ZHANG Yu-nong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 690-694. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.013
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    Objective To investigate the fly density and its seasonal fluctuation in Dongcheng district of Beijing, China, and to provide a reference for fly control. Methods From 2014 to 2019, fly density was monitored by the cage trapping method at seven surveillance sites in Dongcheng district from April to October. The surveillance data were statistically analyzed by Excel 2007 software. Results From 2014 to 2019, the dominant fly species in Dongcheng district were Sarcophagidae (35.16%), Muscina stabulans (18.92%), Musca domestica (16.83%), and Lucilia sericata (13.19%), accounting for 84.10% of the total fly counts. The overall fly density decreased from 2014 to 2019. The fly density peaked in July. In terms of different habitats, greenbelt had the highest fly density (6.20 flies/cage), followed by hotels (5.49 flies/cage) and residential areas (4.88 flies/cage). The dominant fly species in greenbelt and residential areas were Sarcophagidae and M. domestica, respectively. Conclusion This study reveals the fly density, species composition, and seasonal fluctuation in Dongcheng district. Fly control should focus on greenbelt and hotels. The fly density peaks in July, suggesting that fly control measures should be taken before the peak.
    • Investigation
  • Application of SYBR GreenⅠfluorescence quantitative PCR in the rapid detection of Brucella
    ZHANG Ai-ping, MA Li, XIE Hui, YANG Xu-xin, XUE Hong-mei, ZHAO Zhi-jun, LI Ji-quan, YU Shou-hong, ZHAO Zhong-zhi, XU Li-qing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 695-698. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.014
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    Objective To investigate the application of SYBR GreenⅠ fluorescence quantitative PCR in the rapid detection of Brucella, and to provide a new method for the early detection of brucellosis. Methods Bacterial isolation and culture were performed for two whole blood samples collected from patients with acute brucellosis, 8 whole blood samples collected from patients with chronic brucellosis, and 12 whole blood samples collected from sheep, and suspected Brucella strains were screened by smear microscopy and bacteriophage lysis test. Nucleic acid was extracted, templates were prepared, and then SYBR GreenⅠ fluorescence quantitative PCR was used for the detection of Brucella. Results A total of four suspected Brucella strains were isolated, with the same morphology and staining characteristics as Gram-negative bacilli. The bacteriophage lysis test for strains 1, 2, and 3 showed that BK2 lysed and Tb was not and these three strains were determined as Brucella melitensis; the bacteriophage lysis test for strain 4 yielded negative results. All strains except the strain 4 and EV76 showed a specific absorption peak at 88℃ in the melting curve of fluorescent quantitative PCR, and thus they were confirmed as Brucella. Conclusion SYBR GreenⅠ fluorescence quantitative PCR has the advantages of short time, strong specificity, and good repeatability in the detection of Brucella, and therefore, it holds promise for application in the screening for brucellosis and the rapid detection of Brucella.
  • A study of colonial morphology of Yersinia pestis carrying bacteriophages
    LI Cun-xiang, ZHANG Qing-wen, XIN You-quan, QI Zhi-zhen, JIN Xing, FENG Jian-ping, LI Sheng, WU Hai-lian, ZHAO Hai-hong, DAI Rui-xia
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 699-701. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.015
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    Objective To study the colonial morphology of Yersinia pestis carrying bacteriophages and to provide a scientific basis for the accurate and rapid identification of plague pathogens. Methods Yersinia pestis carrying bacteriophages were cultured by Hottinger's agar streak method and/or antiphage serum agar method for colonial and cellular morphology observation with the naked eye and light microscope. Results Both samples contained typical Y. pestis as well as atypical Y. pestis with bacteriophages which had smaller colonies than typical strains due to the presence of bacteriophages and slow or inhibited cell growth. Conclusion Antiphage serum agar method and plate streak method allow identification of the colonial morphology of typical and atypical Y. pestis under a light microscope. These methods are simple, rapid, straightforward, and economical, and are of great significance for the identification of intractable pathogens of plague.
  • Inhibitory effect of pyriproxyfen versus S-methoprene on the emergence of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in water collecting wells of underground garages in buildings
    LIU Jie, LI Xiao-ning, JIANG Yi-min, LIANG Xue-ying, CHEN Zong-qiu, HE Zheng, GAN Lu, HU Lai-gui, LUO Lei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 702-705. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.016
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    Objective To investigate the inhibitory effect of pyriproxyfen water emulsion, S-methoprene granules, and S-methoprene microcapsule suspension on the emergence of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae in water collecting wells of underground garages in buildings, and to provide a scientific basis for the control of mosquito larvae. Methods In 2019, pyriproxyfen water emulsion, S-methoprene granules, and S-methoprene microcapsule suspension were placed in the water collecting wells of underground garages in buildings of a residential area in Guangzhou, China to control Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus. The spoon method was used to collect the larvae and pupae of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus in the water collecting wells on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after the application of pyriproxyfen water emulsion, S-methoprene granules, and S-methoprene microcapsule suspension, and the larvae and pupae were taken back to the laboratory to observe emergence. Results On day 3 after application, the water collecting wells treated by pyriproxyfen water emulsion, S-methoprene granules, and S-methoprene microcapsule suspension had a significantly lower emergence rate of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae than the control water collecting wells (pyriproxyfen water emulsion:χ2=176.414, P<0.001; S-methoprene granules:χ2=13.268, P<0.001; S-methoprene microcapsule suspension:χ2=34.784, P<0.001). On days 3-28 after application, the water collecting wells treated by pyriproxyfen water emulsion had a significantly lower emergence rate of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae than the control water collecting wells (P<0.001). On days 3-21 after application, the water collecting wells treated by S-methoprene granules had a significantly lower emergence rate of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae than the control water collecting wells (P<0.001). On days 3-14 after application, the water collecting wells treated by S-methoprene microcapsule suspension had a significantly lower emergence rate of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae than the control water collecting wells (P<0.001). Conclusion Pyriproxyfen water emulsion, S-methoprene granules, and S-methoprene microcapsule suspension can reduce the emergence rate of Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae in water collecting wells of buildings, among which pyriproxyfen water emulsion has relatively long half-life and control effect duration, while S-methoprene has short half-life and control effect duration, but it is suitable for use in places with high environmental protection requirements.
  • A surveillance report of vectors in Henan province, China, 2019
    TANG Zhen-qiang, FAN Jin-xing, LIU Ji-qi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 706-709. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.017
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    Objective To investigate the species composition, density, and seasonal variation of vectors in Henan province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for vector prevention and control. Methods In the surveillance of vectors in Henan province in 2019, the night trapping method was used for rodent surveillance in January, March, May, July, September, and November; the lamp trapping method was used for mosquito surveillance from May to October; the trap cage method was used for fly surveillance from April to October; the sticky trap method was used for the surveillance of cockroaches in January, March, May, July, September, and November. Excel 2010 software was used for data collection, and a descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed. Results In 2019, the overall capture rate of rodents was 0.44%, with Mus musculus as the dominant species, and the capture rates in residential areas, special industries, and rural villages were 0.50%, 0.32%, and 0.51%, respectively. The mean density of mosquitoes was 7.58 mosquitoes/lamp·night, with Culex pipiens pallens as the dominant species, and the density of mosquitoes was relatively high in cowshed (10.75 mosquitoes/lamp·night) and pigsty (16.48 mosquitoes/lamp·night). The mean density of flies was 5.95 flies/cage, with Musca domestica as the dominant species, and farmers' markets had the highest fly density of 6.55 flies/cage. The mean density of cockroaches was 0.14 cockroaches/cage, with Blattella germanica as the dominant species. Conclusion This report describes the species composition, density, and seasonal fluctuation of vectors in Henan province in 2019 and thus provides a scientific basis for the prevention and control of vectors in Henan province.
  • An analysis of surveillance results of adult mosquitoes in Shapingba district, Chongqing, China, 2017-2019
    TAO Xiao-ying, ZHAO Xin, TU Tao-tian
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 710-713. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.018
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    Objective To investigate the density, population composition, and seasonal variation of adult mosquitoes in Shapingba district, Chongqing, China, and to provide advice and decision basis for mosquito prevention and control. Methods The lamp trapping method was used to capture adult mosquitoes from April to November during 2017-2019, and the mosquito density was calculated. The Levene's test was used to assess the homogeneity of variance for adult mosquito density each year; the Friedman test for multiple paired samples was used to compare the seasonal variations in adult mosquito densities each year; the chi-square test was used to compare the composition ratios of adult mosquitoes in different habitats. Results The main mosquito species in Shapingba district were Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles sinensis, with Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus as the dominant species. A total of 6 076 adult mosquitoes were captured from 2017 to 2019, and the total density of adult mosquitoes was 12.66 mosquitoes/lamp·night, with the highest density being 42.50 mosquitoes/lamp·night in rural livestock sheds, followed by 10.18 mosquitoes/lamp·night in rural households. Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus was the dominant mosquito species in all habitats, with a composition ratio of >77.00%. The peak density of adult mosquitoes was in June from 2017 to 2019, with the highest density being 64.20 mosquitoes/lamp·night in June 2018. Conclusion The density and seasonal variation of adult mosquitoes in Shapingba district, Chongqing are associated with local climate, types of habitats, and implementation of mosquito control activities. It is suggested that environmental management and adult mosquito eradication activities should be conducted throughout the district from May to September each year, with a focus on rural livestock sheds and rural households; meanwhile, a correlation analysis should be performed between adult mosquito density and mosquito-borne diseases.
  • A study of resistance of adult Aedes albopictus to common insecticides in Nanchong, Sichuan, China
    ZHAO Chao-zhen, ZOU Jin-fu, QING Min, TIAN Hong-rui, QIAN Wei-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 714-717. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.019
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    Objective To investigate the resistance of adult Aedes albopictus to four hygienic insecticides in Nanchong, Sichuan, China, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of Ae. albopictus. Methods From June to July the larvae of Ae. albopictus were collected from five districts (counties) in Nanchong and then underwent laboratory breeding for 1 to 2 generations; female mosquitoes that had not sucked blood for 3 to 5 days after emergence were selected and tested for insecticide resistance by exposure to a tube lined with insecticide-impregnated paper as recommended by the World Health Organization. Results After exposure to 0.4% beta-cypermethrin, 0.1% deltamethrin, 0.5% malathion, and 0.05% propoxur for 1 hour, the 24-hour mortality rates of adult Ae. albopictus were 61.49%-76.00%, 22.91%-53.74%, 88.00%-100%, and 95.24%-100%, respectively; the mosquitoes were resistant to beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and were sensitive or suspiciously resistant to malathion and propoxur. Conclusion Adult Ae. albopictus in Nanchong, Sichuan have developed resistance to beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin, and remain relatively sensitive to malathion and propoxur. Surveillance of the insecticide resistance of Ae. albopictus should be strengthened, and insecticides should be used scientifically and properly to prevent or delay the development of resistance.
  • An analysis of surveillance results of indoor cockroaches in Huangshan, Anhui province, China, 2017-2018
    HOU Yin-xu, LIN Hao-fei, WANG Wei, CHEN Li, YUAN Hua-ling, WU Lei, WANG Hai-bo, ZHANG Jia-lin, HUANG Fa-yuan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 718-721. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.00.020
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    Objective To fully investigate the infestation status, density, population structure, habitat distribution, and seasonal variation of indoor cockroaches in Huangshan, China, and to provide technical support and scientific basis for vector control and sanitary city construction. Methods From August 2017 to November 2018, the sticky trap method was used to monitor cockroach species, density, spatiotemporal distribution, and infestation rate in 1 297 rooms of 171 institutions in Tunxi district, Huangshan district, Tangkou town, and the tourism scenic area in Huangshan. The above institutions represented six types of habitats, i.e., hotels, catering establishments, farmers'markets, supermarkets, hospitals, and rural and urban residential areas. Excel 2013 software was used for calculation and collation of parameters such as density and infestation rate. SPSS 20.0 software was used for Spearman correlation analysis of cockroach monitoring density and daily mean air temperature. The chi-square test was used for analysis of infestation rates of cockroaches in different habitats. Results More than 1 300 sticky tapes for cockroaches were placed, among which 1 254 were effective. In 309 positive rooms, 13 014 cockroaches were captured. The infestation rate, capture rate, density, and density index of indoor cockroaches in Huangshan were 23.82%, 24.64%, 10.38 cockroaches/tape, and 42.12 cockroaches/tape, respectively. Among the captured cockroaches, 12 640 (97.12%) were Blattella germanica, which was the dominant species; 369 (2.84%) were Periplaneta fuliginosa, which was the common species; other cockroaches accounted for 0.04%. In the population, males, females, and nymphs accounted for 9.95%, 12.86%, and 77.19%, respectively. The peak of cockroach density in Huangshan was observed from July to September, with the highest density (38.07 cockroaches/tape, corresponding to an infestation rate of 21.92%) in August. There was a positive correlation between cockroach density and mean daily air temperature monitored (r=0.709, P=0.022). The habitats most severely infested by indoor cockroaches in Huangshan were farmers' markets (43.65%), catering establishments (33.68%), and supermarkets (30.03%). There were significant differences in infestation rate of indoor cockroaches among the six types of habitats (χ2=56.260, P<0.001). The infestation rates of cockroaches in residential areas and hospitals were significantly different from those in other habitats (all P<0.01), and the infestation rate of cockroaches in hotels was significantly different from those in catering establishments and farmers' markets (all P<0.01). Conclusion The infestation of indoor cockroaches is relatively severe in Huangshan. Blattella germanica is the dominant species which increases rapidly in population. The infestation of cockroaches is relatively severe in habitats such as farmers' markets, supermarkets, catering establishments, and hotels, which needs to be paid enough attention, and cockroach surveillance and scientific control should be strengthened.
  • An investigation of the breeding of Aedes on the rooftops of residential buildings in the core area of dengue fever focus in Yuexiu district of Guangzhou, China
    ZHONG Xue-shan, LIU Zhi-ming, PENG Jian-quan, LIANG Ge-yang, RAO Si-hui, HUANG Liang-yu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 722-725. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.021
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    Objective To investigate the breeding of Aedes on rooftops of residential buildings in the core area of dengue hotspots in Yuexiu district of Guangzhou, China, and to provide a basis for scientific surveillance and control of Aedes vector. Methods From January 2018 to August 2019, an investigation was performed for the general information and breeding of Aedes on rooftops of residential buildings in the core area of dengue hotspots in Yuexiu district. EpiData 3.0 software was used for data entry, and SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The chi-square test was used for comparison of the positive breeding rate of Aedes between different rooftops, and a logistic regression analysis was used to identify the influencing factors for the positive breeding rate of Aedes on rooftops. Results Among the 414 rooftops inspected, 154 (37.20%) were positive for Aedes, with a container index of 34.27% (439/1 281). There was no significant difference in the positive breeding rate of Aedes on rooftops between high buildings and low buildings (χ2=0.839, P=0.360). Rooftops used for other purposes had a significantly higher positive breeding rate of Aedes than those not used for other purposes[41.36% (122/295) vs 26.89% (32/119), χ2=7.595, P=0.006]. Cultivation of flowers or vegetables, enclosure for living, and storage of sundries increased the risk of breeding of Aedes. Positive breeding was mainly observed in water containers or idle containers, accounting for 47.61% (209/439), followed by water plants (107/439, 24.37%), rubbish (84/439, 19.13%), and other things (39/439, 8.88%). Conclusion Rooftops are important breeding sites for Aedes and are often neglected. The breeding of Aedes on rooftops should be taken seriously when developing the measures for mosquito control and effectiveness evaluation.
  • An analysis of surveillance results of cockroaches in Yinchuan, China, 2016-2019
    ZHENG Yan-juan, HU Ming-ming, LIU Yuan-yuan, WU Jian-hua, TAN Yu-zhen
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 726-729. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.022
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    Objective To investigate the cockroach infestation rate and its seasonal variation in Yinchuan, China, from 2016 to 2019, and to provide a basis for formulating cockroach control strategies. Methods One surveillance site was set up in each of the six counties (cities) under the jurisdiction of Yinchuan. In the middle of each odd month of each year, sticks and traps were used to monitor the cockroach density and infestation rate in farmers' markets, supermarkets, hotels, hospitals, residential areas, and other environmental places. Results From 2016 to 2019, a total of 12 690 cockroaches were captured, all of which were Blattella germanjca, with a mean density of 0.82 cockroach/sheet, a density index of 9.66 cockroaches/sheet, and an infestation rate of 8.41%. The cockroach density and infestation rate were highest in 2018, being 0.95 cockroach/sheet and 10.20%, respectively, and lowest in 2019, being 0.67 cockroach/sheet and 7.21%, respectively. The highest cockroach density and infestation rate were found in Jinfeng district, being 1.49 cockroaches/sheet and 15.80%, respectively, followed by Xingqing district (1.47 cockroaches/sheet and 10.15%, respectively); Helan county had the lowest cockroach density (0.11 cockroach/sheet), and Yongning county had the lowest infestation rate (4.33%). The seasonal variation of cockroach density was close to a double-peak curve, and the variation of infestation rate was close to a single-peak curve; their highest peaks were both in September. The cockroach density and infestation rate were highest in farmers' market, being 2.86 cockroaches/sheet and 18.06%, respectively, followed by residential areas (1.16 cockroaches/sheet and 17.68%, respectively), and lowest in hotels, being 0.07 cockroach/sheet and 2.51%, respectively. Conclusion In order to reduce cockroach density and control disease, the surveillance and control of cockroaches should be strengthened in various environmental places, and comprehensive measures should be taken before the peak density period according to the seasonal variation of cockroaches.
  • Analysis and consideration of the prevention and disposal of rabies exposure at the outpatient service of Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Zhejiang province, China
    MAO Rong, JIN An-bao, WU Yi-kang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 730-734. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.023
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    Objective To strengthen the construction and management of the outpatient service of rabies in primary hospitals, and to further standardize the prevention and disposal of rabies exposure. Methods The data of rabies exposure in the outpatient service of Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Jiaxing CDC) were collected from 2009 to 2019, and Excel 2007 software was used to perform a retrospective analysis of the data. The problems in the prevention and disposal of rabies exposure were put forward. Results In the outpatient service of Jiaxing CDC, the number of individuals with rabies exposure was increasing year by year, and 66 059 individuals with rabies exposure were received in the past 11 years, with a male/female ratio of 0.93:1. The peak of rabies exposure was in July and August, and 82.50% of the exposed individuals attended the hospital within 24 hours. The rate of combined injection of rabies immunoglobulin increased from 10.02% in 2009 to 63.42% in 2019 among the individuals with grade Ⅲ exposure, and the mean injection rate was 41.91%. There were several problems in the outpatient service of rabies, such as old hardware facilities, insufficient number of full-time medical practitioners, a lack of detailed inquiry information, inadequate informed consent, a lack of standard exposure treatment, low compliance of individuals with exposure, poor transfer mechanism of severe patients, weak information management, and a lack of health education and psychological guidance for individuals with exposure. Conclusion Jiaxing CDC has transformed from the unit undertaking the prevention and disposal of rabies exposure to the unit of the technical management and guidance of primary hospitals. Primary hospitals need to strengthen the infrastructure of the outpatient service of rabies, equip enough qualified full-time medical staffs, improve information construction, and optimize the outpatient service system for rabies.
  • Establishment of a high-throughput semi-automatic bacterial whole-genome sequencing system
    ZHANG Jing-shan, LONG Zheng, WANG Zi-jian, XIAO Wen-jing, WANG Qun, ZHAO Hong-qun
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 735-737. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.024
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    Objective To establish a high-throughput semi-automatic bacterial whole-genome sequencing system to meet the needs of bacterial pathogen surveillance based on the genome sequence. Methods An automated liquid handler, disposable mechanical pipette tips, a 96-well nucleic acid extraction kit, an automated sequencing library construction system, and a sequencer were used to realize the semi-automation of bacterial genome sequencing. Results The distance between the mechanical pipette tip and the bottom of the sample well, the mixing speed of liquid, and the volume ratio of the mixed liquid to the sample each time were closely related to the cross-contamination of the samples. When the distance between the mechanical pipette tip and the bottom of the sample well was 2 mm, the mixing speed of liquid was 15% of the full speed, and the volume ratio of the mixed liquid to the sample was 50% each time, the contamination rate was 0. Compared with the manual procedure, this high-throughput semi-automatic bacterial whole-genome sequencing system improved the work efficiency by 4-fold. Conclusion A high-throughput semi-automatic bacterial whole-genome sequencing system is established, which can meet the needs of bacterial pathogen surveillance based on the genome sequence.
    • Review
  • Research progress in epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of scrub typhus
    LI Wen, LI Gui-chang, LIU Xiao-bo, LIU Qi-yong, LU Liang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 738-743. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.025
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    Scrub typhus is an acute febrile vector-borne infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. It is transmitted by the bite of chigger mite larvae. Now scrub typhus is a relatively serious public health issue in the Asia-Pacific region, threatening the health of more than one billion people worldwide. China is one of the countries with relatively serious burden of scrub typhus. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend in the epidemic areas of scrub typhus and the number of infected cases. With the development of "3S" spatial information technologies represented by geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and global positioning system (GPS), many scholars have applied these technologies to studies on the spatial epidemic pattern of scrub typhus. This article mainly introduces the epidemiological characteristics and spatiotemporal dynamic trends of scrub typhus domestic and overseas, as well as the natural environmental factors and socioeconomic factors affecting the epidemic of scrub typhus, and focuses on the roles of spatial statistics and GIS technology in the epidemiological study of scrub typhus, so as to provide a reference for the future epidemiological study and the prevention and control of scrub typhus.

  • Application and prospect of insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in control of sanitary pests
    WANG Dong, ZHANG Xiao, LI Chuan-xia, XIN Zheng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(6): 744-748. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.06.026
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    Insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are not only used in the control of agricultural pests, but also have good killing effects on sanitary pests. With increasing attention to high toxicity to bees, the development of traditional insecticides such as imidacloprid and thiamethoxam has entered a bottleneck period. Changing the way of use may help these insecticides get out of the dilemma. This paper reviews the development history, current dilemma, application status in the sanitary field, and new products of insecticides acting at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and discuss the prospect of such insecticides in sanitary pest control.
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