20 August 2019, Volume 30 Issue 4
    

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    An Overview of 70 Years' Development of Health Services
  • Sustainable vector management strategy and practice: achievements in vector-borne diseases control in new China in the past seventy years
    LIU Qi-yong
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 361-366. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Vector-borne diseases account for a high proportion of the infectious diseases in China, which constitutes a serious public health risk. Since the founding of New China, vector control strategy and concept in China has been constantly changing, from the initial stage of Patriotic Heath Campaign based vector control, to the integrated vector management after the reform and opening, up to the sustainable vector management strategy in the new century. Since the founding of New China 70 years ago, vector control strategies and concepts in different periods have played a certain role in promoting the control of vector-borne diseases at that time. However, influenced by natural and social factors, accompanied by the implementation by Global Vector Control Response 2017-2030, Belt and Road Imitative, Patriotic Health Campaign and Healthy China program, put forward new requirements for the improvement of vectors and vector-borne diseases control strategy and concept. This paper reviews the vector control strategies implemented in different historical periods since the founding of New China in the past 70 years and their achievements in the control of infectious diseases in the same period, so as to provide reference for the sustainable control of vector-borne diseases in China.
  • Research advances in the relationship between dengue epidemic and different meteorological factors
    GE Wen-xin, JIN Ke-ke, SUN Li-na, LIU Qi-yong, YI Li-ping, LI Jing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 367-370. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.002
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    Meteorological factors are important causes for the outbreak of dengue fever. As climate changes, the epidemic situation may be getting worse. To investigate the impacts of different meteorological factors on dengue fever and their mechanisms of action can provide a scientific basis for the precise prevention and control of this disease. In this paper, we systematically review and analyze how and to what extent the meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation influence the growth and reproduction rate of dengue virus, the density and life cycle of mosquitoes, and the life style and behaviors of humans, thus providing scientific basis for the prediction, early warning, and intervention of dengue fever.
  • An investigation of seroprevalence of IgG antibodies in infected cases nine years after a dengue outbreak
    LUO Shu-ying, LIU Ying, FU Tao, SUN Ji-min
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 371-373. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.003
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    Objective To investigate the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in dengue cases nine years after being infected with dengue virus and associated factors, and to provide a scientific basis for dengue prevention and control. Methods A seroprevalence survey was conducted on dengue cases from a dengue outbreak (dengue virus-3) in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, China, 2009. Serum samples were collected from them from May to August, 2018 for dengue virus IgG antibody detection by ELISA. The distribution of dengue virus IgG antibodies in the serum samples was calculated, and associated factors for positive dengue virus IgG antibodies were analyzed. Results A total of 126 serum samples from dengue cases were collected and the mean seroprevalence of dengue virus IgG antibodies was 79.37% (100/126). The seroprevalence of males and females was 75.00% (30/40) and 81.40% (70/86), respectively, showing no significant difference (χ2=0.682, P=0.409). The seroprevalence in the groups aged 1-, 21-, 41-, and ≥ 61 years were 100%, 94.12%, 85.42%, and 67.86%, respectively; there was a significant difference in the seroprevalence of dengue virus IgG antibodies between the four groups (χ2=9.161, P=0.027). The seroprevalence of dengue virus IgG antibodies in apparent infection cases was significantly higher than that in inapparent infection cases (89.11% vs 40.00%, χ2=29.511, P=0.000). Conclusion Dengue virus IgG antibodies are detectable in dengue cases nine years after infection. The seroprevalence of dengue virus IgG antibodies in apparent cases is significantly higher than that in inapparent cases.
  • Emergency surveillance of vector Aedes after a dengue outbreak
    MA Min, XU Ming, YI Bo, ZHU Xiao-dong, YAN Zhi-yong, YANG Si-jia, WANG Gui-an, CHEN Xiao-ying, SUN Bin, MA Xiao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 374-378. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.004
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    Objective To survey dynamically the density of vector Aedes in the core area, warning area, and observing area, to evaluate the risk of dengue transmission based on the surveillance results, and to adopt control measures against vector Aedes. Methods From late August to late October, 2018, urban residential areas, rural residential areas, and nurseries or medical institutions were selected as surveillance habitats, and the densities of Aedes larvae in the observing area were surveyed by Breteau index (BI) every ten days; in the core area and warning area, communities with dengue cases received grid management, and the densities of vector Aedes were carried out emergency surveillance by BI and double bed net trap. Results The mean BI of observing area was 23.06. The mean BI varied widely in different counties (cities or districts). Ninghai county had the highest BI of 50.42, whereas Haishu district had the lowest BI of 4.81. The mean BI of urban areas (13.57) was significantly lower than that of suburban areas (33.84). By late October, the mean BI of the whole city declined to 14.09, especially in Haishu district (1.77) and Jiangbei district (3.54) (below the safety threshold, BI<5). The mean BI and bed net trap index in the core area and warning area were 3.27 and 1.02 mosquitoes per net per hour, respectively. Both BI and bed net trap index quickly declined and then leveled off after emergency investigation and settlement, and were below the safety thresholds after 2.61 and 1.57 days. Conclusion Based on the reasonable emergency surveillance of vector, combined with powerful prevention and control measures, the densities of dengue vectors can be effectively reduced to control the risk of dengue transmission.
  • Typhus in China: the interval between onset of disease and diagnosis and its influencing factors
    GAO Yuan, NIU Yan-lin, LIU Xiao-bo, MENG Feng-xia, YUE Yu-juan, WANG Jun, SONG Xiu-ping, LI Dong-mei, LI Gui-chang, WANG Xue-shuang, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 379-382. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.005
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    Objective To understand distribution patterns and influencing factors for the interval between onset and diagnosis of typhus in China, and to provide a scientific basis for accurate prevention and control of typhus. Methods Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the distribution patterns of the interval between onset of disease and diagnosis. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was conducted for statistical difference analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results A total of 29 211 typhus cases were reported in China from 2005 to 2017. Those cases were from 29 provinces (autonomous regions and centrally administered municipalities). The median interval between onset of disease and diagnosis was 7 days. The interval was between 0 and 20 days for 92.20% of the cases. The median interval between onset of disease and diagnosis was 6 days for males and 7 days for females. Students and scattered children had longer time intervals between onset of disease and diagnosis than others. Hebei, Guangdong, and Shandong provinces had shorter time intervals, while Sichuan and Liaoning provinces had longer time intervals. Conclusion There is a long interval between onset and diagnosis of typhus in China. To accurately diagnose, treat, prevent, and control typhus, action should be taken to specifically address this issue.
  • Prokaryotic expression and immunogenicity of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus glycoprotein Gc
    YAO Wen-wu, YAN Hao, LOU Xiu-yu, PAN Jun-hang, SUN Yi, MAO Hai-yan, ZHANG Yan-jun
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 383-386. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.006
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    Objective To express severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) glycoprotein Gc in prokaryotic cells, and to preliminarily study the immunogenicity of glycoprotein Gc. Methods The DNA sequence encoding envelope glycoprotein Gc in SFTSV HB29 strain was chemically synthesized after codon optimization based on Escherichia coli codon preference. The expression vector pET-His-Gc was constructed by cloning the target gene into the vector pET-His. The sequence of the vector was confirmed by sequencing. Protein expression was carried out by transforming the vector into BL21 (DE3) competent cells. Target protein was purified and verified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Purified protein was used to immunize New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbit sera were collected for determination of antibody titer. Results The expression vector pET-His-Gc was successful constructed. Glycoprotein Gc was expressed in E. coli as a soluble protein. The obtained Gc protein showed good immunogenicity. Animal experiments showed that the rabbit serum antibody titer reached 1:512 000 after three immunizations. Conclusion In this study, SFTSV envelope glycoprotein Gc is successfully expressed in prokaryotic cells, which paves the way for subsequent studies of SFTSV envelope proteins.
    • Original Reports
  • Construction of a national important surveillance data integration latform
    YUE Yu-juan, WU Hai-xia, REN Dong-sheng, WANG Jun, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 387-390. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.007
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    Objective To construct a national important surveillance data integration platform. Methods Based on the spatio- temporal characteristics and biological characteristics of national important surveillance data, the B/S (browser/server) architecture design and JAVA programming technology development platform of J2EE (Java 2 Platform Enterprise Edition) system were adopted to construct this platform. Results A query and visualization platform of national important surveillance data such as multi-source and multi-scale important vector data, important vector-borne diseases, invasive animals and plants, pathogenic microorganisms, and biosafety profile was developed. The main functions of the platform included platform introduction, sub-database query and visualization, data integration query and visualization, and dengue fever prediction and early warning. Conclusion The construction of a national important surveillance data integration platform helps to solve problems such as different data standards, decentralized management, and uneven quality. It is conducive to better data exchange and sharing between multiple departments and multiple units.
  • An analysis of surveillance data of Aedes albopictus in 21 provinces, China, 2016
    YAN Dong-ming, GAO Yuan, WU Hai-xia, WANG Yu-jiao, ZHAO Ning, ZHU Cai-ying, ZHANG Qin-feng, WANG Jun, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 391-394. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.008
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    Objective To investigate the density, population characteristics, and density fluctuation trend of Aedes albopictus in the vector surveillance sites of 21 provinces (autonomous districts and centrally administered municipalities) in China, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of Ae. albopictus and associated mosquito-borne diseases. Methods We collected and summarized the surveillance data in residential areas, park green spaces, hospitals, rural houses, and livestock sheds, which were obtained through the China vector surveillance system using mosquito lamps. The surveillance data of Ae. albopictus were regionalized according to the China animal geographical regionalization system, and subjected to analysis of variance. Results In 2016, the national mean density of Ae. albopictus was 0.05/(light·h), and the density peaked from July to August. After August, the density decreased rapidly and fell to the lowest level in January. The capture rates of Ae. albopictus in North China, Central China, and South China were relatively high, exceeding the national average (1.80%), with the highest annual mean density in Central China, where the proportion of Ae. albopictus was slightly higher than that in other regions[0.10/(light·h), accounting for 4.06%]. Aedes albopictus was not found in the Northeast China and Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. The density of Ae. albopictus was significantly different between five habitats (F=5.750, P<0.01), and was highest in the park green space[0.07/(light·h)]. The surveillance data of each surveillance site was analyzed according to the China animal geographical regionalization system, and the density of Ae. albopictus was significantly different between different zones. Conclusion The total density of Ae. albopictus in 21 provinces (autonomous districts and centrally administered municipalities) of China was relatively high in 2016, and the density variation was not significantly different from that in 2006-2013.
  • A study of the correlation between density indices of Aedes vector larvae in key provinces of China
    HUANG Kun, GUO Yu-hong, WU Hai-xia, YUE Yu-juan, REN Dong-sheng, LI Gui-chang, SONG Xiu-ping, ZHAO Ning, WANG Jun, LIU Xiao-bo, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 395-399. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.009
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    Objective To analyze the correlation between density indices of Aedes larvae in key provinces of China, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of Aedes-borne diseases. Methods The Breteau index (BI), container index (CI), house index (HI), and mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) of Aedes larvae in Guangdong, Yunnan, and Zhejiang provinces of China from 2005 to 2017 were collected, and a database was established. A correlation analysis was performed using SPSS 13.0 software. Results In Guangdong province, there was a positive correlation between BI in 2016 and 2017 and MOI in the same period (r=0.853 and 0.771, respectively, P<0.05). In Zhongshan, BI in 2016 and 2017 was positively correlated with MOI in the same period (r=0.741 and 0.918, respectively, P<0.05), and there was a positive correlation between BI and CI, BI and HI, CI and HI, and HI and MOI in 2016 (r=0.841, 0.990, 0.797, and 0.736, respectively, P<0.05). In Shantou, the four density indices in 2016 were all positively correlated with each other (r=0.964, 0.982, 0.988, 0.772, 0.776, and 0.805, respectively, P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between BI and CI, BI and HI, and CI and HI in 2016 in Zhanjiang (r=0.986, 0.998, and 0.980, respectively, P<0.05). In Yunnan province, there was a positive correlation between BI and CI, BI and HI, and CI and HI in 2014 and 2016 (r=0.988, 0.978, and 0.973, respectively, P<0.05). There were a positive correlation between BI and CI, BI and HI, and CI and HI in 2016 and 2017 in Menghai county (r=0.973, 0.982, 0.994, 0.954, 0.995, and 0.971, respectively, P<0.05). In Hekou county, BI was positively correlated with HI in 2016 (r=1.000, P<0.05), and there was a positive correlation between BI and CI, BI and HI, and CI and HI in 2017 (r=0.962, 0.945, and 0.961, respectively, P<0.05). In Longchuan county, there was a positive correlation between BI and HI in 2016 and 2017 (r=1.000 and 0.974, respectively, P<0.05). During 2005-2010 in Yiwu, Zhejiang province, the four density indices of Aedes larvae were positively correlated with each other (P<0.05), except between BI and CI in 2007 and between BI and CI, BI and HI, and CI and HI in 2008 (P>0.05). In Fenghua, there was a positive correlation between BI and CI, BI and HI, and CI and HI in 2011 (r=1.000, 0.994, and 0.993, respectively, P<0.05). In Cixi, there was a positive correlation between BI and CI, BI and HI, and CI and HI in 2011 (r=0.980, 0.993, and 0.962, respectively, P<0.05). Conclusion The correlation between the density indices of Aedes larvae in different years in key provinces of China has spatial and temporal specificity, and the results can provide basic data for risk assessment and sustainable control of Aedes vectors and related diseases in different provinces of China.
  • Detection of spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and prediction of incidence trend of human brucellosis in Hubei province, China
    LIU Hong-hui, XING Xue-sen, ZHAN Fa-xian, GUAN Xu-hua, LIU Tian, LIU Li, LIU Man, WU Yang, HUANG Dan-qin, LIU Hui-qin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 400-403. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.010
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    Objective To explore the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of human brucellosis epidemic in Hubei province, China, and to predict the incidence trend. Methods The spatial and temporal distribution of human brucellosis epidemic in Hubei province from 2007 to 2017 was investigated by traditional epidemiology, spatial epidemiology, and time series analysis, combined with SaTScan 9.4, ArcGIS 10.0, and SPSS 18.0 softwares. Results From 2010 to 2017, there were five areas with spatial-temporal clustering of brucellosis incidence in Hubei province; all cases occurred in 2015-2017. There was one class Ⅰ cluster area covering eight counties (districts) with a maximum scanning radius of 105.94 km, which was mainly distributed in Suizhou, Xiangyang, and Jingmen; the clustering time was April to July, 2015, and 113 cases were reported. There were four class Ⅱ cluster areas, mainly distributed in five cities (prefectures), i.e., Huanggang, Huangshi, Xianning, Wuhan, and Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, and covering nine counties (districts) in the southeast and west of Hubei province. The simple seasonal model based on the exponential smoothing method had a good fitting effect, and the incidence of brucellosis in Hubei province from January to June, 2018 was predicted to be slightly lower than that in the same period in 2016-2017. Conclusion The epidemic situation of brucellosis in Hubei province has entered into a rapid "rising period" from the lower "plateau stage". The brucellosis epidemic has spread to a wider area, and the epidemic situation tends to be complex, with some areas showing spatial- temporal clustering. With the simple seasonal model fitting, the predictive model of brucellosis incidence trend in Hubei province has a high prediction accuracy, which can be used to strengthen surveillance and early warning, and promptly adjust and improve the prevention and control strategy of brucellosis.
  • An analysis of plague surveillance results in Yunnan province, China, in 2017
    SU Li-qiong, SU Chao, WU He-song, LIANG Yun, YANG Zhi-ming
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 404-408. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.011
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    Objective To investigate and analyze the plague epidemic situation in Yunnan province, China, in 2017, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of plague. Methods According to the national plague surveillance program and Yunnan provincial plague surveillance program, surveillance on plague hosts, vectors, etiology, and serology was conducted in 104 counties or cities of Yunnan province in 2017. The monthly monitoring reports were collected and statistically analyzed using SPSS 19.0 software. Results The captured rodents belonged to 17 species, 10 genera, 4 families, and 3 orders. Rattus tanezumi and R. norvegicus were the dominant species in the natural plague foci of R. tanezumi, Apodemus chevrieri, and Eothenomys miletus were the dominant species in the natural plague foci of A. chevrieri and E. miletus. The fleas detected from the surface of rodents belonged to 12 species, 12 genera, 5 families, and 1 order. Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis were the dominant fleas on R. tanezumi in the natural foci of R. tanezumi, while L. segnis, X. cheopis, and Monopsyllus anisus were the dominant fleas on R. norvegicus. In the natural plague foci of A. chevrieri and E. miletus, Frontopsylla spadix and Neopsylla specialis specialis were the dominant fleas on A. chevrieri; Ctenophthalmus quadratus was the dominant flea on E. miletus, and N. specialis specialis was detected as the secondary parasitic flea species on E. miletus. Bacteriological tests were performed on 49 182 animals and 21 533 vectors, with ten and five strains of Yersinia pestis isolated, respectively. Indirect hemagglutination (IHA) assay was used to test serum samples, and 8 out of 20 503 serum samples were positive for the plague. Seven out of 213 animal organ samples were positive for the plague using reverse IHA (RIHA). Conclusion Animal plague occurred in Yulong county, Gucheng district of Lijiang, Jianchuan county, and Heqing county in Yunnan province, which were the natural plague foci of A. chevrieri and E. miletus, with high epidemic intensity. There was no plague in the natural plague foci of R. tanezumi. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of plague and prepare for emergency responses in Yunnan province.
  • Isolation and identification of culturable aerobic bacteria from the intestines of Blattella germanica and the activity of digestive enzymes produced by these bacteria
    HUNAG Zhen-dong, WAN Qing, XUE Zhi-jing, ZHANG Rui-ling, ZHANG Zhong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 409-413. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.012
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    Objective To isolate culturable bacteria from the intestines of Blattella germanica, and to investigate the activity of digestive enzymes produced by these bacteria. Methods Traditional isolation and culture method was used for the isolation and purification of the bacteria from the intestines of B. germanica, and 16S rRNA sequencing was used for identification. The flat transparent circle method was used to screen out the bacteria producing amylase, cellulase, protease, or lipase, and the ratio of transparent circle diameter (D) to bacterial colony diameter (d) was used to compare the activities of digestive enzymes produced by different bacteria. SPSS 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison between groups; the S-N-K multiple comparison method was used for comparison of data with homogeneity of variance, and the Dunnett's T3 method was used for the significance analysis of data with heterogeneity of variance. Results A total of 20 species of bacteria belonging to 12 genera were isolated from the intestines of B. germanica, among which there were 4 species in Enterococcus, 3 species in Bacillus, 3 species in Lysinibacillus, 2 species in Citrobacter, and 1 specie each in Serratia, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Morganella, Microbacterium, Enterobacterium, Chryseobacterium, and Ventosimonas. Among these bacteria, 7 produced protease and 3 produced amylase; no bacteria produced cellulase or lipase. The protease produced by S. marcescens and C. massiliae had relatively high activity, while that produced by M. oxydans, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. paramycoides, B. tequilensis, and P. aeruginosa had relatively low activity; there was a significant difference in the activity of produced protease between the 7 species of bacteria (F=8.859, P=0.000), while there was no significant difference in the activity of amylase produced by different bacteria (F=2.920, P=0.130). Conclusion Some bacteria in the intestines of B. germanica can produce protease and amylase, and such bacteria can assist food digestion in B. germanica.
  • Surveillance of intercepted ticks carried by wool imported from South Africa and identification of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi
    LI Shu-qing, WANG Qiang, LIN Ying-zheng, DENG Yao-hua, XIA Qian, CHEN Zhi-fei, WANG Yan, ZHANG Qiang, XUE Jun-xin, WANG Qiao-quan, HE Yu-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 414-417. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.013
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    Objective To quarantine and identify the ticks carried by wool imported from South Africa to China, and to prevent the transmission of harmful parasites through international trade. Methods Thirty-one batches of wool imported from South Africa at Shanghai port from January 2016 to August 2018 were examined to detect ticks. The detected ticks were subjected to morphological identification. Genomic DNA was extracted from the ticks, and the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene and cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene were amplified and sequenced for molecular biological identification. Results Thirty-one batches of wool were imported from South Africa at Shanghai port from January 2016 to August 2018. Ticks were observed in 8 batches of the imported wool, with a positive detection rate of 25.8%. They belonged to 8 species and 3 genera as identified by morphological and molecular biological methods. There were 15 ticks of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, as the predominant species (53.6% of the total number) of intercepted ticks carried by the wool imported from South Africa; there was no distribution record of this tick species in China. Conclusion The intercepted ticks carried by wool imported from South Africa are mainly Rh. e. evertsi, which can transmit multiple animal diseases including babesiosis.
  • Molecular identification of blood meal source in Culicoides and study on diversity of blood-sucking habit
    LIU Yang-qing, TAO Hui-ying, YU Yi-xin, XIA Wen, MA Hong-mei, LIU Xiao-qing, CHEN Hai-ying
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 418-421. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.014
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    Objective To identify the blood meal source in Culicoides using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and to study the diversity of blood-sucking habit. Methods Blood-engorged Culicoides were collected by light-traps in habitats related to human activities at a village in suburban Nanchang, China, August 2017. Species-specific primers were designed based on differences between mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of common Culicoides hosts to set up a PCR system. The blood meal source in Culicoides was identified with positive and negative controls of animal blood source. Results Culicoides arakawae and C. oxystoma were the predominant species in the peasant household habitat, accounting for 37.01% and 33.85%, respectively. Culicoides arakawae (81.40%) was the dominating specie in chicken coops and C. oxystoma (57.66%) was the predominant specie in pigsties. Results of PCR for blood meal source in Culicoides showed that specific PCR products were amplified from the DNA extracted from Culicoides and known animal blood samples. Moreover, C. arakawae, C. oxystoma, C. punctatus, and C. homotomus could suck both human and animal blood, and they had the habit of simultaneously sucking blood from 2-4 host animals. The blood sucking index for human blood of C. arakawae, C. oxystoma, C. punctatus, and C. homotomus was 0.13, 0.63, 0.33, and 1.00, respectively. Conclusion The PCR method has advantages in sensitivity and reliability in identifying the Culicoides blood meal source. The four Culicoides are all capable of feeding on human and animal blood, with wild blood-sucking objects and diverse habit.
  • A preliminary experimental study of X-ray-induced sterility in Aedes albopictus pupae
    QIU Jie, HU Chun-ming, DU Wen-ting, YU Chao-ju, TONG Jian-fei, LIU Yang, ZHANG Shao-hua
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 422-426. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.015
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    Objective X-ray irradiation-based sterile insect technique (SIT) is a new technique for Aedes albopictus control. A series of X-ray irradiation experiments was performed to obtain the association between X-ray irradiation and sterility effect, in order to lay a foundation for further application of X-ray-irradiation SIT in the control of Ae. albopictus and related mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Aedes albopictus pupae in different developmental stages were collected in South China and were irradiated under different X-ray doses to evaluate the association of emergence rate, viability, survivability, degree of sterility, and male mating competitiveness with irradiation. A one-way analysis of variance and multiple comparison (Tukey hoc-post test) were used to analyze the influence of each experimental variable. Results X-ray irradiation at a dose of <60 Gy had no effect on the emergence rate of Ae. albopictus pupae and the survival rate of adult mosquitoes after hatching, but it reduced the average longevity of adult mosquitoes. At a dose of 40 Gy, the sterility rate of adult male mosquitoes reached nearly 97.0%, and male mating competitiveness was reduced to 0.5±0.0; the sterility rate of adult female mosquitoes reached almost 100%. The induced sterility rate of male mosquitoes was 74.1% at a release ratio of 7:1. Conclusion X-ray at the dose of 40 Gy is the optimal dose for induced sterility in Ae. albopictus pupae, which verifies the feasibility of X-ray irradiation-based SIT in Ae. albopictus prevention and control.
  • Predicting the density of Aedes albopictus in Songjiang district, Shanghai, China, using a seasonal trend model
    LYU Xi-hong, WANG Rui-ping, GUO Xiao-qin, FEI Sheng-jun, PANG Bo-wen, LENG Pei-en
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 427-429. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.016
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    Objective To predict the density of Aedes albopictus in Songjiang district, Shanghai, China, using a seasonal trend model based on moving average method, and to provide a justification for mosquito control and dengue fever warning. Methods Using Microsoft Excel 2003, an equation was fitted to the monthly time series data of mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) of Ae. albopictus in Songjiang district, Shanghai, from 2014 to 2018 to establish a prediction model, and the model was used to predict the density trend of Ae. albopictus in 2019. Results The seasonal trend model based on moving average method had a relatively good fit with an average relative error of 12.82%; therefore, it could predict the changing trend and seasonal characteristics of Ae. albopictus density. In 2019, the density of Ae. albopictus in Songjiang district would generally be still high, with a single peak density in July; the MOI would be less than 5 in April, more than 5 from May to November and more than 10 from June to September. Conclusion By closely surveillance on the density of Ae. albopictus and taking account of the prediction results of the seasonal trend model, an early warning can be issued and mosquito prevention and control measures can be taken in time to reduce the risk of dengue fever epidemics.
  • An analysis of the effect of climatic factors on mosquito density in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
    XIE Bo, FENG Lei, GU Ying-pei, SHEN An-mei, LIU Han-zhao, LIU Jun, CAI Feng-zhu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 430-433. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.017
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    Objective To analyze the trend in the meteorological characteristics of Shanghai, China, and the pattern of changes in mosquito density (surveyed by the labor hour method) in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, and to explore the effect of meteorological factors on mosquito density in Pudong New Area. Methods The single-day meteorological data from March 2011 to November 2015 in Shanghai were collected; meanwhile, the mosquito surveillance data based on the labor hour method in Pudong New Area during the same period were collected. The distributed lag non-linear model was used to determine the effect of meteorological factors on mosquito density index. Results A significant non-linear relationship was found between single-day average temperature and mosquito density index. The number of lag days showed a U-shaped relationship with the effect intensity. The relative ratio value reached a maximum of 2.2 at 32℃. The lag effect achieved a peak within about 3 days, then gradually decreased, and gradually recovered after 10 days. The effect of humidity was similar to that of temperature. The result of wind velocity was contrary to that of temperature and humidity. Conclusion The temperature shows a maximum effect on mosquito density index after 3 lag days, and the humidity has no significant lag effect on mosquito density.
    • Taxonomy and Fauna of Vectors Report Series
  • Taxonomy and fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet VI. Genus Topomyia and a new record species
    HU Song-lin, YONG Jian, LI Hai-dong, DUOJI Zhuo-ma, ZHUOMA Yang-jin, YANG Xiao-dong, WANG Jian, YANG Gui-rong, ZHOU Hong-ning, GONG Zheng-da
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 434-437. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.018
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    Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeast Tibet. Results A batch of Topomyia specimens were collected in Motuo county and were identified as the following three species:Topomyia (Sua.) houghtoni Feng, 1941, Topomyia (Top.) zhengi Gong, 1991, and Topomyia (Top.) hirtusa Gong, 1989. Topomyia (Top.) hirtusa was discovered for the first time in Tibet and was a new record of local mosquito species. This article reports and briefly describes the main morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding environment, and structure of male terminalia of the three mosquito species. Conclusion Up to now, three species belonging to two subgenera of Topomyia are known in Tibet.
    • Biology and Ecology
  • Species distribution and new species of hematophagous midges in three cities and counties in Hainan and a new record in China (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
    LIU Guo-ping, FAN Na, SUN Ding-wei, WU Qun, ZENG Lin-hai, LI Shan-gan, YANG Qiu-rong, CHEN Yuan-liang, SHI An-jun, LIANG Guo-dong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 438-441. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.019
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    This article reports 23 species of hematophagous midges belonging to 2 genera in Wenchang city, Danzhou city, and Chengmai county of Hainan province, China in 2017, among which there were 22 species of Culicoides and 1 species of Lasiohelea. A new species of C. danzhouensis Liu et Liang, sp. nov. was found, and C. pangkorensis Wirth et Hubert, 1989 was a new record in China. The species of C. calcaratus Wirth et Hubert, 1989 was recorded for the first time in Hainan province. There were 17 species in Wenchang, 18 species in Danzhou, and 19 species in Chengmai. C. danzhouensis Liu et Liang sp. nov. had similar wings as C. recurvus Delfinado, 1961, but the latter had shorter palpus, with a palpus ratio of 2.2; male C. recurvus had narrow parameres, no horn process outside the near middle area, a papillae minute at the middle area of the rear edge of the ninth tergum, and no microtrichia on the ventral membrane of the ninth sternum, which were significantly different from C. danzhouensis Liu et Liang sp. nov. C. danzhouensis Liu et Liang sp. nov. had similar male terminalia as C. lushuiensis Liu et Feng, 2018, but there were significant differences in the numbers and shapes of pale spots on wings between the two species; the latter had no microtrichia on the ventral membrane of the ninth sternum, with aedeagus basal arch extending to nearly one-fifth of total length, which were significantly different from C. danzhouensis Liu et Liang sp. nov. The model specimen of the new species was deposited in the North Command Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shenyang 110034)
    • Investigation
  • A study of the correlation between plague epidemics among animals and the density of their hosts
    DU Guo-yi, YAN Dong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 442-443. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.020
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    Objective To investigate the relationship between plague epidemics among animals and the density of their main hosts in natural plague foci. Methods An analysis was conducted on the surveillance data of plagues in Kangbao Pasture in Kangbao county, Hebei province, China, from 1968 to 2018. An epidemic unit of 5 years was defined as 1 to 2 years during a plague epidemic and 3 to 4 years prior to the plague epidemic. Comparisons were carried out for the difference between the average density of main host animals and the overall average density in each epidemic unit. Results The density of main host animals in three epidemic units were 1.37, 1.33, and 1.60 animals/hm2, respectively, which were significantly higher than the average density (0.92 animal/hm2) in the three epidemic units. Conclusion The risk of plague epidemics among animals increases with the density of main host animals.
  • A retrospective analysis of two human plague epidemics in Sichuan province, China, 1999-2017
    QI Teng, DUAN Yong-jun, LUO Long-ze, WANG LI-mao, YANG Jun, TAN Wen-ming, TANG Yi-en
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 444-447. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.021
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    Objective To retrospectively analyze two human plague epidemics in Sichuan province, China, from 1999 to 2017, and to provide a scientific basis for response to and disposal of human plagues. Methods Data were collected from the epidemiological investigation reports, the reports of biochemical tests for strain identification, the reports of tests for identification of strain virulence, and the literature related to the above two plagues. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to collate, compare, and statistically analyze the data on epidemiology, clinical manifestation, laboratory diagnosis, and epidemic disposal. Results The two public health emergency events were caused by Yersinia pestis in the blood directly via the wounds of the herdsmen while peeling/eating naturally dead animals. Five people died from human plague in Gayi town, Shiqu county, Sichuan, in 1999, and one died from human plague in Cunge town, Litang county, Sichuan, in 2012. Conclusion The two human plague epidemics have brought great impacts on the health of local residents, and a summary of treatment experience of human plague helps to deal with the development of human plague in timely, effective, and scientific manner.
  • Laboratory diagnosis and epidemiological analysis of a case of transfusion-introduced falciparum malaria
    ZHU Han-wu, HE Zhuo, HUANG You-jun, ZHOU Hong, TAN Hui, LI Zheng-xiang, WANG Yan-qin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 448-450. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.022
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    Objective To provide a scientific basis for the control of local imported malaria by laboratory diagnosis and epidemiological analysis of a case of transfusion-introduced falciparum malaria. Methods The medical records of the patient and epidemiological information of both the patient and the blood donor were collected and analyzed. The blood sample of the patient was analyzed by microscopy, malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT), and nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR). Results The patient had no history of tour in malaria epidemic area and history of malaria infection, but had a history of blood transfusion. Peripheral blood smear of the patient showed the presence of Plasmodium falciparum and both the results of RDT and nested PCR were positive for P. falciparum only. Follow-up study showed that the blood donor of the patient had a history of visiting the malaria-endemic area and being diagnosed with malaria. The blood sample RDT of the donor was positive for P. falciparum only, but the microscopic examination was P. falciparum negative. Conclusion The patient was a case of transfusion-introduced falciparum malaria. It is suggested that malaria screening before blood donation should be conducted to prevent the occurrence of transfusion-introduced falciparum malaria cases.
  • Epidemiological investigation and analysis of a familial cluster of brucellosis cases in Baodi district, Tianjin
    LI Na, LIU Chun-chang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 451-452. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.023
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    Objective To provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of brucellosis by epidemiologic investigation and analysis of a familial cluster of brucellosis case. Methods The field epidemiological investigation method was used to analyze the pathogenesis and source of infection of the three cases, and the tiger red plate agglutination test and tube agglutination test were used to detect the antibody. Results On April 17, 2017, the Xianghe County Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Langfang, Hebei province reported three cases of clinical diagnosis of brucellosis in Baodi district. There were three cases of infection with both tests positive in the epidemic. The source of infection was sick animals, especially miscarriage tissue from the sick ewe. The patients had no effective protection in daily work. Conclusion The awareness of protection during daily work and related knowledge and skills of identification of animals with brucellosis should be improved among employees to effectively cut off the transmission route of brucellosis and thus achieve the prevention and control of this disease.
  • Vector mosquito surveillance and control response to imported dengue case in Jiangbei New Area of Nanjing, China
    WANG Liang, WANG Yuan-yuan, SUN Yan-qun, FAN Yuan-yuan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 453-454. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.024
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    Objective To investigate a case of imported dengue fever in Jiangbei New District of Nanjing, China, and to conduct vector mosquito surveillance and control response for testing and harmonizing the dengue prevention and control measures. Methods According to the requirements in the technical guidelines for the prevention and treatment of dengue fever issued by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, emergency surveillance and epidemiological investigation were performed for an imported dengue case in June 2018. Results A case of imported dengue fever from Cambodia was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Breteau index (BI) and the double mosquito net method were used to monitor the density of mosquito vectors. From June 15 to July 2, the BI in the core area decreased from 3.24 to 0.44, and the net trap index decreased from 6.00 to 0.75 mosquitoes/(net·h). BI<5 and the net trap index <2 were observed in the warning area. No new cases were found during follow-up. Conclusion Epidemic management was given in a timely manner, and vector surveillance and control were fully implemented. No secondary cases were observed.
  • An investigation of the levels of antibody against Japanese encephalitis in healthy population in Changping district, Beijing, China, 2017
    WANG Tao, ZHU Zong-long, WANG Hai-hong, YI Wen-juan, FAN Xiao-xiao, YANG Jun-ying
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 455-457. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.025
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    Objective To investigate the levels of antibody against Japanese encephalitis (JE) in healthy population in Changping district, Beijing, China, and to find out the hidden troubles of people with weak immunity and epidemic spreading, thus providing a scientific basis for formulating strategies and measures to control JE. Methods A simple random sampling method was performed to collect residents' committees of 10 villages in Changping district in 2017. A total of 360 people from 10 age groups who lived in the local area for more than 6 months were selected as research subjects. Questionnaires were used to collect demographic features, JE vaccine immunization history, disease history of JE, and other information of these research subjects. Venous blood was collected, and serum JE IgG antibody was determined by plaque reduction neutralization test. The positive rates of antibodies of each group were determined by the chi-square test. Results The positive rate of JE antibody in healthy people was 93.61% in Changping district. There was a significant difference in the positive rate of antibodies between different age groups (χ2=27.053, P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the positive rates of JE antibody between different sexes, household registers, and people with immune history inoculated with different doses of live attenuated JE vaccine (χ2=0.215, 1.283, P>0.05). There was a significant difference in the positive rate of antibody between people at <1, 1-5, and 6-12 years after being inoculated with live attenuated JE vaccine (χ2=7.220, P<0.05). Conclusion The positive rate of antibody against JE in healthy population is at a high level in Changping district. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of JE in children under 1 year old and young adults.
  • Surveillance and control of vectors and related pathogens in the China-Kazakhstan border
    YIN Xiao-ping, LIU Ge, ZHENG Chang-dong, BAI Cen, ZHANG Zhao-guan, LI Yan, LIU Yong, WU Jiang, CHENG Tian-li, YANG Shu-bing, BA Te-er, WANG Yuan-zhi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 458-463. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.026
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    Objective To investigate the type of vectors and related pathogens in the China-Kazakhstan border, and to provide a scientific basis for identifying and preventing cross-border transmission of alien species and epidemic situation. Methods From 2009 to 2018, five lines for the surveillance and control of vectors were set up in the China-Kazakhstan border to capture and collect host animals and free vectors on body surface at the port of entry and exit. After taxonomic identification based on morphology, serology, and PCR molecular biology and pathogen detection and screening, positive products were cloned and sequenced, and DNAMan and BLAST analyses were performed. Results In the first line of vector surveillance and control at the port of entry and exit, 66 batches of vectors and animal carcasses belonging to 27 species were intercepted, i.e., 11 batches of rodents belonging to 2 families, 3 genera, and 5 species (n=11), 4 batches of fleas belonging to 2 families, 3 genera, and 3 species (n=265), 3 batches of ticks belonging to 2 families, 3 genera, and 3 species (n=241), 2 batches of cockroaches belonging to 2 species (n=14), 1 batch of bat (n=1), 1 batch of corsac fox (n=1), and 37 batches of poultry (chickens, ducks, and pigeons) and small animals (n=39), as well as 7 batches of large animals (sheep and camels), bovine bones, animal skins, viscera, and cadavers belonging to 7 species. In the first, second, and third lines of vector surveillance and control, new invasive species and populations were observed after the cross-border invasion of vectors, which posed great threats and caused economic losses. In the fourth line of vector surveillance and control, 27 species of small mammals, fleas, and ticks were collected along the China-Kazakhstan border. Eight pathogens were detected in six species of rodents, four pathogens were detected in five species of fleas, and three pathogens were detected in two species of ticks. A total of 546 positive samples with 13 pathogens were detected in their hosts. Conclusion The vectors and pathogens have been detected along the China-Kazakhstan border. It provides a basis for the vector surveillance and control to prevent its cross-border transmission.
  • A comparative analysis of Aedes albopictus surveillance between Guangzhou emergency mosquito vector control team and district CDCs in 2016-2017
    LIANG Lin-lin, ZHANG Jin-yu, LI Xiao-ning, LUO Lei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 464-468. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.027
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    Objective To compare the surveillance results of Aedes albopictus between Guangzhou emergency mosquito vector control team (municipal emergency response teaml) and district Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of Guangzhou and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases such as dengue fever. Methods The weekly data of the surveillance of dengue vector Ae. albopictus in Guangzhou from March to December in both 2016 and 2017 were collected. The data were summarized and statistically analyzed by WPS Excel and SPSS 17.0 softwares. The comparison of risk levels was performed by the paired Chi-square test. Results The mean standard space index (SSI), mosquito ovitrap index (MOI), and adult mosquito density index (ADI) monitored by the city emergency team were 1.46, 6.02, and 2.87, respectively. The average SSI, MOI, and ADI of each district level were 0.41, 7.29, and 1.83, respectively. The density dynamics of Ae. albopictus were almost the same in the streets, towns, and parks of the city emergency team and each city district level, which peaked from May to August, and then declined gradually from October. The proportion of Ae. albopictus surveillance sites at the city emergency team meeting the requirements of mosquito vector control was about 50.49% of those at the district level, and the proportions of low, medium, and high transmission risks were higher than those of each city district level. The number of parks, schools, hospitals and other places as surveillance sites at the city emergrncy team was relatively small, which only accounted for 12.86% of the total number of surveillance sites in the city emergency team. The surveillance at the city emergrncy team had higher risk level than that at each district level at the same time and at the same location. Conclusion The mutual complementation needs to be realized between the Guangzhou mosquito vector emergency team and district CDCs regarding surveillance of Ae. albopictus. They can jointly guide the prevention and control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases such as dengue fever through comprehensive evaluation of the control effect of Ae. albopictus.
  • A survey of habits and facial Demodex infection in medical college students in Wuhu, China
    LIU Xue-ying, WANG Shu-wen, TAO Qing, LI Nan, LIU Hui, ZHAN Xiao-dong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 469-471. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.028
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    Objective To understand the living habits and facial Demodex infection of resident college students in a medical college in Wuhu city, and to provide advice for them to develop good hygienic habits. Methods One medical colleges and universities, in accordance with the principle of voluntary survey to Wuhu resident students using the scotch tape to paste the night method for creep mite etiology examination, and sets up a questionnaire on students' personal living habits, facial health situation, investigate the relevant factors such as diet, using Excel 2007 software for data collection, using SPSS 19.00 software for statistical analysis, The χ2 test was used for the analysis of infection rate. Results A total of 120 questionnaires were issued and 113 valid questionnaires were returned. Among them, 33 cases were positive for facial Demodex infection, with a total infection rate of 29.20%. The infection rates of male and female students were 29.63% and 28.81%, respectively, and the difference was not statistically significant (χ2=0.009, P=0.924). The χ2 test showed that the infection rate of Demodex was statistically significant (χ2=6.651, P=0.038) and it was high among those who ate greasy food. However, the infection rate of Demodex showed no significant difference between respondents with different lifestyles (all P>0.05). Conclusion Taste preference is related to the infection rate of facial demodex among resident students in the medical college in Wuhu. It is of great significance for the facial health of college students to urge them to develop good living and eating habits, which is conducive to the prevention and control of Demodex infection.
  • Distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in residential areas of Lincang in Yunnan province, China
    LI Hua-chang, SHI Jing, SUN Xiao-dong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 472-474. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.029
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    Objective To investigate the distribution of Aedes mosquitoes in residential areas of Lincang in Yunnan province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of dengue fever. Methods Five longitudinal survey sites were set up for a 12-month consecutive investigation in the residential areas of three border counties and townships with state-level ports in Lincang in 2017. A total of 21 cross-sectional survey sites were set up for one-off investigation from August to September, 2017 in 5 non-border counties and 2 towns from each county located on main traffic lines. At least 30 households were investigated at each survey site and all water containers were checked. The fourth-instar larvae of Aedes were collected and identified, and the number of containers with Aedes larvae were used to calculate Breteau index (BI) and container index (CI). Results A total of 18 368 households and 35 289 containers were investigated in 26 townships. There were 814 positive containers, the overall BI and CI were 4.43 and 2.31%, respectively. The seasonal distribution of BI showed a bimodal pattern, with peaks in August and October, and the seasonal distribution of CI showed a unimodal pattern, with a peak in August. The constituent ratio of positive containers was 75.92% for Ae. albopictus, 23.96% for Ae. aegypti, and 0.12% for Ae. annandalei, and the positive rates of permanent and temporary containers were 0.10% and 1.92%, respectively. Aedes mosquitoes were distributed in 84.62% of the townships; Ae. albopictus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. annandalei were distributed in 80.77%, 23.08%, and 3.85% of the townships, respectively. Among the five longitudinal survey sites, the highest annual cumulative BI and CI (9.90 and 6.80%) and monthly BI and CI (9.67 and 4.75% in August) were observed in Mengding town of Gengma county bordered with Myanmar, and the constituent ratio of Ae. aegypti-positive containers in Mengding town was 86.76%, among which buckets, waste tires, vases, waste bottles, and other containers accounted for 23.96%, 22.92%, 7.81%, 8.85%, and 36.46%, respectively. Conclusion Aedes albopictus is widely distributed in residential areas of Lincang. Aedes aegypti has strong adaptability and has spread to 6 townships of 3 counties in Lincang. It has become the dominant species of Aedes mosquitoes in some border areas and tend to spread to other regions.
  • Study on the resistance of Xenopsylla cheopis to pyrethroids
    NONG Zhi, YU Shui-lan, LU Xia-yu, FENG Xiang-yang, DENG Ji-guang, TIAN Hong-yan, HUANG Liu-liu, LIAO Sheng-hua, LIAO Jie-xiong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 475-477. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.030
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    Objective To investigate the drug resistance of Xenopsylla cheopis to pyrethroids in the area of intensified flea control in Baise, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Methods The insecticide resistance of X. cheopis was determined by residual film. The LC50 and 95% confidence interval of insecticide were calculated by SPSS 13.0 software. Results Compared with the control area (Youjiang district), fleas in the intensified control area (i.e., Longlin county and Xilin county) showed significantly decreased sensitivity to pyrethroids such as deltamethrin, beta-cyhalothrin, and cypermethrin as the LC50 of these insecticides increased susceptibility. The relative resistance ratios of X. cheopis to the three pyrethroid insecticides were 6.22, 7.69, and 5.69, respectively, in Longlin county, while those were 5.29, 6.03, and 4.82, respectively, in Xilin county. Conclusion Fleas in the intensified flea control area showed increasing resistance to pyrethroids. Therefore, surveillance of insecticide resistance should be highlighted for rational use of insecticides.
  • Efficiency test of bow-shaped clamps in capturing Spermophilus ndulatus
    GUI You-jun, WANG Qi-guo, LUO Tao, LI Bo, WANG Xin-hui, BAOKAIXI Guliayi, XIAOKAITI Maidina, LI Bing, LI Wei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 478-480. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.031
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    Objective To investigate the efficiency and practicability of bow-shaped clamps in field control of Spermophilus undulatus, and to provide a reference basis for deratization in future. Methods With the large-size clips as a control, bow-shaped clamps and the trap-day method were used to capture S. undulatus in Guertu plague surveillance sites in Wusu county of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from May to July, 2018. The χ2 test and t test were used to compare the capture rate and installation efficiency of different methods. Results The azimuth angle of bow-shaped clamps was one time larger than that of the large-size clips. The mean capture rate of bow-shaped clamps was higher than that of the large-size clips (P=0.000), and the installation efficiency of bow-shaped clamps was two times than that of the large-size clips. Conclusion Bow-shaped clamps have the features of large azimuth angle, strong anti-escape function, simple installation, and no need for baits. Therefore, they can be used to control S. undulatus.
    • Review
  • An investigation of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne viruses in Shandong province, China
    XUE Zhi-jing, LIU Xiao-bo, GUO Yu-hong, LI Dong-mei, WANG Xue-shuang, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2019, 30(4): 481-484. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2019.04.032
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    Mosquitoes are important vectors and can cause serious disturbance to human life through blood sucking with stings and transmit a variety of pathogens, which poses a great threat to human health. Mosquitoes are widely distributed in different provinces, with different species of mosquitoes and viruses in different provinces. This article summarizes the major mosquito species and mosquito-borne viruses in Shandong province, in order to provide a reference for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases.
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