20 April 2020, Volume 31 Issue 2
    

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    Expert Forum
  • Practice, deficiencies, and countermeasures of vector control in Zhejiang province, China
    GONG Zhen-yu, ZHANG Xin-wei, HOU Juan, WANG Jin-na, GAO Yi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 121-125. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    With the increasing severity of vector-borne diseases at home and abroad, Zhejiang province, China, is facing the pressure of prevention and control of vector-borne diseases such as dengue fever, Zika virus disease, Chikungunya fever, and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. In the recent decade, although some beneficial explorations have been conducted in vector control organization and administration, integtated vector surveillance and control, and sustainable control of vectors in rural areas, etc., there still exist some deficiencies. In this article, we attempt to put forward countermeasures and suggestions from the perspectives of improving the vector surveillance, prevention and control ability, establishing a long-term mechanism of joint prevention and control of vectors led by the government and involving all the relevant sectors and institutions, strengthening the supervision and quality control of the pest control companies, etc., so as to provide a basis for ensuring the realization of the strategic goals of "Healthy China 2030" and "Healthy Zhejiang", and provide a basis for protecting people's health.
    • Insecticide Resistance Surveillance Special
  • Resistance of Aedes albopictus to commonly used insecticides in different areas of China, 2017-2018
    ZHAO Chun-chun, ZHU Cai-ying, JIA Qing-chen, YAN Dong-ming, LIU Guo-jun, WU Hai-xia, SONG Xiu-ping, LIU Qi-yong, WANG Jun, MENG Feng-xia
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 126-132. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.002
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    Objective To investigate the levels and distribution of resistance of Aedes albopictus to several commonly used insecticides in different areas of China, and to provide guidance for the resistance control and use of insecticides in China. Methods Excel 2016 software was used to collect and organize the bioassay data on the resistance of larval and adult Ae. albopictus to pyrethroids, carbamates, and organophosphorus insecticides in China from 2017 to 2018, and the level of resistance was statistically analyzed. ArcGIS 10.3 software was used to draw the resistance map of different insecticides. Results By collecting monitoring data in 2017 and 2018 and reviewing the relevant literature, we obtained the bioassay data on the resistance of Ae. albopictus to commonly used insecticides in 15 provinces, and then analyzed the data on the resistance to pyrethroids (deltamethrin, permethrin, and beta-cypermethrin), carbamates (propoxur), and organophosphates (malathion, temephos, and DDVP). Aedes albopictus larvae developed medium and high resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin, and beta-cypermethrin at 34 (85.00%), 18 (75.00%), and 33 (78.57%) monitoring sites, respectively, and the adult mosquitoes developed resistance or high resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin, and beta-cypermethrin at 34 (61.82%), 8 (34.78%), and 11 (34.38%) monitoring sites, respectively. Aedes albopictus larvae developed medium and high resistance to propoxur and temephos at 5 (27.78%) and 14 (36.84%) monitoring sites, respectively, and the adult mosquitoes developed resistance to propoxur and temephos at 7 (20.59%) and 4 (14.29%) monitoring sites, respectively. Conclusion Both adult and larval Ae. albopictus in most areas of China, especially coastal areas such as Guangdong and Fujian provinces, has developed high levels of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides; the resistance levels of carbamates and organophosphorus insecticides are relatively low. Local use of insecticides should be guided based on local conditions and the monitoring results; high-resistance insecticides should be stopped for a period of time, and the insecticides to which Ae. albopictus has developed medium and low resistance or suspected resistance should be used alternately or in combination.
  • Distribution of the ace gene of Aedes albopictus in different geographical populations in China
    ZHU Cai-ying, ZHAO Chun-chun, LIU Qi-yong, LI Gui-chang, YAN Dong-ming, SONG Xiu-ping, WANG Jun, MENG Feng-xia
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 133-136. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.003
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    Objective To investigate the genotypes and distribution characteristics of the ace gene of the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (field population) in different regions of China, and to preliminarily explore their resistance mechanism to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Methods A total of 422 larvae, pupae, or adults of Ae. albopictus were collected at 14 sampling sites (14 geographical populations) in Haikou of Hainan province, Guangzhou of Guangdong province, Jinghong of Yunnan province, and Xingyi of Guizhou province from June to September 2018, and they were identified by morphology or molecular biology, soaked in anhydrous ethanol, and stored at -20℃. DNA was extracted from individual mosquito, and the partial fragment of the ace gene was amplified by PCR, sequenced, and analyzed for mutation at G119. Results There were only a few base mutations but no amino acid mutations at G119 of the ace gene. Two alleles were detected, namely wild-type GGA/G (832/98.58%) and mutant-type GGG/G (12/1.42%), and one genotype was detected, namely wild-type homozygote G/G (422/100%). Conclusion Only a few individuals of Ae. albopictus showed a base mutation at G119 of the ace gene, but the base substitution did not cause the corresponding amino acid mutation. Therefore, the resistance mechanism of Ae. albopictus to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides needs to be further explored.
  • Insecticide resistance tendency of Aedes albopictus and Musca domestica in Shanghai, China from 2015-2019
    LIU Hong-xia, LENG Pei-en, LIU Yao, WU Huan-yu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 137-142. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.004
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    Objective To investigate the current status and development in the resistance of Aedes albopictus and Musca domestica to common insecticides in Shanghai, China, and to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific and rational use of chemical insecticides. Methods The larval dipping method recommended by WHO was used to test resistance for the late third-instar or early fourth-instar larvae of Ae. albopictus. Topical application was used to determine resistance for female M. domestica at 3-5 days post eclosion. Results At all surveillance points, the resistance of Ae. albopictus and M. domestica to pyrethroids was significantly higher than that to carbamates and organophosphates. The percentages of areas where Ae. albopictus was sensitive to temephos and deltamethrin increased from 33.33% to 44.44% and 6.67% to 12.50%, respectively; resistance to beta-cypermethrin and propoxur showed a growing trend, and the percentages of areas with high beta-cypermethrin resistance increased from 6.67% to 20.00% and propoxur-resistant areas reached 100%. For M. domestica, dichlorvos resistance showed a downward trend, and the proportions of sensitive areas grew from 16.67% to 50.00%; the percentages of areas with resistance to beta-cypermethrin and deltamethrin increased, and the latter even rose from 84.62% to 100%, increasing by 18.20% year on year; resistance to pirimiphos-methyl generally exhibited an upward trend, and the proportion of high resistance ascended to 33.33%, with an increase of 33.33% year on year. Conclusion Aedes albopictus and M. domestica in Shanghai have developed varying degrees of resistance to common insecticides such as organophosphates, pyrethroids, and carbamates. It is recommended that insecticides with high resistance should be discontinued for 1-2 years, agents with moderate resistance should be used appropriately, and those with low resistance can be used alternately, in order to delay the development of resistance in Shanghai, China.
  • Resistance of main vectors to commonly used insecticides in Hongkou district, Shanghai, China, 2015-2019
    WANG Fei, JIANG Lu, HUANG Hui-chang, LIU Hong-xia, CHEN Dao-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 143-147. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.005
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    Objective To investigate the resistance to common insecticides in Aedes albopictus, Musca domestica, and Blattella germanica in Hongkou district, Shanghai, China, and to provide a scientific basis for rational selection and use of insecticides. Methods The larval dipping method recommended by WHO was used to test the resistance of Ae. albopictus larvae to insecticides by measuring median lethal concentrations. Micro-topical application was used to test the resistance of M. domestica to insecticides by determining median lethal doses. The residual film method was applied to test the resistance of B. germanica to insecticides by recording median knockdown time. Results In 2017 and 2019, Ae. albopictus larvae in Hongkou district of Shanghai showed resistance ratios of 0.44 (low resistance) and 4.94 (moderate resistance) to temephos, respectively; in 2017, the resistance ratio to beta-cypermethrin was 16.89 (moderate resistance); deltamethrin resistance ratios were 34.25 (moderate resistance); the resistance ratio to propoxur was 1.59 (sensitive); in 2019, the larvae exhibited a moderate resistance level of 13.40 to permethrin. In 2016 and 2018, M. domestica were at high resistance levels of 29.07 and 39.53 to beta-cypermethrin, respectively; in 2016, the ratios for deltamethrin and dichlorvos were 112.86 (high resistance) and 4.37 (low resistance), respectively; in 2018, the ratios for pirimiphos-methyl and permethrin were 4.03 (low resistance) and 13.08 (moderate resistance), respectively. In 2015 and 2018, the resistance ratios of B. germanica to beta-cypermethrin were 3.05 (low resistance) and 1.60 (sensitive), respectively; the ratios for deltamethrin were 4.31 (low resistance) and 6.13 (low resistance), respectively; the ratios for acephate were 0.93 (low resistance) and 1.10 (low resistance), respectively; in 2015, B. germanica showed a low resistance ratio of 2.69 to propoxur. Conclusion Aedes albopictus, M. domestica, and B. germanica in Hongkou district have varying degrees of resistance to commonly used insecticides. It is necessary to strengthen insecticide resistance surveillance and formulate management strategies for scientific and rational use of insecticides.
  • A trend analysis of the resistance of Aedes albopictus to commonly used insecticides in Fengxian district, Shanghai, China, 2015-2019
    ZHANG Hai-bing, GE Bin, LIU Hong-xia, LIU Qing, YI Ke-hua, ZHANG Yu, HUANG Tao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 148-151. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.006
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    Objective To grasp the resistance levels of Aedes albopictus to commonly used insecticides and their trends in Fengxian district, Shanghai, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the protection against vectors and the prevention and control of dengue fever in the major urban activities. Methods The larval dipping method recommended by the World Health Organization was used to determine the insecticide resistance of Ae. albopictus larvae. Results In 2015, 2018, and 2019, the Ae. albopictus larvae showed varying degrees of resistance to three insecticides, temephos, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin, and the resistance coefficient overall showed an upward trend first and then a downward trend. In recent 5 years, the overall level of resistance to temephos has been lower than that to deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin, which remained at a low level from 2015 and 2018 and decreased to a sensitive level (resistance ratio 1.25) in 2019; the resistance to deltamethrin was highest in 2018, reaching a high resistance level (resistance ratio 68.75), and showing a fluctuating trend from medium to high and then to medium resistance; the resistance to beta-cypermethrin remained at a medium level from 2015 and 2018, and dropped to a low level (resistance ratio 7.00) in 2019. In 2019, the insecticides that controlled mosquito larvae were mainly organophosphates, of which the dose of temephos accounted for 33.87% of the total dose of insecticides used; the insecticides that controlled adult mosquitoes were mainly pyrethroids and carbamates, of which the doses of beta-cyfluthrin, permethrin-allethrin, and permethrin-tetramethylfluthrin accounted for 41.17%. Conclusion Aedes albopictus in Fengxian district has developed resistance to deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin insecticides. A reasonable rotation or mixed use of insecticides should be adopted to effectively alleviate and reduce the development of insecticide resistance.
    • Original Reports
  • Epidemiological features of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and the host animals in Chuxiong, Yunnan province, China, 2015-2018
    HU Ting-song, HU Qiu-ling, LI Shao-xiong, HUANG Yong, HU Hai-mei, GAO Li-fen, LUO Qiong-mei, HE Yong-zhi, ZHOU Yong-cun, ZHANG Hai-lin, ZHANG Fu-qiang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 152-157. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.007
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    Objective To investigate the epidemiological features of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), rodent distribution, and the molecular evolutionary characteristics of hantavirus (HV) carried by rodents in Chuxiong, Yunnan province, China. Methods The data of HFRS cases were collected for descriptive epidemiological analysis. The night trapping method was used for rodents, and the composition ratio and density of rodents were calculated. Rodent lungs were collected to detect HV nucleic acid by RT-PCR and to sequence partial fragments of the L gene. Homology and phylogenetic tree analyses were performed using the bioinformatics software ClastalX 1.83 and MEGA 6.0. Results A total of 186 cases of HFRS were reported in Chuxiong from 2015 to 2018, with a mean annual incidence of 7.74/100 000. HFRS occurred in 14 townships of Chuxiong and was mainly epidemic in Lucheng and Donggua towns, which had 75.27% (140/186) of the total cases. There was onset of the disease every month throughout the year. The male-to-female ratio was 2.1:1, and the most cases were young adults and farmers. A total of 1 053 rodents involving 3 species were captured in the residential area of Chuxiong from May to October of 2015-2018; Rattus norvegicus, R. tanezumi, and R. sladeni accounted for 97.06%, 1.80%, and 1.14%, respectively; the densities of the three species were 2.57%, 0.05%, and 0.03%, respectively, with the highest density of 3.09% in Lucheng and Donggua towns. RT-PCR showed that HV nucleic acid was positive in 2 (4.00%; CX04-06 and CX07-09) of 50 lung specimens of R. norvegicus captured in 2016. According to the homology analysis of partial L fragment, the virus strains CX04-06 and CX07-09 were 72.34% to 93.52% homologous in nucleotides to 8 Seoul viruses (SEOV), and had the highest homology (92.39% to 93.52%) to the DLR2 strain of Xiangyun county, Yunnan province and L0199 strain of Laos among the 8 strains, but still with significant differences; they had a low homology to Hantaan virus (69.54% to 71.76%) and Puumala virus (51.19% to 54.44%). Phylogenetic analysis exhibited that the CX04-06 and CX07-09 strains had a close relationship with SEOV reference strains from Xiangyun and Laos. Conclusion There is a high incidence of HFRS in Chuxiong. Rattus norvegicus is the dominant species in the indoor environment of residential areas and carries SEOV, and the epidemic strains show regional characteristics. The rise of HFRS epidemic in Chuxiong is closely related to the widespread distribution and increased population density of R. norvegicus.
  • Surveillance of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Tiantai county of Zhejiang province, China, from 1984 to 2018
    PANG Wei-long, ZHENG Xiang, GE Jun-hua, CUI Qing-rong, LIU Ying, HU Ya-fei, SHEN Wei-wei, HU Hai-yan, DING Bin-bin, SUN Ji-min, LIN Hai-jiang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 158-163. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.008
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    Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and the surveillance data of host animals in Tiantai county of Zhejiang province, China, and to understand the epidemiological characteristics and changing trend of HFRS. Methods Case surveillance data were collected; the case data in 1984-2003 were collected from the epidemic data archives of Tiantai county, and the case data in 2004-2018 were collected from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. As a national surveillance site, Tiantai county carried out host surveillance and data collection according to national requirements. Excel 2010 and SPSS 17.0 softwares were used to perform a descriptive epidemiological analysis of HFRS epidemic data and surveillance data of host animals, and ArcGIS 10.0 software was used to draw the disease map of townships. Results A total of 6 223 HFRS cases were reported in Tiantai county in 1984-2018, with a mean annual incidence rate of 32.36/100 000; the peak of HFRS epidemic was observed in 1986, with an incidence rate of 206.10/100 000, and then the incidence rate of HFRS decreased rapidly; the incidence rate of HFRS remained at a low level in 2001-2018, with a mean annual incidence rate of 7.01/100 000. The onset seasons of HFRS showed two peaks, with a peak in November to next January (44.08%, 2 743/6 223) and a small epidemic peak in April to June (1 369/6 223, 22.00%). Surveillance data showed that 90.92% (5 658/6 223) of the cases were distributed in 8 plain townships/streets at the Shifeng River Coast of Tiantai county. Most patients were male young adults, and the male/female ratio was 1.66:1 (3 884/2 339). Most patients were farmers (5 553/6 223, 89.23%). The mean density of rodents was 8.87% in 1984-2018, and the mean proportion of virus-carrying rodents was 4.49%. Conclusion The overall incidence rate of HFRS tends to decrease in Tiantai county and maintains at a low level in recent years, and the cases are widely but unevenly distributed and have obvious regional characteristics. Tiantai county is a mixed HFRS epidemic area with Apodemus as the main type of host animal, and there are still high rodent density and virus-carrying rate.
  • Morphological and molecular identification of one newly recorded species of Ixodidae in Zhejiang province, China
    LIU Ying, HOU Juan, LI Tian-qi, GUAN Chang-hui, WU Xue, WU Hong-zhao, LING Feng, ZHANG Rong, SHI Xu-guang, REN Jiang-ping, CHEN En-fu, SUN Ji-min
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 164-168. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.009
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    Objective To identify a newly recorded species discovered in tick surveillance in Zhejiang province, China, 2018. Methods Ticks were collected from grasses, shrubs, and the body surface of domestic animals in Jiaojiang district, Anji county, and Pujiang county of Zhejiang province, China. Morphological identification was conducted, followed by amplification of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cytochrome coxidase I (COⅠ) genes by PCR. After sequencing, homology analyses were performed. Results In 2018, 13 male ticks, a newly recorded species captured in Zhejiang province, were morphologically identified as Haemaphysalis flava Neumann (1897). The mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of this tick displayed 100% identity to the known fragment of that gene of H. flava (Henan, KX450282.1); in comparison with other Haemaphysalis, the homology was 86.9%-92.2% and the divergence was 8.2%-14.7%. The mitochondrial COⅠgene of this tick showed 99.8% identity to the known COⅠ gene fragment of H. flava (Hunan, KJ195464.1); in comparison with other Haemaphysalis, the homology was 84.7%-90.7% and the divergence was 10.0%-17.2%. Conclusion The combination of morphological and molecular biological identification methods can accurately identify the species of ticks.
  • Cloning and sequencing of the long-chain fatty acid transporter gene of Dermatophagoides farinae
    ZHU Han-ting, WU Mei-li, ZHOU Ying, WU Bing, CUI Yu-bao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 169-174. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.010
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    Objective To identify the gene encoding the long-chain fatty acid transport protein (FATP) of Dermatophagoides farinae and its molecular characteristics. Methods According to the transcriptome sequencing data of D. farinae, we obtained the FATP-coding sequence for designing primers. Then RT-PCR was used to amplify the full-length gene fragment from total RNA of D. farinae, followed by construction of the prokaryotic expression plasmid pET28a(+)-FATP. After obtaining FATP sequence successfully, the structure and function of amino acid sequence were analyzed by using the software of Expasy、singaIP5.0、GOR4 and TMpred, and performed homology analysis through Clustal Omega and MEGA-X. Results The full length of the gene coding sequence was 1 071 bp. The encoded protein was composed of 356 amino acids. It was soluble, with a grand average of hydropathicity of -0.39, and had a stable structure. The secondary structure included alpha-helix (25.56%), extended strand (23.04%), and random coil (51.40%). The protein had two transmembrane regions, The transmembrane area from the outside to the inside is 1-20 aa, and the transmembrane area from the inside to the outside is 100-116 aa. The evolutionary tree derived from homologous amino acid sequences showed that the sequence of D. farinae was clustered with that of silkworm. Conclusion The full length of the FATP-coding gene and the molecular characteristics of FATP are identified in D. farinae, laying a foundation for exploring its physiological phenomena and developing control measures.
  • Application of DNA barcoding in identifying rodent species in Fujian province, China
    LIU Wei-jun, XU Guo-ying, XIAO Fang-zhen, LIN Dai-hua, LIU Jing, HAN Teng-wei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 175-179. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.011
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    Objective To evaluate the feasibility of applying DNA barcoding to identify common rodent species in Fujian province, China. Methods From 2017 to 2018, a total of 77 rodent specimens from 11 species and 5 genera were collected from some areas of Fujian province with cage traps in the daytime. Nucleic acid extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as well as gene sequencing, were performed to obtain their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunitⅠ(COⅠ) gene fragment sequences. Then the sequences were analyzed by homology alignment, genetic distance analysis, and phylogenetic tree construction to identify the species of the rodents. The identification results were compared with those of classical morphological identification. Results The specific COⅠgene fragments extracted from all the specimens could be amplified by PCR to produce bands, and their sequences all matched the corresponding known rodent species in GenBank database; the homology was 97.88% and above. The mean inter- and intra-specific genetic distances were 15.31% and 0.21%, respectively; the former was substantially bigger than the latter. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the same species of rodents were all clustered in the same evolutionary branch with high reliability. Among the 77 specimens, 3 had different identification results. After morphological re-identification, the results of field identification were found to be incorrect. Conclusion DNA barcoding can be applied to identify the common rodent species in Fujian province as a supplement to morphological identification.
  • Impact and lag effect of meteorological factors and Aedes larvae on dengue epidemic in Yunnan province, China, 2017
    TANG Ye-rong, DU Long-fei, WANG Xin, WAN Jie, ZHANG Feng-jun, DING Hai-yuan, CHEN Ke-fan, MA Xiao-xiao, LI Chun-min, ZHOU Hong-ning
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 180-184. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.012
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    Objective To analyze the relationship of dengue epidemic with the density of Aedes larvae and meteorological factors in Yunnan province, China and preliminarily study the lag effects of Aedes density and meteorological factors, and to provide a basis for the monitoring, prediction, and early warning of dengue fever. Methods We collected the data on dengue cases, Aedes density, and meteorological factors in Yunnan province, 2017. The Pearson test was used to analyze the correlation of dengue epidemic with Aedes density and meteorological factors and the lag effects of Aedes density and meteorological factors. Results In Yunnan province, 2017, the number of dengue cases showed a significant positive correlation with Aedes density, relative humidity, and mean temperature, but a significant negative correlation with precipitation and mean wind speed (R1=0.190, R2=0.012, R3=0.009, R4=-0.011, R5=-0.030, all P<0.05). However, no significant correlation was found between the number of dengue cases and sunshine duration (R=0.000, P=0.440). The density of Aedes mosquitoes was significantly positively correlated with relative humidity, precipitation, mean temperature, and the number of dengue cases, but significantly negatively correlated with sunshine duration and mean wind speed (R1=0.196, R2=0.134, R3=0.214, R4=0.190, R5=-0.101, R6=-0.189, all P<0.05). The density of Aedes mosquitoes, relative humidity, mean temperature, and mean wind speed all had a lag effect on the onset of dengue fever in the next 30 days, and sunshine duration had a lag effect on the transmission of dengue fever after the 10 th day (all P<0.05). Conclusion Meteorological factors exert an effect on the spread of dengue fever through the change in the density of Aedes mosquitoes. The key to dengue control is to grasp the changing trend of meteorological factors in time and take prophylactic measures for controlling Aedes density. Mosquito density and key meteorological factors have a lag effect on the onset of dengue fever for more than one month.
  • An analysis of surveillance results of dengue vector Aedes in Sichuan province, China, 2016-2018
    CAO Yi-ou, ZHOU Xing-yu, LIU Xue-cheng, LYU Qiang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 185-189. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.013
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    Objective To investigate the distribution and density of the dengue vector Aedes in Sichuan province, China, and to provide evidence for the prevention and control of dengue fever. Methods The distribution and density of Aedes mosquito were surveyed by the Breteau index (BI) method and the double-layered mosquito net method at 21 surveillance sites, which were distributed in the 21 prefecture-level cities of Sichuan province, during May through October, 2016-2018. The surveillance was carried out at the same time and by the same person at each site. Results The BI of larval Aedes at the 21 surveillance sites ranged from 8.69 to 17.96, and the net trap index ranged from 0 to 67.00 mosquitoes/net·hour. In 2016, BI, container index (CI), and house index (HI) were significantly higher in rural residential areas (BI=17.96; CI=11.93%; HI=14.28%) than in urban residential areas (BI=9.25; CI=6.51%; HI=7.07%) (all P<0.05). In 2017, CI and HI were significantly higher in rural residential areas than in urban residential areas (all P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in BI between the two areas. In 2018, HI was slightly higher in urban residential areas than in rural residential areas (χ2=3.913, P=0.048), but there was no significant difference in BI or CI between the two areas. From 2016 to 2018, the types of containers with the highest CI were used tires (16.92%), laid containers (28.01%), and idle containers (10.93%). The density of Ae. albopictus was highest in July or August, and more than half of the surveillance sites had a BI of >5. The numbers of surveillance sites with a mean net trap index of >2 mosquitoes/net·hour during May to October from 2016 to 2018 were 6, 4, and 6, respectively, with the dominant species being Ae. albopictus at most monitoring sites. The net trap indices of residential areas, bamboo forests/parks, and special places were 1.42-2.05, 1.30-2.09, and 1.29-3.38 mosquitoes/net·hour, respectively. From May to October, 2016-2018, the mean density of adult Ae. albopictus fluctuated between 0.67 and 4.59 mosquitoes/net·hour, peaking in July. Conclusion Aedes albopictus is distributed densely and widely in Sichuan province, and local transmission may occur due to imported dengue cases.
  • Effects of vector control in dengue fever outbreak response in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China
    MA Xiao, YANG Si-jia, WANG Gui-an, MA Min
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 190-193. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.014
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    Objective To analyze the Aedes surveillance data of dengue fever outbreak in urban Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China, and compare the effects of three vector control measure packages on the density of adult Aedes mosquitoes and Breteau index (BI), and to provide a basis for formulating emergency management of dengue in the locality. Methods Three different comprehensive measure packages were used to control mosquitoes:measure package 1 included ultra-low-volume spraying, thermal fogging, slow-release agent, and environmental management; measure package 2 included ultra-low- volume spraying, residual spraying, slow-release agent, and environmental management; measure package 3 combined the 5 methods mentioned in measure package 1 and 2. The decline rate with net trap index and control effect with BI were compared between the 3 measure packages using ANOVA or rank sum test and curve fitting, respectively. Results There were no significant differences in the decline rate with net trap index between the 3 measure packages on the first day (0.24±0.41, 0.20±0.64, 0.47±0.17; F=1.659, P=0.206) and second day (0.27±0.27, 0.55±0.27, 0.47±0.39; F=2.236, P=0.123); significant difference was found on the third day (0.31±0.57, 0.44±0.46, 0.77±0.27; F=3.397, P=0.046), and measure package 3 showed the highest decline rate. Time to safety threshold of BI (decrease to less than 5) for the 3 measure packages were 3.58, 3.36, and 2.62 d, respectively, with the shortest time for measure package 3. Conclusion Combination of ultra-low-volume spraying, thermal fogging, residual spraying, slow-release agent, and environmental management works for Aedes control in the emergency response of the dengue fever outbreak.
  • A genotype and homology analysis of Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 in Liaoning province, China
    WANG Bo, LI Xin, MAO Ling-ling, SUN Ying-wei, WANG Zi-jiang, YU Wei-jun, YAO Wen-qing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 194-198. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.015
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    Objective To analyze Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP-1) in imported cases and local cases in Liaoning province, China in the past ten years, and to perform a genotype comparison of PvMSP-1 (using BLAST) and homology analysis of the phylogenetic tree. Methods Plasmodium vivax samples were collected from cases during 2008-2018. The genomic DNAs of P. vivax were extracted and subjected to nested polymerase chain reaction-based amplification, sequencing, sequence alignment, and homology analysis using the primers designed based on the ICB5-ICB6 fragment. Results A total of 31 nucleic acid samples (13 Sal-1[located around position 470 bp] samples and 18 Belem[located around position 400 bp] samples) of P. vivax were analyzed. The resulting target products were sent to Shanghai Omicsspace Biotech Co., Ltd. for sequencing. The phylogenetic tree comparison analysis revealed that the 31 samples were comprised of 13 Sal-1 samples, 5 Belem samples, and 13 type Ⅲ samples. The ICB5-ICB6 fragment of the PvMSP-1 gene was highly polymorphic, and the source of infection could be determined by combining the DNA sequences and the epidemiological investigation. Conclusion The genotypes of PvMSP-1 in imported and local cases in Liaoning province in the past ten years are types Sal-1,Ⅲ, and Belem, with the former two as the dominant types.
  • A study of mosquito infestation in the mouths of manholes under the municipal administration networks in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China, 2017
    DUAN Jin-hua, CHEN Zong-jing, ZHOU Jing-ya, HUANG Liang-yu, WU Jun, CAI Song-wu, ZHANG Shao-hua, DENG Hui, LIN Li-feng, LIU Li-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 199-202. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.016
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    Objective To investigate the mosquito infestation in the mouths of manholes under the municipal administration networks in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases in urban areas. Methods The ponding status, mosquito infestation rate, and mosquito density were investigated in the mouths of manholes under the municipal administration networks of representative subdistricts in the new town areas, old town areas, and urban villages in Shenzhen. The larvae were captured with a 500-ml larva sampling spoon for density (larvae/spoon) calculation. Results A total of 508 mouths of manholes under the municipal administration networks were investigated in November 2017; the mean positive rate of mosquito infestation was 4.7% (including a mean positive rate of Aedes infestation of 3.3%). The mounting rate and maintenance rate of Mosquito Proof Set (the four types of mosquito proof facilities, including mosquito repellent sticks, mosquito proof sluices and nets) were 27.4% and 76.3%, respectively. Of the mouths of positive manholes, 83.3% were not equipped with Mosquito Proof Set. The highest and lowest densities of larvae in the positive manholes were 43 larvae/spoon and 1 larva/spoon, respectively. Relatively high positive rates were observed in water supply manholes (5.9%), sediment manholes (5.7%), and municipal sewage manholes (5.5%). The sediment manholes, municipal sewage manholes, and municipal rainwater manholes had a relatively high constituent ratio both in the overall manholes investigated (84.8%) and in the positive manholes (87.5%). No mosquito infestation was found in the mouths of gas, communication, and power supply manholes. Conclusion The Mosquito Proof Sets are conducive to reducing mosquito infestation in the sewers. Places most seriously infested with mosquitoes are sediment manholes, municipal sewage manholes, and municipal rainwater manholes under the municipal administration networks. The Mosquito Proof Sets can effectively reduce mosquito infestation.
    • Taxonomy and Fauna of Vectors Report Series
  • A study of the taxonomy and fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region, China IX: New records of 3 subgenera and 6 species of Aedes
    DUOJI Zhuo-ma, ZHUOMA Yang-jin, YONC Jian, ZHAXI Zhuo-ma, YANG Xiao-dong, YANG Gui-rong, WANG Jian, ZHOU Hong-ning, GONG Zheng-da
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 203-208. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.017
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    Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, Aedes in various breeding sites of Southeastern Tibet were sampled, made into specimens, and subjected to taxonomic identification. Results Among the genus Aedes collected in Motuo county, a total of 6 species from 5 subgenera were identified, i.e., Ae. (Dan.) albotaeniatus (Leicester, 1904) from the subgenus Danielsia, Ae. (Pha.) assamensis (Theobald, 1908) from the subgenus Phagomyia, Ae. (Ken.) dissimilis (Leiceaster, 1908) from the subgenus Kenknightia, Ae. (Col.) macfarlanei (Edwands, 1914) from the subgenus Collessius, and Ae. (Ste.) malikuli (Huang, 1973) and Ae. (Ste.) pseudalbopictus (Borel, 1928) from the subgenus Stegomyia. Among them, the subgenera Danielsia, Phagomyia, and Kenknightia and the six mosquito species were first identified in Tibet, which were new records of the subgenera and species of mosquitoes in Tibet. In this article, a brief description and report was made on the important morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding sites, and the structural diagram of male terminalia of these six mosquito species. In addition, a directory was provided for the 13 subgenera and 23 species (subspecies) of Aedes currently known in Tibet. Conclusion There are 13 subgenera and 23 species (subspecies) of Aedes in Tibet, which account for 46% and 20%, respectively, of the total numbers of subgenera and species of Aedes in China.
  • First discovery of Culex (Culex) vagans Wiedemann in Ledu county, Qinghai province, China
    WANG Rong, LIU Qi-yong, LIU Gui-xiang, LI Shou-jiang, MA Yong-cheng, SHI Yan, MA Bin-zhong, MA Zhong-wen, JIANG Ming-xia, GUO Yu-hong
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 209-211. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.018
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    In order to further get the mosquito fauna in Qinghai province, China, a survey of mosquito larvae breeding sites was conducted in Ledu county, Qinghai province from August to September 2018. Specimens of mosquito larvae were collected, and were made into pinned specimens for morphological taxonomic identification after they were reared to adults. In this investigation, Culex (Culex) vagans Wiedemann, 1828 was found among the mosquito specimens collected from the rural household water storage tanks and the river ditches in Ledu county. Culex vagans was firstly recorded in Qinghai province, China.
    • Investigation
  • The effectiveness comparative study of three different devices in trapping sandflies in different areas of Shanxi province, China
    DAI Pei-fang, TIAN Xiao-dong, ZHAO Jun-ying, WU Bin, FAN Zhi-guo, LI Yan, SHI Yi-ping, NI Shu-qing, CHENG Jian-shu, MA Ya-jun, YANG Zhen-zhou, CHENG Jing-xia
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 212-214. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.019
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    Objective To compare the effectiveness of three different devices in trapping sandflies by investigating the sandfly density. Methods From June to August of each year from 2017 to 2019, three types of devices, namely CO2 trap, Maxttrac trap, and mini light trap (MYSF-HJY-1), were used to collect sandflies from 13 rural household livestock or poultry pens in 12 villages of 9 townships in 5 counties (districts), including Yangquan, Changzhi, Yuncheng, and Linfen, of Shanxi province. The effectiveness of different devices in trapping sandflies at the same time and in the same habitat was compared. SPSS 17.0 software was used to conduct a non-parametric Wilcoxon test for two related samples on the numbers of sandflies trapped. Results A total of 10 522 sandflies were trapped, including 5 851 in Yangquan, 4 372 in Changzhi, 294 in Linfen, and 5 in Yuncheng. Five percent of the specimens were sampled randomly, and they were all identified as Phlebotomus chinensis according to microscopy. The numbers of sandflies trapped by the three different traps ranged from 0 to 1 890. The numbers of sandflies trapped by different traps at the same site ranged from 1 to 1 890. The numbers of sandflies trapped by the three different traps were analyzed by the non-parametric Wilcoxon test for two related samples; the results showed that there were significant differences in the number of trapped sandflies between CO2 trap and Maxttrac trap (P=0.034), and between CO2 trap and mini light trap (P=0.039), but there was no significant difference between Maxttrac trap and mini light trap (P=0.348). Conclusion Based on the statistical results and considering the use factors, the most suitable device for trapping sandflies is the Maxttrac trap.
  • A statistical analysis of plague surveillance results in Kangbao county, Hebei province, China from 2014 to 2018
    LIU Yi-yang, WANG Hai-feng, ZHAO Yong-liang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 215-218. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.020
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    Objective To master the plague epidemics among animals in Kangbao county, to provide a scientific basis for accurate prediction of plague epidemic risk, and to put forward measures for plague prevention and control. Methods Based on the results of plague surveillance and epidemics among animals in Kangbao county for years, a descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the plague surveillance data in Kangbao county from 2014 to 2018. Results From 2014 to 2018, the annual mean densities of Meriones unguiculatus and Citellus dauricus in Kangbao county were 0.14-0.93 inds/hm2 and 0.22-0.69 inds/hm2, respectively, which showed a decreasing trend in general year by year. The major dominant species of small rodents was Cricetulus barabensis. The mean rate of M. unguiculatus with flea was 22.56%-46.26%; the mean flea index was 0.57-1.25, and the main parasitic flea was Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi. The mean rate of C. dauricus with flea was 40.56%-88.46%; the mean flea index was 2.42-6.73, and the main parasitic flea was Citellophilus tesquorum mongolicus. Serological tests showed three positive materials; six strains of Yersinia pestis were isolated. Conclusion Kangbao county has a complex situation of plague surveillance among animals. Even in periods of low density of wild rodents, it is still necessary to continue to strengthen the plague surveillance, continuously do a good job in deratization, and regularly carry out plague risk assessment, so as to prevent the occurrence of plague epidemic in the area.
  • An investigation of termite damage to ancient buildings in Nantong, Jiangsu province, China
    ZHANG Wen-tong, YANG Jia-li, WANG Jian, RONG Fei, WANG Wen-jing, ZHANG Xin-ping, YANG Zhi-lan, YAO Dong-chang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 219-222. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.021
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    Objective To grasp the current status of termite damage to ancient buildings in Nantong, China, and to strengthen the protection of these ancient buildings in Nantong. Methods The method of field survey combined with comprehensive and focused surveys were used to investigate the current status of termite damage to the ancient buildings in 43 cultural relic protection units above the municipal level in Chongchuan, Gangzha, Tongzhou, and the Economic Development District of Nantong. The termites collected inside and outside the ancient buildings were made into specimens and brought back to the laboratory for morphological identification, and the termite damage grade to ancient buildings was evaluated according to the relevant evaluation standards. Results A total of 43 ancient buildings were investigated from March 4 to July 15, 2019, and 25 of them were found to have suffered from varying degrees of termite damage, with a termite damage rate of 58.1%. Based on the identification of the termite specimens collected, it was found that the harmful species for ancient buildings belonged to 3 species, 2 genera, 1 family; two species of them were Reticulitermes chinensis and R. flaviceps belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae, genus Reticulitermes, and the other one species was Coptotermes formosanus belonging to the family Rhinotermitidae, genus Coptotermes. According to a statistical analysis, the damage to ancient buildings was mainly caused by Reticulitermes, of which R. chinensis was the dominant species with a damage rate of 44.2%, which was substantially higher than that of R. flaviceps (14.0%) and C. formosanus (4.7%). The grade assessment of termite damage was carried out in 25 ancient buildings, and the results showed that the termite damage levels belonging to grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ accounted for 30.2%, 18.6%, and 9.3% of the total number of surveys, respectively; among them, 2 ancient buildings were seriously damaged with a damage level of gradeⅢ, so it is urgent to carry out comprehensive termite control. Conclusion The status of termite damage to ancient buildings in Nantong has been preliminarily grasped, which provides a scientific basis for the decision-making and implementation of comprehensive termite prevention and control in ancient buildings in Nantong, China.
  • An analysis of surveillance results of the dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Wuhan, China, 2017
    LIU Jing, CHEN Xiao-min, GUO Hui, DING Hao, TIAN Jun-hua
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 223-226. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.022
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    Objective To investigate the population density changes of larvae and adults of the dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Wuhan, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the strategy of Aedes vector control. Methods From April to November, 2017, the density of Ae. albopictus larvae was monitored by the Breteau index (BI) method, and that of Ae. albopictus adults was monitored by the double-layered mosquito net method and the light trap method. A database was established using Excel 2013 software. An analysis of variance was performed using SPSS 21.0 software to compare their densities between different habitats and months. The chi-square test was used for comparison of rates. Results A total of 145 Ae. albopictus were captured by light traps; the mean density was 0.52 mosquito/light·night, and the density was highest in parks (0.86 mosquito/light·night) and lowest in rural houses (0.23 mosquito/light·night). A total of 165 water containers positive for Ae. albopictus were found by the BI method; the mean BI was 10.30, and the highest BI (17.00) was observed in July. A total of 213 Ae. albopictus adults were captured by the double-layered mosquito net method; the mean density was 2.22 mosquitoes/net·hour, and the density exhibited a single peak (4.33 mosquitoes/net·hour), which occurred in September. Conclusion The high density and wide distribution of Ae. albopictus in Wuhan indicate that there is a risk of dengue outbreak in the area. It is suggested that relevant authorities should strengthen mosquito vector surveillance and environmental management to prevent local cases caused by imported dengue fever.
  • An investigation of current pet keeping status of permanent residents in Mentougou district, Beijing, China and the influencing factors
    ZHOU Bing, CAO Dian-qi, FU Hui-ying, PENG Su-biao, SHI Wen-jing, LIU Yuan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 227-230. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.023
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    Objective To investigate the current pet keeping status of permanent residents in Mentougou district, Beijing, China, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control strategies of pet-related communicable diseases and reducing pet-related injuries and the spread of zoonoses. Methods From February to August, 2018, 620 households (represented by one of the family members) were randomly selected from three townships in Mentougou district using stratified sampling method. An independently designed questionnaire was used for the survey. Descriptive statistical methods were used for analysis of current pet keeping status. SPSS 22.0 software was used for data analysis. The chi-square test was used for rate comparison. Results A total of 596 valid questionnaires were collected with an overall validity rate of 96.13%. A total of 212 households kept pets, accounting for 35.57% of all households investigated. Among them, 107 (17.95%) households kept dogs, 64 (10.74%) households kept cats, and 8.05% of the households kept multiple types of pets. The pet keeping rate of residents living in bungalows was higher than living in apartment (χ2=23.525, P<0.001), and pet keeping rate were no statistical significance between households of different household registration types and households with/without children under 5 years (χ2=2.296, P=0.130; χ2=3.288, P=0.070). Fifty point four seven percent of the investigated people took keeping pets mainly as a hobby, and most people would bury their pet bodies in parks or in the green field when they had to dispose of dead pets. The immunization rate of dogs was 76.64% and dog registration rate was 57.94% in households with dogs. Conclusion Pet keeping was popular in Mentougou district. The dog registration rate and immunization rate were low, making it necessary to strengthen relevant pet keeping management and propaganda campaign.
  • Rodents and their control effectiveness in a working area of Japanese abandoned chemical weaponsin in eastern Jilin province, China
    WANG Feng, LIU Hong-bo, LIU Guo-ping, WANG Xu, GUO Zui-yuan, REN Qing-ming
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 231-233. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.024
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    Objective To investigate rodent population distribution and rodent control effectiveness in a working area of Japanese abandoned chemical weapons in eastern Jilin province, China. Methods The trapping method was used to capture rodents from June to August of 2016 in 3 habitats (mixed coniferous-broadleaf forests, marginal areas of cultivated land, and temporary settlements). The chi-square test was used to compare the capture rate of rodents in different habitats. Rodent control was conducted with poison baits in 4 zones of the working area and the control effectiveness was determined in July 2017. Results A total of 398 rodents were captured, involving 10 species from 8 genera. The dominant species were Apodemus agrarius (37.19%) and Tscherskia triton (32.66%), followed by Rattus norvegicus (9.30%) and A. peninsulae(8.54%). After 10 days of deratization, deratization rates in the 4 zones were 71.43%, 84.85%, 81.25%, and 91.30%, respectively, averaging 84.79%.The difference of mousetrap rate between different habitats and month was statistically significant (χ2=119.431, P<0.001; χ2=15.872, P<0.001). Conclusion There were many kinds of rodents in this area, the density of rodents was high, and the effect of poison bait is remarkable.
  • The epidemic pattern of animal plague in the natural plague foci of Hebei province, China
    JU Hui-jing, DU Guo-yi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 247-247. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.027
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  • Investigation and control of bedbug infestation in a hotel of Xining, Qinghai province, China
    LI Shou-jiang, RAO Hua-xiang, WANG Rong, MA Zhong-wen, CAI Zhi-feng, MA Yong-cheng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 248-248. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.028
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    • Review
  • Research progress in RNA interference technology in mosquito prevention and control
    WANG Hai-yang, WANG Yang, SONG Xiao, CHENG Peng, GONG Mao-qing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 234-238. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.025
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    RNA interference technology, since its discovery in the late 1990s, has become the most important research method for studying gene function and large-scale gene screening after two decades of verification and development. In recent years, RNA interference has been constantly applied in vector mosquito control, and a series of achievements has been made. In this paper, the mechanism and introducing methods of RNA interference, as well as its research progress in mosquito prevention and control, were reviewed.
  • Current research status of Capillaria hepatica infection in China
    LYU Yan, ZHANG Li, LI Hai-long
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(2): 239-246. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.02.026
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    Capillaria hepatica is a zoonotic parasite that causes hepatic capillariasis. Capillaria hepatica infection is most common in rodents, which might lead to varying degrees of liver injury or even death of the host. Because the clinical symptoms of hepatic capillariasis are non-specific and easily lead to misdiagnosis, the current clinical reports are relatively rare. This review mainly focuses on the infection characteristics of C. hepatica and its epidemiology in China, and on this basis, the geographical distribution, the host selection, and the characteristics and pattern of C. hepatica infection in the population are analyzed, in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of hepatic capillariasis, and to provide a reference for the surveillance, prevention, and treatment of hepatic capillariasis in various regions of China.
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