ISSN 1003-8280 CN 10-1522/R 中国疾病预防控制中心 主办
Anopheline mosquitoes are important medical insects. Some species can transmit malaria and filariasis parasites. This paper described the current taxonomic status of the anopheline mosquitoes in China based on the author’s many years of research accumulation, and referring to the recent literatures. There are 40 species in subgenus Anopheles and 31 species in subgenus Cellia, including three molecular forms to be further investigated. The taxonomic revision of some taxa was described as well.
Objective To use RNA-seq library construction and high-throughput sequencing approach to identify and characterize Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) within mosquito samples. Methods Thirty-two mosquito pools (around 480 females in total) were collected in Wuhan, Hubei, China. Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol LS reagent and E.Z.N.A. Total RNA Kit and these extractions were further merged into 1 pool for RNA-seq library construction and sequencing. To obtain the full-length genome and reconstruct the phylogenetic tree, we used software including Trinity, Blast, SeqMan, MAFFT_7, MegAlign and PhyML. Results Within the sequencing results, we were able to identify a JEV which we named as WH-JEV strain. The genome of WH-JEV strain was 10 947 nucleotides long, which covers the complete open reading frame from 81 to 10 376 nt of the genome and encodes for a 3432 amino acid polyprotein. The virus has a low abundance (with a coverage of 40X and a TPM of 4.19) comparing to other viruses with the same mosquito RNA library. Subsequent genome analyses suggests that the WH strain belongs to genotypeⅠ, and has 99.5% nucleotide identity and 100% amino acid identity with the strain LN0716. Conclusion High-throughput technology could be used to rapidly detect and characterize JEV within mosquitoes.
Objective The housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), possess significant health concerns for humans and animals. Research on genetics and molecular biology of this pest is helpful for developing an effective control strategy. Methods Frequencies of pyrethroid resistance alleles were compared for five field-derived housefly populations collected across China over a three-years interval. Results Under the laboratory conditions without insecticide selection over almost 3 years, the frequencies of resistant allele (CYP6D1v1) increased in Guangdong, Shanghai, and Beijing populations, but declined in Shandong and Jilin populations that had low initial frequencies of CYP6D1v1 allele. Guangdong, Shandong and Jilin populations experienced a significant decline in the frequency of voltage-sensitive sodium channel resistance allele (kdr-his). The most notable change was observed in Shandong population, in which kdr-his disappeared from the initial frequency of 0.33. From these observations, we concluded that CYP6D1v1 may have fitness advantages and kdr-his allele has haplotype-variable fitness. Conclusion These findings reconfirm our previous suggestion that resistance management strategy should be customized for a given location.
Objective To establish a rapid and specific real-time fluorescent PCR method for Nam Dinh virus (NdiV). Methods According to the sequence alignment of GenBank and NDiV isolated by our laboratory, we found out the conservative sequence (RdRp) and design specific primers and TaqMan-MGB probe. In order to evaluate the reaction system, the concentration of primers and probe were adjusted to optimize the reaction conditions, and the sensitivity, specificity, stability tests for our method were also conducted. Results TaqMan-MGB real-time fluorescence PCR detection method of NDiV were less time-consuming and highly sensitive, and the low detection limit was 0.1 PFU. It had a good specificity characteristic for having no cross reaction with dengue serotype 1-4, epidemic encephalitis b virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, stellate virus, and adenovirus; The five times repeated testing of four nucleic acid content in different standard samples revealed that the average coefficient of variation range of Ct was 1.67%-3.68%, and thus it had high stability. Through monitoring, the positive probability of mosquitoes collected from Longgang district for NDiV was 18.00%. Conclusion NDiV TaqMan-MGB real-time fluorescent PCR method is a rapid, specific, sensitive and stable method, it can be applied to epidemiological monitoring in order to improve the ability of rapid detection of viruses.
Objective To identify the high risk areas and time of local dengue cases in Guangdong province. Methods Decomposing the local dengue cases to study the high risk time; Conducting purely special analysis to identify high risk areas using SaTScan software. Results The occurrence of local cases had a characteristic of seasonality, mainly occurred in September and October. Local dengue cases showed spatial heterogeneity and the most cluster located at Yuexiu, Liwan, Baiyun, Haizhu, Tianhe, Panyu and Foshan districts. Conclusion The occurrence of local dengue cases showed temporal and spatial heterogeneity. When preventing and controlling dengue occurrence in Guangdong, limited resources should be allocated reasonably and should be focused on these high risk areas and time.
Objective To explore the spatial distribution of 4 natural foci diseases in Gansu province and provide theoretical basis for the diseases prevention and control. Methods Spatial clustering analysis was used to draw the higher incidence areas of 4 natural foci diseases from 2009 to 2013 in Gansu province, simultaneously, Geographic Information System(GIS) was also employed to visualize results of cluster detection tests. Results The results of the spatial clustering detection showed that the districts with spatial aggregation display a marked difference of 4 natural foci diseases. The hemorrhagic fever, brucellosis and anthrax mainly concentrated in the humid region in southeast of Gansu province, the cases were more prevalent in southeast and less in northwest. The brucellosis and anthrax high-risk areas mainly concentrated in the pastoral areas, while malaria high-risk areas mainly concentrated in western Gansu. Conclusion The early warning system based on flexible spatial scan statistic and geographical information system could work efficiently.
Objective To better understand the changes of mosquito biodiversity patterns along latitude gradient in arid wetlands of north of Xinjiang, and explain the correlation between species abundance and environment through redundancy analysis(RDA). Methods Mosquitoes were collected from 5 arid wetlands with CO2 light-trap, and α biodiversity index, β biodiversity index were estimated with consideration of latitude increase, and relation between species abundance and environment was analyzed by RDA ordination. Results A total 20 731 mosquitoes of 16 species in 5 genera were collected in subject area, and Aedes vexans which accounted for 55.98% of total captured was the predominant species in arid wetlands of north Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The indices of 5 wetlands, from south to north, were 8, 11, 5, 9, 8 for richness, 1.23, 1.11, 0.24, 0.57, 0.35 for Shannon-Weiner index, and 0.59, 0.46, 0.15, 0.26, 0.17 for Pielou index, respectively. And the Cody index was 5.5, 4.0, 2.0, 2.5, between two wetlands neighbored respectively. And eigenvalues were 0.510, 0.256, 0.142, 0.078, species-environment correlations were 0.999, 0.999, 0.995, 0.996, for 4 axes respectively, and Monte Carlo permutation tests were significant statistically for each axis(P<0.01. Conclusion Aedes vexans was the predominant species in arid wetlands of north frontier of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Both α biodiversity index and β biodiversity index showed overall decline with increasing latitude, and no obvious change was observed through γ biodiversity analysis. Precipitation had the most significant impact on abundance, followed by temperature and light hours. And comprehensive effect of meteorological variables contributed to the pattern of species abundance in 5 wetlands in north of Xinjiang.
Objective To explore the relevant meteorological factors influencing mosquito density, and to provide theoretical basis for the prediction of mosquito density. Methods The data of meteorological factors and mosquito density were collected from January 2007 to December 2013 in Hangzhou, Quzhou and Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis with stepwise were used to explore the influencing factors. Results The average vapor pressure (P=0.000, 95%CI: 0.004-0.007) is significantly associated with mosquito density in Hangzhou city; the average minimum temperature (P=0.000, 95%CI: 0.027-0.055), the maximum daily precipitation (P=0.001, 95%CI: 0.001-0.005) and the extreme minimum station barometric pressure (P=0.041, 95%CI: 0.001-0.029) are significantly associated with mosquito density in Quzhou city; the average station barometric pressure (P=0.012, 95%CI: -0.029- -0.004) is significantly associated with mosquito density in Wenzhou city. The average station barometric pressure (P=0.000, 95%CI:-0.015- -0.007) and the average temperature (P=0.000, 95%CI: -0.013-0.004) have a lagging effect on the mosquito density in Hangzhou city; the average station barometric pressure (P=0.000, 95%CI: -0.079- -0.034), percentage of sunshine (P=0.017, 95%CI:-0.111- -0.012) and the average vapor pressure (P=0.017, 95%CI: -0.050- -0.005) have a lagging effect on the mosquito density in Quzhou city. Conclusion The average vapor pressure, the average station barometric pressure, the average minimum temperature, the maximum daily precipitation and the extreme minimum station barometric pressure may be the main meteorological factors that affect mosquito density. The average station barometric pressure, the average temperature, percentage of sunshine, the average vapor pressure may have a lagging effect on the mosquito density.
Objective To study the existence of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) and tick-borne spotted fever (SF) in rodents in northeastern China. Methods Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Anaplasma (Ap), Ehrlichia (Ec) and spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) were detected in rodent samples collected from Ji’an of Jilin province and kuandian of Liaoning province. Results In 132 wild rodent, 66 collected from Ji’an, Ap and Ec and SFGR were detected positive, with rates as 7.58%, respectively. 66 collected from kuandian, Ap and Ec and SFGR were detected positive, with rates as 21.21%, 4.55%, 13.64%, respectively. 3(2.27%) were coinfections with Ec and Ap, while 2(1.52%) was coinfections with Ec and SFGR. There was no coinfections of Ap and SFGR. Conclusion There exists natural foci of Ap, Ec and SFGR in the investigated area. Coinfections of Ec and Ap or Ec and SFGR did exist in rodents in Changbai mountain area, China.
Objective To investigate the species, densities and carried pathogens of mosquitoes in surrounding areas of Beijing Capital International Airport during 2011 to 2014, and to provide a scientific basis for the control and prevention of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Seven monitoring stations within 2000 meters around Beijing Capital International Airport were included in this study. Carbon dioxide light traps were used to capture mosquitoes according to GB/T 23797-2009. Descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed with mosquito monitoring data of density and carried pathogen from 2011 to 2014 in surrounding areas of Beijing Capital International Airport. Results A total of 126 212 adult mosquitoes were captured within the 4 years of investigation. Culex pipiens pallens was the predominant mosquito species (accounting for 85.59% of all captured mosquitoes), followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (13.95%), Anopheles sinensis (0.28%), Aedes albopictus (0.18%). The annual average density indices of mosquitoes in the 4 years were 40.74, 45.18, 28.76 and 37.80 mosquitoes per light-hour, respectively. The monthly average densities were ranged from 0.29 to 113.38 mosquitoes per light-hour. The peak of adult mosquito density appeared from June to September, and that about Cx. pipiens pallens and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were June and September, that about Ae. albopictus and An. sinensis were all August. The annual average density indices of mosquitoes were ranged from 4.93 to 146.17 mosquitoes per light-hour in seven monitoring stations. The density for Cx. pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis were the highest at the riverside, for Ae. albopictus that was the highest in central Airport. There were no mosquitoes that carried pathogens of malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis. Conclusion The density indices of mosquitoes were high in surrounding areas of Beijing Capital International Airport. Mosquitoes mainly inhabited outdoor environments such as riverside. The activity peak period of mosquitoes was between June to September. Cx. pipiens pallens and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were the predominant species. The risks on spread indigenous malaria and dengue fever were low.
Objective To study the prevalence and the genetic characteristics of Hantavirus in the captured rodents in Jiangxi province. Methods Rodents were captured in the main epidemic areas, and Hantavirus antigens in rat lungs were detected by direct immunofluorescence assay. Total RNA were extracted from DFA positive lungs samples and amplified by using the special Hantavirus genotyping primers to genotype. The complete S segment and partial M segment were amplified by special primer; the products were cloned, and then sequenced and analyzed. Results Six hundred and sixteen rats were captured and Hantavirus antigens were identified in 41 lung samples by DFA. Ten SEOVs and thirteen HTNVs were found in 32 DFA positive lung samples by RT-PCR, Nine samples cannot be genotyped. Seven complete S segments were obtained by cloning and sequencing, the genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the complete S segment and partial M segment indicated that four viruses formed a distinct phylogenetic linage in HTNV clade; Three viruses belongs to SEOV. Conclusion The mainly epidemic Hantavirus were SEOV and HTNV in Jiangxi area, and there maybe presence of new Hantavirus subtype.
Objective A new type of automatic mousetrap system and its application effect were studied to provide efficient and environmentally friendly control techniques for rodents. Methods Mouse preferred food was selected for screening test of lure in the trap. The rodent density and rice rodent infestation ratio was investigated to evaluate the control effect of automatic mousetrap system. Results Research has showed that field grown mature period of sweet corn and rice sprout was the preferred lure of automatic mousetrap system. From 2012 August to November, the automatic mousetrap system has captured 141 rodents, mainly Rattus losea and R. norvegicus. After implementation of automatic mousetrap system for three months, the rat trace index decreased by 80.94% and 77.46% reduction in rice rodent ratio. Control effect was obvious. Conclusion Automatic mousetrap system and its application method provided a new technology for sustainable rodent control.
Objective Monitoring?dusting technology is a recently developed technology for controlling termites. This technology is more environmentally friendly compared to traditional termiticide liquid barrier and has great potential for termite management. Our study is to investigate the effectiveness of this technology for controlling termites in the field. Methods The effectiveness to eliminate termite colony and to decrease numbers of termites was evaluated with the termite monitor?controlling device and 0.5% fipronil dust in the field. Results Among the 28 Coptotermes colonies and 50 Reticulitermes colonies tested, 17 Coptotermes colonies and 30 Reticulitermes colonies were completely eliminated. The individual numbers of 11 Coptotermes colonies and 20 Reticulitermes colonies have been reduced significantly. To eliminate one Coptotermes or one Reticulitermes colony, 5-10 grams or 3-5 grams of 0.5% fipronil dust were consumed respectively. In field tests, 27 005 monitor?controlling devices were installed in the area of 2 510 879 m2. After applying the 0.5% fipronil dust to treat the termites in 2121 of 2333 monitor-controlling devices that detected the termites, no termites were found in 1919 monitor?controlling devices after six months. Conclusion Monitoring?dusting technology is an effective approach for controlling termites.
Objective To explore the status of mosquito infestation in different types of residential areas in downtown Shanghai, and to analyze the causes and countermeasures. Methods Selecting 3 mosquito monitoring sites from 3 different types of downtown neighborhoods in the same area, conduct 224 days’ continuous mosquito monitoring in CO2-light trapping method. Results Aedes albopictus is the predominant mosquito population in residential areas of downtown Shanghai (account for 72.35%), significantly higher than the density of sub-dominant Culex pipien pallens population (11.91 vs. 4.21/day·machine, P<0.05); Compared with the type of high-rise residential and old-fashioned villas environments, the old neighborhood environment faced more serious mosquito-infestation conditions, which has significantly higher mosquito density (total mosquito density, 28.91/day·machine, P<0.05), and much higher Ae. albopictus proportion (76.60%, P<0.05). Conclusion The situation of Ae. albopictus infestation in residential areas of downtown Shanghai is quite concerned, especially in old neighborhoods, whose living conditions and sanitary facilities are relatively poor. It is recommended that countermeasures should be taken to cope with the threat of Ae. albopictus-borne infectious disease in residential areas.
Objective To assess the risk of flies in major industries of Nanchang city, and take measures to control the density of flies at low levels. Methods The invasion of flies in major industries was investigated by method of GB/T 23796-2009. To evaluate the risk of flies in major industries, classification standard of the risk occurrence possibility was established by Delphi method. Results The results of infestation in 2008-2010 showed that flies were likely to do impact people in industries of farm product markets, small restaurants, small foodstores, food processing industry, the station. Flies may possiblly do harm to people in hotels, supermarkets, canteens, tea and dance halls, hospitals. The risk levels have a downward trend in 5-10 month of 2011. To October, there were no risk possibility in industries of hospital (including hospitals), farmers market, enterprises; fixed-point stadiums, hotels, large and medium sized catering site still exists the risk possibility. Conclusion Through environmental, physical and chemical control measures, the density of declined during the period of 7th national intercity games, but some industries still had infestation risks. So it is necessary to take scientific measures to control flies in order to protect the public health.
Objective To explore the correlation of monitoring methods of Bretu index, Mosq-ovitrapand “Double-mosquito net”, and evaluate the practical value of them. In order to provide the reference for choosing the proper monitoring methods in epidemic area of dengue fever. Methods Onegarden of hospital in Shenzhen was selected as the experiment site, andthe mosquito density was monitored inside by three different monitoring methodsduring October to November 2014. Results More operations are planned in epidemic area of dengue fever. There is no statistically significant correlation amongBreteau Index, Mosquito oviposition Index and Bites Index (P>0.05). Conclusion The result of Breteau Index may not be able to comprehensively evaluate the mosquito density in epidemic area of dengue fever. “Double-mosquito net” method, a kind of monitoring method for adult mosquito can be complementary.
A new species, Forcipomyia maculosus (Yu, Wang et Yu) sp. nov. and a new record species Culicoides sinanoensis Tokunaga were recorded from Anning of Yunnan province, China. Wings surface, antennae and paramere of the new species is closely allied to Forcipomyia (F.) declivis Debenham, 1987, but the latter is distinctly characterized by ring spots on foods, a shield shaped aedeagus and without the blue green body color. The new species is also closely allied to Forcipomyia (F.) adjecta Tokunaga, 1959, but no depressions on the middle tail sterna and wide aedeagus of the latter is significantly different from that of the new species. The type specimens are preserved in the medical insect specimens Museum, Fengtai East Street No. 20, Beijing 100071, China.
The paper reports and describes two new species Phaonia crata sp. nov. and Phaonia tenuilobatus sp. nov., which were collected from Guizhou, China and assigned to the P. triseriata-group. P. crata sp. nov. related to P. triseriata Emden, 1965 distributed to Burma and Zhejiang, China, but can be separated from the latter by eye sparsely with pale short hairs, frons wider, about half as wide as the space between outer margin of two posterior ocelli, inclined frontal setae 7, antennae reddish dark; acr 0+2; m1+2 straight, which gradually separating with r4+5 towards end, calypter yellow brown; mid femur with pv row undeveloped, and with 2 erected spinal v, hind tibia with 2 av and 1 ad, respectively; abdomen with tergits absent of strips or spots viewed posteriorly; male terminalia: posterior view: cerci with shallow invagination; lateral view: cercus clearly with angular inner projector apically; surstylus with posterior straight, anterior margin with angular projector near medially. Also, P. tenuilobatus sp. nov. related to P. crata sp. nov., but can be separated from the latter by inclined frontal setae 5, antennae with first flagellomere about 2 times as long as its width or about 2 times as long as pedicel-length, too, gena about 0.2 as high as eye-height, upper margin of gena with 2 rows of irregular upcurved peristomal setae; acr 0+1; mid and hind femora with end brown dorsally, mid femur without v; male terminalia: posterior view: surstylus with 2 projectors innerly; lateral view: cercus with inner projector developed; posterior margin of surstylus with angular projector medially although its anterior margin slightly waved, smooth and without bulge; 5P>thP> sternite tubbiness rather than cydariform. The type specimens of two new species are deposited in Wei Lianmeng Labor Model Innovation Studio of Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Anshun City, Guizhou 561000, China.
Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of Plasmodium falciparum of Yandao rubber plant village, Gangao town, Nanpai zone of Mengbo county in the border areas of Myanmar, providing evidences for making effective control measurements to prevent P. falciparum cases import from frontier. Methods In the focus (Yandao rubber plant village), 23 households were checked by door to door in 30th Jun, 2014, malaria clinic case was investigated by epidemic case investigation in, malaria suspected case was tested by malaria rapid diagnosis test strips and microscope, and malaria vector was collected by lamp-traps. Results Total of 88 persons were tested, of those 65 P. falciparum positives were found by malaria rapid diagnosis test strips and 37 positives for microscope test; the ratio of gender was 1 (male):1.17 (female); the aged groups were ranged at 0-70 years old with the youngest 0.3 years old and the oldest 70 years old, 2 death cases;total of 111 individuals of 5 Anopheles species, of those 9 Anopheles minimus and 25 Anopheles sinensis were collected. The epidemic was controlled effectively by 65 P. falciparum cases standard treatment with Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Phosphate, indoor insecticide residual spray with beta cyfluthrin and the other control measurements. Conclusion This epidemic belonged to an outbreak caused by P. falciparum in the border areas of Myanmar, above results suggested that the timely detection of outbreak and epidemic treatment would be strengthened in the border areas of Myanmar, in order to prevent the spread of the epidemic.
Objective To provide the basis for plague prevention and control by investigating in the flea species from dog and cat and infection rate of Yersinia pestis in the plague natural foci of Lijiang in Yunnan province. Methods Investigation was carried out at 3 villages of Yulong county and 3 villages of Gucheng district of Lijiang. Fleas on dog body and cat body were collected with insecticide bath, and identified based on morphological characteristics. Y. pestis was cultured from fleas in laboratory. Results There 93 dogs were investigated and there were fleas on 74 dogs, with average fleas infection rate is 79.57%, average fleas index is 2.63. Totally 245 fleas were collected from dog, and all are Pulex irritans. The sex ratio of fleas was 2.14:1. There were fleas on 28 of 37 investigated cats, average fleas infection rate is 75.68%, average fleas index is 2.46. Totally 91 fleas were collected, including P. irritans (46.15%), Ctenocephalides felis felis (53.85%). The sex ratio of cat fleas was 3.55:1. Infection of Y. pestis was negative for all fleas. Conclusion The P. irritans were predominat species to dog body fleas, P. irritans and C. felis felis were predominating species to cat body fleas. Infection of Y. pestis was not found.
Objective We investigated the monitoring data of nocturnal rodent of plague foci from 2001 to 2013 in Shiqu county and provided a scientific basis for prevention and treatment of plague. Methods We traped nocturnal rodent by the way of 5 m-clip, same time, collecting fleas and identifying nocturnal rodent. The monitoring data of octurnal rodent was analysed by the means of Excel. Results From 2001 to 2013, the rat of trap of nocturnal rodent is 1.56%. The nocturnal rodent was carried 185 fleas belonging to 3 family, 7 genus and 12 species, and its flea infected rate is 26.67%, and flea index is 0.44. We traped 420 nocturnal rodent which belong to 3 Orders, 4 families, 5 genera and 8 species, plus an undefined aquatic rat. Conclusion The nocturnal rodent played a key role in plague epidemiology of Shiqu county, and more attention should be paid to monitoring plague epidemiology.
Objective To understand the distribution of tick-born diseases in Lishui county, Zhejiang province. Methods The ticks on livestocks and wild animals were collected. The infection of tick-born diseases were detected by PCR amplification with specific primers on rickettsia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma, Bartonella, Lyme disease, and the barber west protozoa. Results The carrying rate of tick on host animals tested in the present study was 17.84%, while the index of tick carrying was 1.25. The positive rates of rickettsia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma, Bartonella, Lyme disease, and the barber west protozoa were 13.82%, 35.48%, 44.24%, 2.30%, 9.22%, 9.68%, respectively. Conclusion The carrying rate of tick was high in Lishui county, where more than one pathogen existed. The risk on tick?born infection was high, which should be concerned in terms of public health and well being of humans and livestocks.
Objective To investigate the important medical arthropods from Haerbaling and Lianhuapao forest areas of Dunhua city, Jilin province. Methods Blood-sucking Diptera insects were collected by bednet, light trap and insect net. Ticks were collected by dragging a blanket over the vegetation on the ground. Results A total of 16 141 specimens belonging 4 families 12 genera 50 species were recorded from Dunhua city, including 10 species and 3 genera of Culicidae, 8 species and 1 genus of Ceratopogonidae (including a new species: Culicoides haerbalingensis), 28 species and 5 genera of Tabanidae, 4 species and 3 genera of Ixodidae. The predominant species were Aedes vexans (81.96％); Culicoides newsteadi (48.01％), Culicoides punctatus (24.20％); Hybomitra distinguenda (26.17％), Hybomitra stenopselaphas (12.66％); Haema physalis concinna (67.34％). The peak period of ticks was May. Conclusion There were many medical arthropods and hazard in forest areas of Dunhua city, and medical arthropods should be controlled.
Objective To observe the assessment for deratization effect used with rat footprint plate method and S100 check method, and comparison the accuracy of two methods. Methods On-the-spot test was carried out at the Zhangheitun village of Linyi city, a total of 280 households. It was divided into two groups, each group of 140 households, the first group put 0.05% Diphacine-Na corn poison bait in cement poison bait box, the second group put 0.05% Diphacine-Na wheat poison bait in. Two methods of rat footprint plate method and S400 check were used to evaluate the deratization effect at the same time. Results At the first group, the assessment of deratization rate with rat footprint plate method at different periods of time were 54.05%, 54.78%, 73.19% and 92.47% respectively on the 10 d, 20 d, 30 d and 60 d, and the assessment of deratization rate with S100 check method at different periods of time were 79.40%, 88.38%, 95.64% and 98.87% respectively on the 10 d, 20 d, 30 d and 60 d, comparison two assessment methods, they have statistically significant(10 d, χ2=71.540; 20 d, χ2=176.230; 30 d, χ2=181.730; 60 d, χ2=56.270, P<0.01). At the second group, the assessment of deratization rate with rat footprint plate method at different periods of time were 35.51%, 51.02%, 71.28% and 85.54% respectively on the 10 d, 20 d, 30 d and 60 d, and the assessment of deratization rate with S100 check method at different periods of time were 74.08%, 87.32%, 95.13% and 97.53% respectively on the 10 d, 20 d, 30 d and 60 d, comparison two assessment methods, they were statistically significant (10 d, χ2=145.720; 20 d, χ2=231.720; 30 d, χ2=214.560; 60 d, χ2=104.230, P<0.01). Conclusion The S100 check method is more suitable for the assessment of deratization effect, since its quality and accuracy. And the rat footprint plate method better suited to determine the population density of rats, and identifying the rat density situation, it was convenient and practical.
Objective To understand the situation of people about the plague knowledge and analyze its influencing factors in Yushu after the earthquake, then to provide a reference for Yushu post?disaster plague control and prevention. Methods There were 294 persons consisting of students, cadres, pastoralists and migrant workers from 9 towns of Yushu who were extracted by the method of stratified cluster random sampling. Then the awareness situation of the population about plague was surveyed through the questionnaire and interview. Results The average rate of plague awareness of the respondents was 77.89% (229/294). The awareness rate of the sampled students was 93.81% (91/97), the awareness of the local pastoralists was 80.95% (51/63), the awareness of the local cadres was 74.55% (41/55), the awareness of the migrant workers was 58.23% (46/79). Multiple factors analysis displayed that the age, occupation, cultural level and the source region of the population is the influence factors to their plague awareness situation. Conclusion The plague awareness rate of the migrant workers for post?disaster reconstruction in Yushu is lowest, which increases the risk of plague long distance spread to the world. So the plague propaganda and education of the population for the post?disaster reconstruction in Yushu should be strengthened.
Objective In order to assess the epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) after implementing expanded program on Immunization in Hulun Buir city, to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Methods We collected a crowd epidemic data and serological data and analyzed epidemiological characteristics of HFRS. Results Epidemic data showed the incidence of HFRS decreased in Hulun Buir city, but incidence showed an increasing trend in Daur Autonomous Banner of Morin Dawa. The HFRS had strong seasonality in 2009-2013. Onset age mainly between 20-64 years old. The farmer was 275 cases, accounting for 72.75%. Serological data results showed the positive rate of serum IgG antibody 47.17%, the recessive infection rate was 33.33%, in prevalence areas. Antibody positive rate and the recessive infection in females was higher than males, no statistically significant (χ2=2.290, P>0.05). The recessive infection rate of farmer was 7.86%. The density and virus-carrying rate of rat showed a rising trend year by year. Conclusion Results suggested continuation to strengthen emergency vaccination for high-risk groups in high prevalence areas, which will be conducive to further control the epidemic of HFRS.
Objective To observe the efficacy of Su Keli Gel Bait against Blattella germanica. Methods Four cafeteria were selected for field experiment. Applying the gel bait at one time at the places where B. germanica frequently appear, assessing the killing efficacy by observing the density change of cockroaches before and after the gel bait application. SPSS 17.0 were used for the analysis of data. Results The density of B. germanica decreased 62.23% after one day, 74.03% after 3 days, 98.14% after 30 days, and 95% after 60 days. Conclusion Su Keli Gel Bait against B. germanica had the following advantages: high performance, no smell, no pollution, safety for humans and animals and convenient to use, etc. So it was an ideal Gel Bait against cockroaches, which warrants to be recommended for large scale application.
Objective To investigate the density of mosquitoes in Yangzhou city, to compare the results between the mosq-ovitrap method and Breteau Index (BI) method and to provide the scientific evidence for prevention and control of dengue. Methods A mosq-ovitrap was set every 25-30 meters in a hidden and shady places in the surroundings of urban and rural areas. Adult and larval Aedes mosquitoes were collected and identified simultaneously for BI around the mosq-ovitrap set. Results In total, 150 and 50 mosq-ovitraps were set and 137, 50 were collected with 4, 3 positive traps respectively in different surrounding of urban and rural areas. The Mosq-ovitrap Index were 2.92, 6.00 respectively. At the same time, water containers in 105 and 50 households were checked around the mosq-ovitrap set, in which 11 and 8 containers were positive. The BI were 10.48 and 16.00, respectively. Based on statistical analysis, BI were higher than the Mosq-ovtrap index between which the difference was statistically significant (χ2=8.840, P=0.003). Conclusion In urban or rural areas, BI that is greater than 5 and less than 20 which indicates a relatively safe condition. The mosq-ovitrap method differs from BI method in dengue vector surveillance in this area.
Schistosomiasis is one of the major communicable diseases, which seriously impacts human health and obstructs the economic development in endemic areas. Oncomelania hupensis snail is unique intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum as well as posts significant influence on schistosomiasis transmission. Many studies have been conducted for effective control or eradication of snails in habitats in China and overseas. In order to study the recent advances of control techniques on snails from schistosomiasis endemic areas in lake and marshland regions, this paper briefly reviewed and summarized the research and application situations of the common methods on snail control by the environmental modification, chemical or plant molluscicide, biological control and physical means, and the present major problems and the future research directions on snail control.
