20 October 2014, Volume 25 Issue 5

    

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Original Reports
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  Influence of containers on insecticide resistance bioassayin Culex pipiens pallens larvae

  LIN Guo-song, ZHANG Xiao-yue, LIU Xin, MENG Feng-xia

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 385-387. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.001

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  Objective　To investigate the influence of containers on the insecticide resistance bioassay among Culex pipiens pallens larvae, and to determine whether disposable cups can replace glass beakers in these tests with the purpose of increasing experimental efficiency. Methods　Using wild Cx. pipiens pallens larvae, the susceptibility of larvae (LC50 with 95%CI) to deltamethrin, temephos, and BMPC was determined using the glass beaker, disposable plastic cup, or disposable paper cup, with impregnation method as recommended by WHO, and the LC50 values measured using different containers were compared. Results　The LC50 (95%CI) values of Cx. pipiens pallens larvae to deltamethrin measured using the glass beaker, disposable plastic cup, and disposable paper cup were 0.002 009 (0.001 654-0.002 449), 0.003 858 (0.003 062-0.005 224), and 0.005 459 (0.004 051-0.008 757) mg/L, respectively; there were significant differences in LC50 value between the glass beaker group and the other two groups. To temephos, the LC50 (95%CI) values were 0.000 955 (0.000 816-0.001 094), 0.003 007 (0.002 661-0.003 407), and 0.003 830 (0.003 450-0.004 256) mg/L, respectively; there were significant differences between the glass beaker group and the other two groups. To BMPC, the LC50 (95%CI) values were 0.3470 (0.3059-0.3821), 0.2575 (0.2118-0.3095), and 0.4844 (0.4460-0.5232) mg/L, respectively; there was a significant difference between the glass beaker group and disposable paper cup group, but no significant difference was found between the glass beaker group and disposable plastic cup group. The susceptibility of Cx. pipiens pallens larvae to deltamethrin was less concentration-dependent as compared with that to temephos; with increasing temephos concentration, susceptibility became less dependent on different types of containers. Conclusion　In the bioassay of Cx. pipiens pallens larvae’s resistance to insecticide, glass breaker is the best choice. Disposable cups may affect the results due to adsorption of pesticides. Special attention should be paid when using disposable cups instead of the glass beaker, and evaluation should be performed in these situations.
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  A preliminary study on melanization of hemolymph in Musca domesticaby 96-well microplate assay

  GUO Wen-zong, XIN Zheng, LIU Zheng-ming, WANG Lei, ZHU Wen-gang, LI Dian-xiang

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 388-392. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.002

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  Objective　To investigate the feasibility of 96-well microplate assay in determination of melanization responses of Musca domestica to different bacterial challenges. Methods　The hemolymph from third-instar larvae of M. domestica was stimulated in vitro with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, or the mixture of E. coli and S. aureus. The phendoxidase activity of hemolymph was determined with a 96-well microplate reader, and the relationship between bacterial stimulation and housefly melanization was further analyzed. Results　Compared with the initial A490 values of normal control sample, those from the stimulated samples (numbered 1-3) constantly increased along with the increase in bacterial quantity. The fold changes in initial A490 values with stimulation by different bacteria were as follows: 1.33-1.38 times with E. coli, 1.30-2.40 times with S. aureus, 2.60-3.00 times with M. luteus, and 1.40-3.80 times with the mixture of E. coli and S. aureus. Obviously, stimulation with bacteria enhanced the phenoloxidase activity of hemolymph of M. domestica in vitro; meanwhile, the melanization responses of hemolymph got stronger with increase in bacterial quantity. The stimulating effects of single bacteria were as follows: M. luteus＞S. aureus＞E. coli, while the mixture of S. aureus and E. coli showed a better effect than single bacteria. Conclusion　 The 96-well microplate assay is a reliable method to determine the melanization responses in hemolymph of M. domestica during bacterial challenge.
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  Prediction of potential distribution of Anopheles sinensisin China based on MaxEnt

  MA Ai-min, WANG Jin-feng, WANG Duo-quan, REN Zhou-peng

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 393-398. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.003

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  Objective　To build a model for the relationship between the potential distribution of Anopheles sinensis and relevant bio-climatic factors, and to identify the main climatic influencing factors as well as predict the potential distribution of An. sinensis in China, thereby providing supporting data of vector distribution for the nationwide elimination of malaria. Methods　 A MaxEnt model was built to predict the potential distribution of An. sinensis using monitoring data from 2005 to 2010. The potential distribution areas of An. sinensis were divided into suitable and unsuitable areas, where “10 percentile training presence logistic threshold” was used to define the minimum threshold of suitable environment. The size of human population exposed to the distribution area of An. sinensis was evaluated using geographic information system. Results　In the MaxEnt model, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to test the precision. The values of area under the ROC curve for 2005 to 2010 were estimated to be 0.814, 0.791, 0.783, 0.801, 0.774, and 0.802, respectively, indicative of good prediction precision. The modeling data showed that total annual precipitation, mean annual air pressure, precipitation of the wettest quarter, and minimum temperature of the coldest month strongly influenced the distribution of An. sinensis. Conclusion　In China, the suitable area of An. sinensis and the exposed human population both showed a decreasing trend from 2005 to 2010. It is of great significance to the nationwide elimination of malaria and the prevention of related infectious diseases by grasping and understanding the potential distribution of An. sinensis in China.
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  Survey of vector populations and their adverse impactin coastal areas of Jiangsu province, China

  ZHANG Yu-fu, CHU Hong-liang, LIU Da-peng, YANG Wei-fang, LIU Hui, CHEN Hong-na, ZHOU Ming-hao

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 399-404. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.004

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  Objective　To determine the fauna, population density, seasonality, and adverse impact of major vectors in the coastal areas of Jiangsu province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of vector-borne diseases in Jiangsu coastal areas. Methods　Six coastal counties/cities from Jiangsu province were chosen for surveillance of vectors, and cases of vector-borne diseases in the coastal areas in 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Results　The mean population densities of mosquitoes, flies, rats, and cockroaches in the study areas of Jiangsu province were 1.22 per light-hour, 19.78 per cage, 2.07%, and 0.33 per net, respectively, during June 2002 to 2013. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), scrub typhus, and malaria were the most prevalent diseases in the coastal areas of Jiangsu. The incidence rates of the three diseases in 2013 (1.09/100 000, 1.53/100 000, and 0.76/100 000) were all higher than the average levels in Jiangsu province during the same period. Conclusion　The climate and habitat changes in Jiangsu coastal areas may have significant influence on vectors and vector-borne diseases. We need to strengthen publicity and education of HFRS, scrub typhus, and malaria, promote vaccination, and develop pest control in coastal areas. The above measures can effectively reduce the incidence of vector-borne diseases.
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  Study on relationship between population density of Aedes albopictusand meteorological factors in Shanghai, China

  ZHOU Yi-bin, LENG Pei-en, GU Jun-zhong, LONG Chun-yu, CHEN Peng

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 405-407. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.005

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  Objective　To study the relationship between the population density of Aedes albopictus and meteorological factors and its application in the control of Ae. albopictus. Methods　The relationship between Ae. albopictus density and meteorological factors in Shanghai from January 2005 to December 2008 was studied using multiple stepwise regression and neural network on Matlab. Results　The combination of meteorological factors (minimum temperature, 8 pm-8 pm precipitation, sunshine duration, minimum relative humidity, wind speed, 8 pm temperature, and 8 pm atmospheric pressure) had a satisfactory predictive ability, with R-square of 0.897 00. The multiple stepwise regression equation was y＝-18.206 64x2＋3.066 16x3－3.383 90x4＋1.891 53x7＋1.689 86x8＋25.939 46x13＋1.936 35x18－2217.100 90 . R-square in prediction with neural network was 0.913 19. Neural network showed a better predictive ability than regression analysis. Conclusion　The main meteorological factors closely related to mosquito density are minimum temperature, 8 pm-8 pm precipitation, sunshine duration, minimum relative humidity, wind speed, 8 pm temperature, and 8 am atmospheric pressure.
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  Food consumption of striped hamster (Cricetulus barabensis) and its dynamic changes in Hunshandake sandy land of Inner Mongolia, China

  PENG Zhen, WANG Yong, FAN Zun-long, LI Ya-heng, XU Yun-hu, HE Bing, WANG Yu-mei, ZHAO Jing-rui

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 408-412. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.006

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  Objective　To investigate the diet of striped hamster (Cricetulus barabensis) and its dynamic changes, and to provide a theoretical foundation for the development of scientific control measures and sustainable management strategy. Methods　Killing-trap method was used monthly to capture C. barabensis in the Hunshandake desert in Inner Mongolia, China. The diet of trapped striped hamsters was analyzed by identification of the seeds stored in the cheek pouches and stomach of each individual. The diet of C. barabensis was studied in Inner Mongolia Research Station. Results　The seeds of sandy plants contributed to more than 55% of the food items of C. barabensis. Cricetulus barabensis also took leaves and stems of plants. Cricetulus barabensis stored a large number of insects during certain months when insect resources were abundant. Conclusion　Plant seeds are the main diet of desert hamsters. The food composition of C. barabensis changes with the maturation of plants and reservoir of seed resources.
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  Survey of flea faunas on Eospalax baileyi in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

  CHEN Hong-jian, DENG Xiao-gong, SHEN Xi-ping, CAO Hong-xia, MA Jun-ying,ZHANG Tong-zuo, SU Jian-ping, LIN Gong-hua

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 413-415. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.007

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  Objective　To investigate the species composition and geographic distribution of fleas on plateau zokors (Eospalax baileyi) and consequently to clarify the fauna of zokor fleas in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Methods　Ground arrows were used to kill E. baileyi, and all fleas on the zokors were collected by combing and were then identified in the laboratory and analyzed statistically. Results　A total of 282 E. baileyi were captured from 18 sampling sites, and 203 (71.99%) of them were infected by one or more fleas. A total of 835 fleas were collected, with a total flea index of 2.96 individuals per host. The hierarchical cluster analysis grouped the 18 sites into 3 main clades. Clade A was dominated by Neopsylla paranoma; clade B was dominated by N. sellaris; clade C had the fewest flea individuals. Conclusion　The area around the Qinghai Lake is dominated by N. paranoma, the southeastern area of Qinghai province is a unique region for N. sellaris, and the Yellow River seems to have little influence on the fauna of fleas on E. baileyi.
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  Development of rat skull automatic identification system basedon random forests

  HUA Hui-zhen, YANG Hui-yong, YUAN Xiong-feng, ZOU Bo, WANG Deng, GAO Ling-wang

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 416-420. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.008

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  Objective　Rodents can survive in any existing habitat, and are the largest order of mammals in terms of both variety and quantity of species. Unlike other mammals, their classification can be variable and complex, due to the large number of species. Furthermore, the inter-species characteristics and traits tend to be convergent. They pose a seriously increasing threat to agriculture. Hence it is crucial to find effective measures to manage and control rodent infestation, which requires confirmation of their taxonomic statuses precisely and quickly. However, an expert on one species or family may be unfamiliar with another. These issues have increased the demand for digitized software tools that can recognize and characterize rodent skulls from images. In this study we developed a system, named “Rodents Skull Automatic Identification System”, based on random forests. Methods　The training module and recognition module of the system were designed based on the recognition technology of computer science, OpenCV, and random forests. The training module included image input, image preprocessing, feature extraction, pattern recognition, and identification result return. The recognition module included image input, image preprocessing, feature extraction, training classifier, and classifier data storage. The system identified rodents of 13 species from 4 families through automatic extraction and analysis of 32 mathematical morphological features on dorsal maxillary images, such as eccentricity and compactness. Results　The system could identify 13 species among 4 families of rodents. The results showed that the average identification accuracy rate was above 80%, and the identification accuracy rate of each species was above 70%, indicating that the system was highly reliable in recognition of rodents. Conclusion　Rodents can be automatically identified with the aid of computer technology. However, this system is only a preliminary study, and it requires further studies to improve the recognition rate.
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  Mosquito surveillance in fluctuating zones of the Three GorgesReservoir region, China, in 2010

  GUO Yu-hong, ZHANG Jing, LIU Xiao-bo, MENG Feng-xia, LU Liang, WANG Jun, REN Dong-sheng,CHANG Zhao-rui, MAO De-qiang, LIU Qi-yong

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 421-423. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.009

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  Objective　To investigate the species composition and population density of mosquitoes before impoundment and after recession in the fluctuating zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir region and to provide a basis for surveillance of mosquito vector and mosquito-borne diseases. Methods　Four surveillance sites were established in the typical fluctuating zones at upper, middle, and lower streams of the Three Gorges Reservoir region. For each surveillance site, 3 lamp trapping cages were placed at each of the three different altitudes (10 m altitude difference). The surveillance was carried out before impoundment and after recession in 2010. Results　In 2010, a total of 101 mosquitoes were captured with 90 lamp-times, which belonged to 4 species: Culex tritaeniorhynchus, which accounted for 21.78% (n＝22); Anopheles sinensis, which accounted for 16.83% (n＝17); Cx. pipiens, which accounted for 16.83% (n＝17); Armigeres subalbatus, which accounted for 6.93% (n＝7); other species, which accounted for 37.63% (n＝38). Conclusion　The fluctuating zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir region provide breeding sites for mosquitoes. Mosquito density is low in these areas, and shows a decreasing trend with increasing altitude. Vector of Japanese encephalitis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and malaria vector, An. sinensis, exist in these areas.
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  Investigation of Japanese encephalitis vectors in 2009 in Linyi countyof Shanxi province, China

  DAI Pei-fang, ZHAO Jun-ying, KONG Xiang-sheng, LIU Mei-de, ZHANG Jiu-song, LIU Zhu-ping,HAO Xiao-feng, ZHANG Hong-zi, CHENG Jing-xia

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 424-426. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.010

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  Objective　To investigate the species composition and population density of mosquitoes and the prevalence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection in Linyi county of Shanxi province, China. Methods　Mosquitoes were collected by light traps and used for identification of JEV. NS1 sequences of JEV were amplified using RT-PCR from mosquito nucleic acid. Samples with positive amplification of NS1 were further sequenced. Results　A total of 4424 mosquitoes (6 species, 4 genera) were collected, of which 52.0% were Culex tritaeniorhynchus, 41.2% were Cx. pipiens pallens, and few were Anopheles sinensis and other species. Mosquito density gradually increased from June to August. The constituent ratio of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus among all mosquitoes increased month by month. A total of 2109 individuals of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were pooled into 77 batches before nucleic acid detection of JEV, of which 10 batches were positive. Five of the positive samples were sequenced, and alignment with GenBank sequences indicated the presence of genotypeⅠ JEV. Conclusion　The mosquito density is high in July and August in Linyi county, and the constituent ratio of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and JEV positive rate are relatively high. The two indices could be used as important early warning indicators for prevention of Japanese encephalitis.
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  Study on rapid molecular identification of vector flies based on COⅠ gene

  WANG Ying, LU Min, LI Jin-qing, LIU Ming-jie, YUE Qiao-yun

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 427-431. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.011

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  Objective　To establish a DNA barcoding technique for the molecular identification of flies based on COⅠ gene and to make up for the deficiency of morphological identification of flies. Methods　Sixteen flies commonly found at Yantai Port were used as subjects in this study. After morphological identification, total DNA was extracted from the single hind foot of each fly. According to reference, the international COⅠ primer LCO1490: 5′-GGT CAA CAA ATC ATA AAG ATA TTG G-3′ and HCO2198: 5′-TAA ACT TCA GGG TGA CCA AAA AAT CA-3′ were used to set up a PCR system. Sequence of COⅠ was successfully amplified, followed by sequencing and aligning of purified PCR product. Phylogenetic study of COⅠ gene was performed using Mega 5.05 by neighbor-joining (NJ), maximum parsimony (MP), and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Results　 The amplified COⅠ fragments of sixteen flies were 690 bp in size, with an average A＋T content of 68.53%. The sequence alignment and phylogenetic study showed that the results of COⅠ gene-based identification were consistent with morphological identification. Conclusion　The DNA barcoding technique established in this study is able to amplify COⅠ gene from flies and thereby identify flies with the same result as morphological identification; this technique is particularly suitable for the identification of a trace amount of samples.
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  Identification of Spermophilus alaschanicus and Spermophilus dauricusby DNA barcoding

  CHEN Bao-bao, SUN Yang-xin, AN Cui-hong, HUO Li-xia, FAN Suo-ping

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 432-434. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.012

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  Objective　To investigate the classification and identification methods for Spermophilus alaschanicus and S. dauricus. Methods　DNA barcoding was used to determine the cytochrome c oxidase subunitⅠ (COⅠ) gene sequences of S. alaschanicus and S. dauricus, analyze the genetic distance, and construct a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree. Results　 The intraspecific genetic distance of S. alaschanicus (n＝11) was less than 2%, and that of S. dauricus (n＝4) was less than 1%. The genetic distance between S. alaschanicus and S. dauricus ranged from 8% to 9%. Results of NJ tree showed that all the samples of the two species formed two independent groups with a high support value. Conclusion　Spermophilus alaschanicus is an independent species. DNA barcoding can be used in the species identification of Spermophilus.
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  Isolation and identification of Rickettsia sibirica carried by ticksin Changping district of Beijing, China

  HE Jin-rong, LI Ming-hui, CHEN Xiao-ping, LI Ci-xiu

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 435-437. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.013

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  Objective　To identify spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) isolated from Dermacentor sinicus, which were collected from the hedgehogs in the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Changping District of Beijing, China. Methods　SFGR isolates were identified by morphological and molecular biological methods, followed by phylogenetic analysis. Results　SFGR propagated in DH82 cells and caused significant cytopathic effects. After Gimenez staining, a large number of rickettsiae were clearly seen in dark red. Sequence analysis revealed that the 16S gene of the SFGR isolates was 100% identical to that of Rickettsia sibirica strain 246 and R. sibirica strain BJ-90. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the SFGR isolates were located in the same evolutionary branch as R. sibirica, which further proved that they were R. sibirica. Conclusion　The discovery of tick-born SFGR in Changping district provides etiological evidence for potential existence of the natural foci of North Asia fever in this area.
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  Study on single nucleotide polymorphisms in HLA-B gene and HLA-DQ gene among Hantavirus-infected and non-infected populations

  LI Qi, HAN Xu, WEI Ya-mei, HAN Zhan-ying, ZHANG Yan-bo, QI Shun-xiang, XU Yong-gang

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 438-440. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.014

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  Objective　To analyze the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HLA-B gene and HLA-DQ gene in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) patients and healthy people and to study the relationship between Hantavirus infection and genetic characteristics of humans. Methods　Five SNPs in HLA-B gene and HLA-DQ gene were amplified using allele-specific primer PCR (ASP-PCR). The association between SNPs and Hantavirus infection was investigated by case-control study. Results　According to the result of the HFRS antibody diagnostic assay, 24 Hantavirus-positive whole blood samples were included. Negative samples were collected from 51 healthy people. The frequencies of CC genotype of rs34933313 in the case group and control group were 4.17% and 29.41%, respectively; the frequencies of GG genotype were 12.50% and 15.69%, respectively; the frequencies of CG genotype were 83.33% and 54.90%, respectively. The frequencies of CC and GG in the case group were significantly lower than those in the control group, and the frequency of CG genotype in the case group was significantly higher than that in the control group; significant difference in the genotype of rs34933313 was found between the two groups (χ2＝7.050, P＝0.029). No significant difference was found at any of the other four sites. Conclusion　SNP at rs34933313 might be associated with Hantavirus infection and may increase the risk of Hantavirus infection in humans. HLA-B gene is probably related to Hantavirus infection in humans.
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  Composition and distribution of mosquitoes at the campin Chayu county of Tibet, China

  YU Jing, SHI Qing-ming, CHEN Mao-mao, ZHANG Fu-qiang, ZHENG Ying, HU Xiao-bing, HU Ting-song,GUO Ping, GU Liang-qi, LI Ming, HE Biao, WANG Mao-ji, FAN Quan-shui

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 441-443. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.015

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  Objective　To investigate the spatial distribution and species composition of indoor and outdoor mosquito communities at the camp in Chayu county of Tibet, China. Methods　CO2 light traps and human-baited mosquito nets were used to sample the mosquitoes at the outdoor courtyard, around the animal pens, and in the forest. Captured mosquitoes were classified and counted, and the obtained data were statistically analyzed in terms of the number and species composition of mosquitoes. Results　A total of 822 mosquitoes were captured, belonging to 2 subfamilies, 4 genera, and 6 species, in this study. Among them, Culex pseudovishnui was the main mosquito community, accounting for 86.25% (709/822), followed by Anopheles maculatus, accounting for 5.47% (45/822), and Armigeres subalbatus, accounting for 5.23% (43/822). In the rooms, Cx. pseudovishnui was captured most frequently (0.476, 10/21); around the pen, An. peditaeniatus, An. maculatus, and Ar. subalbatus had relatively high capture frequencies, with ratios of 0.750 (6/8), 0.818 (9/11), and 0.615(8/13), respectively; Aedes vexans was captured only in the forest. Conclusion　The dominant mosquito species is Cx. pseudovishnui, which is endophilic, suggesting that indoor residual spraying and outdoor habitat management should be taken to control the mosquito species. An. peditaeniatus and An. maculates have a preference for animal sites, where the control should be focused on the two mosquito species.
Biology and Ecology
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  A taxonomic study of Calyptratae in Taiyue Mountainof Shanxi province, China

  MA Guang, JI Yan-jiao, WANG Ming-fu

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 444-451. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.016

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  Objective　To perform a taxonomic study on Calyptratae in Taiyue Mountain of Shanxi province, China. Methods　 Calyptratae insects of Shanxi province were extensively collected in Taiyue Mountain with net traps accompanied by cages. Specimens were pinned. The external morphology was observed under a stereoscopic microscope. Based on entomological classification principles and related literature research, these specimens were identified. Results　There were 168 species, belonging to 75 genera and 8 families of Calyptratae in Taiyue Mountain, among which there were 1 species and 1 genus of Scathophagidae, 26 species and 13 genera of Anthomyiidae, 10 species and 1 genus of Fanniidae, 70 species and 22 genera of Muscidae, 22 species and 11 genera of Calliphoridae, 21 species and 14 genera of Sarcophagidae, 17 species and 12 genera of Tachinidae, and 1 species and 1 genus of Hypodermatidae. In addition, five species indigenous to Taiyue Mountain of Shanxi province were identified. Conclusion　Calyptratae in Taiyue Mountain of Shanxi province is characterized by species diversity and endemism.
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  Investigation of Hyalomma excavatum Koch first capturedat Nansha port, Guangzhou, China

  ZHAO Shuang, HU Wen-hai, YAN Qing-li, YE Ting-ting, FU Yu-fei

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 452-454. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.017

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  Objective　To review Hyalomma excavatum Koch, which was first captured from the Italian leather at Nansha port, Guangzhou, China, and to provide reference for inspection and quarantine work at the port. Methods　The adults of H. excavatum were characterized based on specimens and the relevant literature on Ixodidae. Hyalomma excavatum was further compared with closely related species, H. anatolicum. Results　Hyalomma excavatum was intercepted from imported Italian leather. This was the first time that H. excavatum had been discovered in foreign freighters. Hyalomma excavatum was morphologically characterized in this study. Comparison was made between H. excavatum and H. anatolicum in terms of taxonomy, biology, and importance in disease transmission. Conclusion　There is a high risk that exotic ticks are imported from goods. More attention should be paid and strict quarantine supervision should be carried out.
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  A newly recorded species of termites (Isoptera) in Sichuan province, China

  PENG Xiao-tao, TAN Su-jin, CHEN Hua, YAN Shao-hui, CHEN Shang-hai

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 454-455. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.018

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  Objective　To investigate the classification and distribution of termites (Isoptera) in Panzhihua, Sichuan province, China. Methods　Extensive investigation was performed according to the administrative division of villages or towns. In each village or town, termites were collected in building areas, gardens, hillside meadows, and forest regions. Results　A total of 106 termite specimens were collected in Panzhihua, belonging to 2 families, 4 genera, and 6 species. Conclusion　Macrotermes orthognathus (Ping et Xu, 1985) was first collected and recorded in Sichuan province, which is a newly recorded species of termites in this province.
Investigation
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  Surveillance of leptospirosis and analysis of Leptospira serovarsin Fujian province, China, in 2012

  XU Guo-ying, LIN Dai-hua, PAN Min-nan, LI Shu-yang, WANG Jia-xiong, ZHOU Shu-heng,HE Shi, LIU Jing, HAN Teng-wei, CHEN Yang, DENG Yan-qin

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 456-458. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.019

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  Objective　To investigate Leptospira serovars in Fujian province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of leptospirosis. Methods　Five investigation sites were established according to the epidemic situation of this disease. In order to determine the main serovars of Leptospira carried by humans and host animals, Leptospira was cultured with blood, kidney, or urine collected from rats, pigs, and frogs. The level of anti-Leptospira antibody was determined in human and rat sera. Serovars and infection status of Leptospira were analyzed based on these studies. Results　The investigation of hosts showed that the population density of rodents was 5.83% in the open air of the main epidemic area. Main species were Rattus tanezumi, R. losea, and Niviventer fulvescens, which accounted for 29.87%, 28.19%, and 17.11%, respectively. Leptospira was first isolated from N. coxingi in Changtai county. The positive rate of serum antibody in rats was 11.04%. Autumnalis, Australis, and Grippotyphosa were three of the dominant serotypes in rats. The detection rate of serum antibody in humans was 8.25%. Autumnalis, Pyrogenes, Hebdomadis, and Australis were dominant serotypes in humans. Conclusion　The serovars of Leptospira carried by rats and humans are complex in Fujian, which means leptospirosis surveillance should be well performed.
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  Etiological study of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from live pigsin abattoirs in Dengfeng, China

  ZHANG Sheng-yong, XIA Sheng-li, WANG De-xiang, ZHANG Jin, LI Hong-min

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 459-460. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.020

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  Objective　To investigate the detection rate, serotype, and virulence gene distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from live pigs in Dengfeng, China, and to provide reference for the development of preventive measures. Methods　Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from the pharyngeal swabs (tonsils) and intestinal contents (at the ileocecal junction), which were collected from the live pigs in abattoirs in Dengfeng. Biochemical identification, serotyping, and PCR detection of virulence gene were performed on the isolates. Results　A total of 107 strains of Y. enterocolitica were isolated from 196 pharyngeal swabs, with a detection rate of 54.59%; 36 strains were isolated from 196 intestinal contents, with a detection rate of 18.37%. The serotype of the isolates was O∶3. Three biological types were identified as follows: typeⅠ (ail＋, ystA＋, ystB－, yadA＋, virF＋), with a ratio of 93.71% (134/143), and typeⅡ (ail＋, ystA＋, ystB－, yadA－, virF－), with a ratio of 6.29% (9/143). Conclusion　The pathogenic strains are dominant among Y. enterocolitica isolated from live pigs in Dengfeng. Monitoring of Y. enterocolitica should be strengthened in the future.
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  Studies on control effects of triptolide baits and curcumol baitson Spermophilus dauricus

  TIAN Bao-ping, LI Hua-yu, WANG Yu-bing, WANG Zhong-min, TAN Chong-yang

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 461-463. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.021

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  Objective　To study the control effects of triptolide baits and curcumol baits on Spermophilus dauricus, and to provide a scientific basis for the control of S. dauricus in the prairie region. Methods　Field investigation was extensively performed, in which rodent density, the rate of testis descending among male rodents, the pregnancy rate among female rodents, and the number of fetuses were compared between experimental area and control area, to evaluate the control effects of triptolide baits and curcumol baits on S. dauricus. Results　In the experimental area for triptolide baits, the population density of S. dauricus, the rate of testis descending among male rodents, the pregnancy rate among female rodents, and the average number of fetuses declined 23.62%, 62.50%, 71.32%, and 44.62%, respectively. In the experiment area for curcumol baits, the rate of testis descending among male rodents, the pregnancy rate among female rodents, and the average number of fetuses declined 25.00%, 73.78%, and 32.75%, respectively. Conclusion　The triptolide baits show excellent killing and anti-fertility effects in the control of S. dauricus, while the curcumol baits show anti-fertility effect.
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  Species identification of an imported rodent sample of Bandicota indicaby morphological and genetic analysis

  HU Qun, MA Si-jie, MA Yan, MEI Yong

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 464-465. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.022

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  Objective　To identify the species of a rodent sample captured in an imported container at the port of Zhejiang province, China. Methods　Morphological methods and DNA barcoding were applied for rodent identification. Results　The rodent had dark-brown fur with an approximate body length of 252 mm, a tail length of 220 mm, and a hind foot length of 40 mm. Genetic analysis of the mitochondrial cytB gene showed that the rodent shared the highest sequence homology with Bandicota indica and matched different individuals at a genetic distance of 0.048 to 0.175. Conclusion　Based on morphological characterization and DNA barcode comparison, the imported rodent sample was identified as B. indica. This species was captured for the first time at the port of Zhejiang province, which provided a reference to exclude invasion of exotic disease vectors.
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  Vector control strategy for the 26th Summer Universiade

  LIN Liang-qiang, ZHANG Shao-hua, LIANG Zhuo-nan, LI Jian-feng, ZHANG Yan-na

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 466-469. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.023

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  Objective　To evaluate the risks and challenges in vector control that the 26th Shenzhen Universiade in 2011 was faced with, and to establish effective control measures and guarantee strategies for protecting the Universiade from vector-borne diseases. Methods　The population distribution, density fluctuation, and hazard level of vectors over recent years in Shenzhen were analyzed. Based on the density fluctuation of vectors and the surveillance results of etiology and insecticide resistance in Universiade venues and the surrounding areas from 2009 to 2011, the hazards of insect-borne diseases and the potential nuisance of vectors were assessed. Control measures and guarantee strategies were also established. Results　During Shenzhen Universiade, there was potential risk of insect-borne diseases and potential nuisance of vectors. Major strategies in the control of vectors during the 26th Shenzhen Universiade included perfect management system, emergency response plan to insect-borne diseases, technology implementation plan, population density surveillance and risk assessment, rational administration, emergency drilling, total staff training, and set-up of the expert advisory committee. Implementation of these strategies secured the 26th Shenzhen Universiade against vector-borne diseases. Conclusion　There were no vector-borne biological hazards or nuisance during the 26th Shenzhen Universiade, which laid a solid foundation for public health protection, particularly the control of vectors, in the future large-scale activities.
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  Community-based survey of rodent control awareness in Wuhan, China

  ZHOU Liang-cai, WU Tai-ping, LIANG Jian-sheng, BAO Ji-yong, CHEN Xiao-min, ZHU Jun-sheng

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 470-473. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.024

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  Objective　To investigate the awareness rate of rodent control, deratization willingness, and source of related knowledge among community residents in Wuhan, China, to launch various forms of intervention activities and search for effective models and methods for promoting rodent control awareness in community and to evaluate the effect, and to provide a basis for the development of appropriate community-based rodent control measures. Methods　Four neighborhoods were selected from Jiang’an and Jianghan districts of Wuhan. With a stratified cluster sampling method, one or two communities were selected from each neighborhood. All of the 7 communities were randomly divided into experimental group and control group. KAP questionnaire survey was performed among community residents aged 18 and above. Results　The satisfaction rate for rodent control in 2011 was 90.0% among experimental communities, which was significantly higher than that in control communities (29.2%) (χ2＝ 109.601, P＜0.01). Among residents in experimental communities, 15% found rodents in their house, while in control communities the percentage was 59.4%. The awareness rate of rodent control and related information was significantly higher in experimental communities than in control communities (P＜0.05). For the questionnaire, differences in awareness rates between the two groups were significant in most items, but not so significant in others. Of residents in all communities, 78.8% were willing to spend less than 5 yuan on rodenticides and traps, while 47.5% would reject rodent prevention service even for free. Conclusion　Long-term targeted promotion and education in multiple ways are needed in rodent control among communities. This survey will provide effective guidance for future rodent control in Wuhan.
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  Application of circular distribution method in investigationof seasonal fluctuation of vectors in Jiande, China

  JIANG Ying, XU Zhe, XU Xu-hong

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 474-475. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.025

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  Objective　To investigate the seasonal variation of vectors in Jiande, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the control and prevention of related infectious diseases. Methods　Surveillance data of rats, mosquitoes, flies, and cockroaches in Jiande during 2008-2012 were analyzed with circular distribution method. Results　During 2008-2012 in Jiande, the peak period of seasonal variation in rats appeared from February 14 to November 3, with peak day at June 25; the peak period in mosquitoes appeared from May 21 to August 18, with peak day at July 5; the peak period in flies appeared from May 1 to September 7, with peak day at July 5; the peak period in cockroaches appeared from June 30 to November 16, with peak day at September 8. Conclusion　Circular distribution method can be used to master the seasonal variation of vectors quantitatively, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of related infectious diseases.
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  Investigation and analysis of Anopheles sinensis in Shijiazhuang, China in 2012

  ZHAI Shi-yong, ZHAO Zhi-qing

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 476-476. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.026

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  Palatability test of different baits to wild Marmota himalayana

  GUO Wen-tao, CHEN Zhi-zheng, HU Guo-yuan, DU Peng-cheng, WU Hai-sheng, Jialuo, ZENG Cheng,CHEN Hong-jian, Gabuzang, WU Sheng-rong, ZHANG Yan-lai, AN Guo-qiang, ZHANG Run-de

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 477-478. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.027

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  Investigation of soil-borne helminth infection in humansin Shangqiu, China, during 2010-2012

  DENG Tong-feng

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 478-479. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.028

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Pest Control Operation
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  Application of hazard analysis and critical control point system in market-oriented operation and supervision of pest control operation

  PAN Guo-shao, HE Su-hai, JIANG Hong, WANG Chun-hui, HE Xue-jun, XU Wen

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 480-482. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.029

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  Based on the current situations in market-oriented operation and supervision of pest control operation (PCO), we applied the hazard analysis and critical control point system for the market-oriented operation and supervision of PCO, and analyzed the potential hazards in market supervision, enterprise self-discipline, contract signing, and other aspects. The critical control points in PCO were determined, and project bidding, on-site implementation, and technology assessment were proposed as key steps in market-oriented operation and supervision. To provide a novel idea for proper functioning of PCO market-oriented operation and thereby ensure the healthy development of PCO, prevention and control measures, as well as related error correction methods, were established.
Review
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  Research and control strategies for Aedes albopictusin Guangzhou, China, during recent five years

  GAO Jian-rong, LIU Jin-hua, LIU Ji-huan, LIU Shi-zhong

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 483-485. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.030

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  Dengue fever broke out several times during recent years in Guangzhou, China. It had serious impact on the residents’ health and economy. Aedes albopictus is the main vector of dengue fever in Guangzhou. Therefore, at the outbreak of pandemic dengue fever, the only resort to reduce adult mosquito density and to control the disease spread is application of pesticides. However, repeated use of pesticides inevitably leads to resistance. In this paper, we review related research on dengue fever and Ae. albopictus in recent 5 years, as well as related reports concerning changes in Ae. albopictus population and its resistance to pesticides in Guangzhou; we also discuss the preventive strategies in control of vectors like Ae. albopictus in Guangzhou.
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  Research advances in application of chlorfenapyr in termite control

  HE Li-wen, LIN Yan, ZHANG Rui

  Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(5): 486-488. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.05.031

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  Chlorfenapyr has no repellent effect on termites at a concentration lower than 300 mg/kg. The toxicity of chlorfenapyr to termites is determined by the concentration. The external environmental factors (such as pH value, organic carbon content, and soil stickiness) also affect the toxicity of chlorfenapyr to termites. In addition, termites’ tolerance to chlorfenapyr is affected by species and grades. Chlorfenapyr has a relatively long degradation half-life at high concentration. However, studies concerning the effective duration of chlorfenapyr under a simulated construction condition are rarely seen. The effectiveness of chlorfenapyr can be synergized by a combined formula or other methods. Horizontal transfer of chlorfenapyr can be found in some termite populations. The characteristics such as low repellent effectiveness, combination synergism, and horizontal transfer in termites can be used in making the bait system for control of termites.