ISSN 1003-8280 CN 10-1522/R 中国疾病预防控制中心 主办
The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) is the most widely distributed species of Blattaria, and closely related to human household activities. As a exotic species that invaded China in the early 1980s, it has now become predominate pest in urban environment in China. This paper analyzes the causes for B. germanica to become a predominant population of cockroach in cities of China from the perspectives of biological, economic and environmental factors, and discusses the management strategy of urban populations.
Through field investigation and literature review, the characteristics of dengue epidemic in Guangdong in 2014, and the influencing factors, existing issues and obtained experience in prevention and control were summarized. Dengue fever in Guangdong, from sporadic to outbreak, strongly indicated that strengthened prevention and control is necessary at first place in addition to the natural and social factors. As to the prevention and control strategy, early warning, public education, supervision, and training were not in place during early phase of dengue outbreak. The selection of pesticides and equipment needs to be standardized. Further studies are needed to monitor Aedes spp. populations in modern urban environment. Suggestions are made to strengthen prevention and control measures, to eliminate breeding sources in patriotic health campaign, to customize pesticide application and to monitor vector density, infection rate pesticide resistance and vector control efficacy.
Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the epidemiology of malaria in China between 2005 and 2013 and to provide scientific evidence for prevention and control. Methods Data on malaria cases in China from 2005 to 2013 were collected from the national information reporting system of infectious diseases. Data were input into Microsoft Excel 2010 and then imported into SPSS 18.0 to conduct the analysis. Results Of 210 220 malaria cases reported from 2005 to 2013, a total of 187 334 were indigeous, 17 990 were imported from other countries and 4896 had unknown infection sources. The imported cases showed an increasing trend since 2006 and it has become a major challenge for malaria elimination. Indigenous cases reached a peak during July-October and imported cases occurred mainly between May and June. Majority of indigenous and imported cases were farmers. The imported cases were mainly acquired from Africa and Asia. Most of Plasmodium spp. of malaria was acquired in Burma, but imported cases from African countries such as Nigeria, Angola, Ghana, and Equatorial Guinea increased year by year since 2008. Conclusion From 2005 to 2013 in China, there was a consistent increase in the number of malaria cases imported from other countries while the number of locally acquired cases sharply declined. The imported malaria has been an important infectious source. Preventive efforts should be focused on workers that return from overseas, and the surveillance and response system should be strengthened to further reduce malaria incidence in China.
Objective To understand the species, distribution and genotype of mosquito-borne arboviruses in some regions of Henan province. Methods Mosquito samples were collected from Xixian county and Xin'an county in Henan province from May to August, 2012. After species identification, mosquitoes were inter-cells cross cultured for viral isolation. RT-PCR using specific primer for common arboviruses was used to identify the positive isolates. Molecular biological analysis were conducted by using software of Clustal X2.1, MegAlign, Genedoc 3.2 and Mega v5.1, and genotype for the virus was identified. Results A total of 7149 mosquitoes which belong to 5 species in 4 genera were collected. The predominant mosquito specie in Xin'an county was Armigeres subalbatus (2055, 51.36%), but the mainly species in Xixian county was Culex pipens pallens (2964, 94.16%). Five strains from Cx. pipens pallens and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were identified as genotypeⅠ Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which caused slightly cytopathic effect (CPE) in C6/36 cells, and no CPE in BHK-21. But severe CPE was observed in BHK-21 when 3 days after inoculating the C6/36 culture of the viruses onto BHK-21 cells. Conclusion In Xixian county and Xin'an county of Henan province, b
Objective To continue the investigation on the distribution of mosquito-borne arbovirus in some areas of Hubei province. Methods Mosquitoes were collected from Enshi state, Shennongjia forest region, Jiangling county and Suizhou city in the summer of 2010. Virus was isolated from these mosquitoes by cell culture. The virus isolates were identified by serological and molecular biological methods, and phylogenetic analysis was conducted on virus genome sequences. Results 12 845 mosquitoes were collected. 38 virus strains were isolated from mosquitoes. Through serological and molecular biological identification, 32 strains were identified as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), 5 were Getah virus (GETV), 1 was mixed strain of JEV and GETV. Phylogenetic analysis on E sequence of JEV showed all JEV strains belonged to genotype Ⅰ JEV, and analysis on NS2 sequence of GETV showed new strains that were homogenous with strains isolated from Hebei and South Korea, but heterogeneous with strain from Russia. Conclusion GETV was firstly isolated from Hubei province, and genotype Ⅰ JEV was re-confirmed from Hubei province.
Objective To rapidly detect Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) from Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Chengdu by real-time fluorescence reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, and to analyze the genotype of JEV. Methods Real-time fluorescence RT-PCR was used for detection of JEV infection. PrM segments of JEV from the nucleonic acid detected were amplified by one step RT-PCR, and were sequenced．Clustal X1.83 and Mega 5.0 were used to construct phylogenetic tree and analyze genotype and homology. Results A total of 10 656 mosquitoes of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were collected with 219 pools in 2012. Seven pools of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were positive for JEV at 3.2%. Based on sequence analysis, seven samples were identified to be genotypeⅠ JEV with the 674 bp sequence of PrM. Compared with some sequences of JEV GⅠ, the seven samples showed nucleotide and amino acid homologies of 91.5%-100% and 94.9%-100%, respectively, and were highly homology with the Sichuan strain of JEV (SC09-X08). Conclusion The prevalent JEV from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Chengdu was quickly detected by real-time fluorescence RT-PCR assay and confirmed to be genotypeⅠ.
Objective To characterize the genosome of 116 Yersinia pestis strains isolated from plague foci in Hebei province in China. Methods All the strains were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with 15 pairs variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) provided by China CDC, then the length of results were analyzed. Results The numbers and lengths of the repeat sequences from all strains are same with the single primer, and different with the different primers, such as the length of all stains with the prime M52 is 153 bp, and the number of the repeat sequences is 3, then with the prime M59, the length and the number is 250 bp and 3 respectively. Conclusion Multiple loci VNTR analysis (MLVA) genetic typing is reliable, and it is stable genetic mark of Y. pestis from Hebei province. To build the database of the plague with MLVA is useful for the investigation of the plague variation and source.
Objective We investigated the distribution of Yersinia enterocolitica in livestock in different regions of China. Methods The strains isolated from various samples were detected by bioserotype identification, biological typing assay. The virulence related genes were amplified by PCR. Results The positive rate was 12.91% in swine samples, 9.80% in dog samples. The pathogenic strains from swine and dog samples are 73.50% and 59.44%. The isolation rate from other livestock were low and predominantly non-pathogenic strains. The positive rate was 4.50% in chicken, 2.78% in cow and 0.89% in goat; and the nonpathogenic strains are 100%, 94.44% and 93.33%, respectively. Conclusion The Y. enterocolitica discovered from a number of livestock in China. Pigs and dogs are considered to be the primary reservoir of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica strains, conversely, cows, goats, chickens and ducks mostly carry nonpathogenic Y. enterocolitica.
Objective To identify the Borrelia burgdorferi in Glires in Huzhu, Zekog, and Qilian county, Qinghai province. Methods A total of 202 Glires were collected from forest in the counties, Qinghai province. All the collected samples were examined for B. burgdorferi by nested PCR. Results In total of 202 samples, 49 samples were tested positive by 24.26%. Positive rate was 17.91% (12/67) in Huzhu county, 34.62% (27/78) in Zekog county and 17.54% (10/57) in Qilian county. There was significant difference with positive rate of B. burgdorferi in Glires among these three counties(χ2=7.40, P<0.05). Conclusion Our research confirmed the existence of B. burgdorferi in Glires in three counties in Qinghai province. We suggested that the further investigation on local vectors and human infections be conducted for prevention and control of Lyme disease.
Objective To investigate hosts of blood meal for vector Phlebotomus wui in desert-type kala-azar of Tarim basin, and analyze interrelation between the reservoir hosts of desert-type kala-azar and the vector. Methods To survey the host species at the period of vector activity in serious epidemic area of desert-type kala-azar of Tarim Basin, catch P. wui of the kala-azar vector, and pick out no blood-sucking female of P. wui. The tests of blood-sucking with P. wui were conducted on five species of the locally available wild animals which were in free activities (free group) and two species of the animals whose activities were restricted. Results Mainly locally available wild animals were tarim hare (Lepus yarkandensis), Hemiechinus auritus, Salpingotus kozlovi, Dipus sagitta and Meriones meridianus. P. wui only fed on L. yarkandensis and H. auritus in the free group, the blood-sucking rates were 9.5% and 3.3%, the others were zero. All the restricted animals, blood feeding on which did not occur when allowed to feed on free moving animals, were fed by P. wui, the blood-sucking rates were 24.6% and 2.4%. Blood-sucking locations were hairless parts of the animals. Conclusion The main factors influencing on P. wui blood-sucking in free group was determined by the hairless area size exposed and body activity of the animals. When the moving activities were limited, the blood-sucking rate rose immediately. The blood-sucking tests found out species of blood-supply animals, the blood-sucking location of the animals, the time of blood-sucking, and the influencing factors of blood-sucking. Through analyzing habitats between tarim hare and vector P. wui, as well as the blood-sucking tests, it is thought that the tarim hare is the main blood supply animal for P. wui of the kala-azar vector and the reservoir hosts in the desert type kala-azar of Tarim basin.
Objective To trace the virus from an imported viral hemorrhagic fever case in Qinhuangdao in 2012, molecular characteristics of the pathogen were studied. Methods The serum collected from the suspected case was detected for IgM antibody by ELISA, and viral nucleic acid of serum and urine samples were detected by real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, NS1 segment was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The genetic and phylogenetic analysis based on NS1 was computed. Results IgM anti-DENV was found in the serum QHD-01-BS1, BS2, and the NS1 gene sequences of serotype 2 of Dengue virus (DEN2) were recovered from the serum QHD-01-BS1 and the urine QHD-01-US respectively. The comparison showed the strains QHD-01-BS1 and QHD-01-US were very closely related to GWL39 INDI-01, GWL18 INDI-01 the COM genotype)isolated from India, with 97.3% sequence identity and 0.04 genetic distance. The further phylogenetic tree indicated the strains QHD-01-BS1 and QHD-01-US were classified as a lineage with GWL39 INDI-01, GWL18 INDI-01, belonged to genotype COM. Conclusion These results suggest the imported viral hemorrhagic fever case was infected by DENV2 from India and most likely infected in India.
Objective To explore the mosquito population dynamics in different seasons and mosquito circadian rhythm in different periods of a day. Methods Conduct more than 224-days'continuous monitoring of adult mosquitoes by CO2 trapping method to get the adult mosquito data in five different monitoring-sites in Shanghai People's Square and People's Park region. Results The monthly-distribution of mosquito species was significantly different in downtown Shanghai. As the most dominant mosquito species, Culex pipiens pallens reached an average density of 13.35 pcs/(day·site), and peaked in May and June (19.93 and 28.19 pcs/day·site, respectively); Aedes albopictus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus both peaked in July (10.77 and 8.79 pcs/day·site, respectively). The circadian rhythm analysis showed that the largest proportion of mosquito appeared in the evening and early morning hours (20:00-08:00a.m.), followed by the nightfall hours (16:30-20:00), and Cx. pipiens pallens was the dominant species in the 2 period (78.14 and 66.05%, respectively); the daytime hours (08:00a.m.-16:30) had the least proportion, whose dominant species was Ae. albopictus (65.70%). Conclusion The monthly-distribution and circadian rhythm were different in mosquito population species and density, which can be attribute to the ecological difference of different mosquito species, but except that, we surmise the special urban environment and urban light pollution should also account for, and which should be confirmed by further study.
Objective To investigate the species composition and diversity of diet of plateau pika Ochotona curzoniae in the Altun Mountain National Nature Reserve in Ruoqiang county, Xinjiang, China, and to provide a scientific basis for management of plateau pika. Methods Fecal pellets of plateau pika were collected and analyzed by feces microstructure technique to determine diet in July, 2013 (warm season) and January, 2014 (cold season). Total 60 fecal combinations were collected and composited to 10 experimental analysis samples for each season, while common plant specimens in the studied area were collected and identified through the microscope. Food composition and proportion of were identified by comparative identification of plant fragments. Results Plateau pika feed on 14 families and 24 genera and 25 species of plants in warm season, mainly Gramineae (19.15%), Cyperaceae (15.57%), Leguminosae (14.29%) and Compositae (12.35%). Plateau pika feed 12 families and 16 genera 17 kinds of plants in cold season, mainly Gramineae (21.94%), Cyperaceae (18.53%), Leguminosae (16.42%), Chenopodiaceae(10.46%)and Compositae (10.32%). More than half (54.35%) of the 46 species of grasses assembled for the reference collection were identified in the pellets. Food species and niche width of plateau pika is greater in warm season, while the diversity and evenness is less in cold season. Conclusion Grass and forbs are main food for plateau pika, showing a tendency of feeding generalization in cold season when food resources are scarce.
Objective To analyze the epidemiologic characteristics and disposal of the events of multi-victim bitted by one dog in Zhejiang province, and provide the basis for the control and prevention of rabies. Methods The investigation report of the event of multi-victim bitted by one dog in Zhejiang province during 2011-2013 were collected for statistical analysis. Results Fifty-five events of multi-victim bitted by one dog had been reported in Zhejiang province during 2011-2013, and most occurred on the midwest of the province. The positive rate of rabies virus in dog of those events was 85.00%. 352 persons were exposed in those events and farmers were the most frequently reported victim. The inoculation rates of rabies vaccine and rabies immune globulin were 95.73% and 80.63%, respectively. Two victims died from rabies as none post-exposure prophylaxis was received, and the incidence rate was 0.57%. Conclusion The exposed people in the events of multi-victim bitted by one dog are in high risk of rabies, and surveillance, health education and post-exposure prophylaxis should be strengthened.
Objective To investigate the infection source of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) cases and provide the scientific information for control and prevention of SFTS. Methods The clinical and epidemiological history for 2 cases was investigated and the host animals (rat, sheep, dog) and tick were monitored. The rodent liver and spleen specimens and ticks were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, and the rat shape animal serum and goat serum antibody was detected by ELISA. Results Case B was diagnosed as mild case based on clinical symptom and pathogen detection results. Epidemiological investigation showed that case A had no tick exposure history, probably infected during the nursing period. Serological investigation of the results showed that the village had previous or recessive infection. And the domestic and wild animal (rat) in this village carried ticks. All the results hint that this village was novel bunyavirus natural focus. Conclusion Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome can spread through contact. Close contact patients should strengthen individual protection.
Objective To describe spatial distribution of brucellosis in Three-River Regions and research its epidemiological characteristics with the Geographic information technique. Methods We established Geographic Information System Database of brucellosis in Three-River Regions, epidemiological characteristics were overlay analyzed in infectious rate and prevalence rate with QHEndem ic-GIS and SPSS 17.0. Results Spatial characteristics of brucellosis were showed in GIS, the overlaid prevalence rates in Nangqian(2.00%/1.03%), Jiuzhi(0.81%/0.63%)and Dari(0.58%/0.33%)in inspection period were higher than that in inspection period. Overlaying the prevalence of brucellosis before and after inspection period, the prevalence show an upward trend. Conclusion GIS could reflect the state of brucellosis in Three-River Regions directly and correctly. Prevalence of brucellosis showed a sporadic phenomenon with spreading the neighborhood region, the prevalence showed an up-ward trend in these region, and provide scientific data of brucellosis prevention and control.
Objective To investigate the species, host, distribution and status of tick-borne pathogens in Jinan city. Methods The parasitic ticks were collected from the host skin by hand or tweezers and the free ticks were collected manually with white cloth from the grassland or shrubbery. Collected ticks were classified and tested for tick-borne pathogens. Results There were 614 and 108 ticks collected on 6 hosts and in 2 types of environment, respectively. Collected ticks were Haemaphysalis longicornis. There were 596 ticks collected on goats with proportion of 97.1%. About 53.3% goats carried with ticks and the average number of ticks per goat was about 6.7. The results were positive in RNA detection of new bunyavirus in 3 groups of tick and positive of rickettsia in one group. Positive ticks were collected from goats. Conclusion The dominant tick species was H. longicornis in Shandong province. The dominant host animal was goats raised outside. Some ticks may carry bunyavirus and rickettsia.
Objective To get the current status of the monitoring and control of disease vectors of Nanjing as well as the problems in them by in-depth investigation and analysis. Further more, to promote the sustainable development of vector control. Methods The questionnaire survey was carried out to attain the basic information of the present conditions of vector control including the equipment, implemented work, related personnel and their skills and abilities. So that statistical analysis could be applied to the collected data. Results The staff who worked more than 10 years accounted for 49.1%, and CDCs lacked highly educated personnel and senior title personnel, thus, the lack of professionals is an urgent problem to be solved. CDCs of separate vector monitoring and control sector accounted for 33.33% in Nanjing, and to carry out vector monitoring accounted for 58.33% of the total, therefore the system of vector control is to be improved. Conclusion The introduction and cultivation of talents of vector biological monitoring control should be strengthened. Enhancing institution-building are also indispensable.
Objective To investigate the population composition and seasonality of rodents and their density in different habitats in Liaoning province, China, and to provide a scientific reference for developing rodent control strategies. Methods Two types of monitoring points were chosen in cities (and towns), one type in residential area and the other in special industrial area. Additionally, two types of monitoring points were chosen in rural areas, one type in villages and the other out of villages. The density of rodents was monitored by night trapping. Results Totally 506 806 traps were set up in Liaoning province from 2009 to 2013. There were 485 792 effective traps, which captured 7548 rodents. The average density of rodents was estimated to be 1.55%, with a higher level in villages (2.25%) than in cities (0.93%). The density of rodents was highest in natural villages (2.25%), followed by special industrial areas (1.09%) and residential areas (0.78%) in cities. Seasonal fluctuations of rodent density in total, individual years, or different habitats followed a double-peak curve. Two peaks of rodent density occurred in April to May and in September to October, respectively. Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species of rodents in Liaoning province. Conclusion The density of commensal rodents in Liaoning province showed a slightly increasing trend from 2009 to 2013. Seasonality of rodent density followed a double-peak curve. The control of rodent density should focus on rural areas. According to their characteristics of seasonal fluctuations, comprehensive preventive measures should be taken to reduce the density of rodents in the two peak periods, in order to control rodent-borne diseases.
Objective To determine the density of primary vector species and their seasonal fluctuation in Haining county for improvement of prevention and control strategies. Methods Light traps, cage traps, roach pastes and night traps were used to capture mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches and rodents, respectively, for density calculations. Results From 2009 to 2012, the average density of mosquitoes in Haining county was 2.31 per lamp-hour, with the prominent species being Culex pipiens pallens/Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatas accounting for 80.23% . The average density of flies was 5.21 per cage with Chrysomya megacephala and Musca domestica as the predominant species, which accounted for 55.40% and 27.46%, respectively. The density of cockroaches was 0.53 per paste, with Blattella germanica as the predominant species (90.35%). The rodent density was 0.69% with Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus as the predominant species, which accounted for 35.88% and 44.27%, respectively. Most mosquitoes and flies appeared in May; the former became most active in August and the latter in June through August. Cockroaches and rats were observed throughout the year with relatively high roach density from March to October and generally peak rodent density in September． Conclusion By the surveillance, the population composition and seasonal fluctuation of primary vectors in Haining county are clarified, and provide the basic information for vector-borne disease control and prevention．
Objective We surveyed whether the plague natural foci exists in Panzhihua city. Methods From 2013 to 2014, we detected the F1 antibody of serums which came from dogs of Geliping and Futian in the plague monitoring of Panzhihua. All of the rats trapped by the way of squirrel-cage and rat-clip. The livers, spleens and fleas came from trapped rats were used for species identification and bacterial culture. Results From 2013 to 2014, 62 rats (39 Rattus norvegicus rats and 23 Mus musculus rats) were trapped by 1106 squirrel-cages in home, and 5 R. norvegicus rats captured by 898 rat-clips in field. The rat density in home is 5.61%, and in field is 0.56%. We gained 12 fleas from 5 in 67 rats, and the sampled rats belonged to 1 species, 1 genera and 2 families. The flea infected rate is 7.46%, and flea index is 0.18, and serum positive rate of rats is 4.41%. Conclusion The plague natural foci may exist in Panzhihua city and more attention should be take to monitoring plague epidemiology.
Objective To research the distribution characteristics of Qinghai plague foci and the epidemic trend of human plague. Methods Applied geographic information system of Qinghai plague prevention and control to create the database and spatial mapping for 33 counties, where the plague natural foci were in Qinghai. Results The system query retrieval and mapping function showed the distribution of Qinghai plague natural foci, which was mainly concentrated in Huangnan state, Guoluo state, Yushu state, Haixi state, Haibei state, Hainan state and Xining city and 33 counties in Haidong region. Conclusion The geographic information system of Qinghai province plague prevention and control intuitively showed the distribution characters of plague foci and human plague in Qinghai province, so as to provide technical assistance for formulating the plague prevention and control strategy.
Objective To grasp the Rhombomys opimus distribution characteristics and activity patterns, and to provide basic information to improve epidemic monitoring. Methods Circadian clamps of catching mice, single bagging seized ectoparasites identified routes caverns law sent to the laboratory survey observed activity patterns and comprehensive analysis of the R. opimus population distribution. Results In 11 ports in northern Xinjiang border five R. opimus population distribution, accounting for 66.7% of the entire ports in northern Xinjiang, the westernmost Xinjiang, longitude 80°37', latitude 43°40'are Lata port to longitude 82°48'north latitude and 46°41'Timbuktu port, especially in the highest density of Alashankou and two wings district, Xinjiang eastern longitude 93°20'31"north latitude and 44°14'32" port of Laoyemiao recent new found R. opimus distribution area. Found that the great gerbil not only mixed with wild rodents in vector exchange transfer. In the R. opimus distribution crossings average capture rate of 3.2%, 89.6% of the dye flea rate, the flea index 14.0, the major media in the border areas of the western region of Xinjiang and Kazakhstan R. opimus Xenopsylla minax in eastern Mongolia ports X. skrjabini. And describes the R. opimus annual seasonal, day activity patterns, caverns, nesting habitat, foraging characteristics. Conclusion The R. opimus in Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, the dominant species in the port vicinity, according to the distribution of the characteristics and activities of the law, to provide basic information to guide and improve epidemic monitoring.
Objective In order to better grasp the Helan Mountain (Mts. Helan Shan region) Nature Reserve of small mammal animal population pattern and fauna distribution, and provide scientific basis for mice and rats transmit disease prevention of forestry department and the tourism, also provide the basic data for the study of biology of small mammals. Methods In 2012 October-2013 October on the activity peak in Helan Mountain donglu Gunzhongkou and Suyukou two region of 4 forest belt, acquisition of small mammal specimens, combined with the comprehensive arrangement of previous literature, a small mammal animal population distribution information data in the database, using Excel 2003 and animal community similarity analysis. Results The nature reserve has a total of 43 species of small mammals, belonging to 6 orders, 10 families and 32 genera. Analysis shows that, Rodentia, Cricetidae, Muridae and jerboa total 26 species, is the fundamental group of small mammals area of Helan Mountain Nature Reserve, North bellied rat (Niviventer confucianus) is the predominant species. In 43 species of small mammals in Helan mountain in the animal, 30 species of Palaearctic region, 12 species of Oriental realm, wide cloth 1. Conclusion Through the investigation, we mastered the population structure and distribution of small mammals animal in some areas in Helan Mountain Natural Reserve, but also provide the basis for further research on this area in infectious diseases.
Abstract:Objective In order to provide a basis for scientific and reasonable use of pesticides, we investigated the resistance of Aedes albopictus to commonly used insecticides in urban area of Shaoguan city. Methods WHO standard bioassay method was applied to calculate LC50 and to obtain resistance index by comparing with susceptible strains. Results The median lethal concentration of Ae. albopictus to beta-cypermethrin, decamethrin, dichlorvos, propoxur are 0.0036, 0.0060, 0.2606, 2.1266 mg/L respectively. The resistance index are 3.60, 2.73, 1.53, 1.24 respectively. Conclusion Aedes albopictus in urban area of Shaoguan had low level resistance to beta-cypermethrin and decamethrin. It is important to alternate pesticides and choose appropriate doses in mosquito prevention and control.
Objective To investigate application value of three testing methods on the diagnosis of malaria. Methods There were 102 blood samples of suspicious positive malariafrom 2011 to 2013 in Liaoning. Malaria pathogens were examined using light microscopy (LM), OptiMAL and PCR. Results The positive rate of LM, OptiMAL and PCR were 54.90%, 63.73%, and 70.59%, there was significant difference between LM and PCR. Conclusion In the diagnosis of Plasmodium falciparum, OptiMAL and PCR can be used as complementary methods of the LM.
Objective To understand the underreporting of reportable infectious diseases in medical institutions in Nanyang. Methods According to stratified random sampling requirements, 13 counties were selected, over and above the county level 1 general hospitals, specialist 1 hospitals, 1 township hospitals and 2 village clinics. Refer to 2013 annual outpatient log, out of hospital registration, laboratory and department of radiology registration, and spot checks of reportable diseases. Results In the survey of medical institutions at all levels of 66, the county level and above, 13 general hospitals, 13 township hospitals, 26 village clinics, special hospital 14. It was found that among 755 cases of legal infectious diseases, 16 were not reported, the underreporting rate was 2.12%; the B, C Class infectious diseases and the rates were 1.51%, 3.57%, no significant difference (χ2=2.319, P=0.128); the county, township, village and specialist the medical institution of infectious diseases and the rates were 1.76%, 1.92%, 5.56%, 2.72%, no significant difference (χ2=1.614, P=0.656). Conclusion There are underreporting of reportable infectious diseases in medical institutions in Nanyang.
Ticks are obligate blood-sucking arthropods, which can transmit a great variety of pathogenic microorganisms, and their characteristics in ecology are fundamental for the spatial and temporal variation of tick-borne diseases. The researches in ecology of ticks were mainly at the individual and population levels, which have lagged far behind that of insects just for their particularities. We introduced the advances in the studies of the tick fauna and their habitats, life cycle, the hosts and their interactions as well as the population dynamics in the last 20 years, all of which would contribute to the design for the integrated tick control.
As one of the important mosquito-borne infectious diseases, Japanese encephalitis (JE) has been epidemic in most provinces in China. Guangxi has high incidence of JE. This paper reviews the research progress of Guangxi JE, and discusses the prospect of Guangxi JE research based on the existing problems.
