20 August 2014, Volume 25 Issue 4
    

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    Original Reports
  • Multispacer typing of spotted fever group rickettsiae isolated from Chengmai county of Hainan province, China
    CHENG Xue-qin, JIN Yu-ming, LAO Shi-jun, HUANG Chang-he, HUANG Fang, JIA Peng-ben, ZHANG Li-juan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 289-293. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.001
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    Objective Spotted fever caused by spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) is found throughout China. During 2007-2008, 28 human SFGR isolates and 34 rat SFGR isolates (including 15 isolates from Rattus fulvescens, 5 isolates from R. edwardsi, 7 isolates from Callosciurus erythraeus roberti, and 7 isolates from Dremomys rufigenis) were gathered by L929 cell culture. Previous research indicated that these isolates shared identical sequences of 16S rRNA,gltA, ompA, groEL, and 17×103 protein gene with each other, and were of the same serophenotype. This project aims to study the 62 SFGR isolates from fever patients and wild rodents in Chengmai county of Hainan province, China by multispacer typing (MST).Methods Nine pairs of primers which had been previously reported in MST of SFGR were used in amplification and sequencing of the 62 isolates in this study. Sequences were subjected to Blast analysis after data correction. Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was performed with Megalign. Six spaced sequences that were successfully sequenced from each isolate were spliced and applied in the construction of phylogenetic tree. Results There were great variations among the 62 isolates. A total of 48 mutant genotypes were identified. The predominant genotype, h3, accounted for 21.7% (13/60) of all the isolates tested, and the remaining 47 genotypes were all unique, each accounting for 1.6% (1/60) of all isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all these 48 genotypes were classified in the same cluster. Among all reference strains included in this study, R. heilongjiangensiswas genetically closest to these isolates. Thymine-to-cytosine transitions had the highest percentage (52/114, 45.6%) among all SNPs, followed by adenine-to-guanine transitions (37/114, 32.5%).Conclusion The non-coding spaced sequences of SFGR prevailing in Chengmai county of Hainan province are highly heterologous. The selected primers for MST of SFGR are capable of detecting rickettsial pathogens. MST can be used in the rapid and effective tracing of endemic strains in outbreak of rickettsiae.
  • Evaluation of dilution rose bengal plate agglutination test in diagnosis of brucellosis
    SUN Yan, XIAO Pei, WANG Na, ZHAO Na, PIAO Dong-ri, TIAN Guo-zhong, ZHAO Hong-yan,JIANG Hai, CUI Bu-yun, DU Ya-nan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 294-296. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.002
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    Objective To explore the feasibility of dilution rose bengal plate agglutination test (RBPT) for the diagnosis of brucellosis.Methods Serum samples from 93 brucellosis patients who came from Inner Mongolia, China in 2013 were tested by both dilution RBPT and standard tube agglutination test (SAT). According to the correlation between the results of the two tests and using the results of SAT as criteria, the sensitivity and specificity of RBPT were analyzed at different dilutions as cut-off values to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy.Results The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for dilution RBPT was 0.946. When taking1∶2 as the cut-off value, the Youden index was 0.893, the sensitivity was 89.30% , and the specificity was 100%; when taking1∶4 as the cut-off value, the Youden index was 0.631, the sensitivity was 63.10%, and the specificity was 100%; when taking1∶8 as the cut-off value, the Youden index was 0.571, the sensitivity was 57.14%, and the specificity was 100%; when taking1∶16 as the cut-off value, the Youden index was 0.191, the sensitivity was 19.05%, and the specificity was 100%.Conclusion Dilution RBPT has the highest diagnostic accuracy at a dilution of1∶2, which provides a reference for the diagnosis of brucellosis.
  • Direct amplification of barcode DNA from microtissues of medical vectors
    HU Jia, YUE Qiao-yun, QIU De-yi, WU Ke-liang, LIU De-xing, WANG Xiao-dong,WEI Xiao-ya, CHEN Jian, LIAO Jun-lei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 297-300. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.003
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    Objective To ensure the purity of template in amplification of barcode DNA from the microtissues of medical vectors and to minimize the morphological damage to specimens, a method of direct PCR without DNA extraction was established.Methods Individuals of mites, fleas, and ticks, as well as the first tarsus of metapodium from flies, were used as samples in this study. The concentration of lysis buffer and the ratio of lysisvs. stop buffer were optimized to determine the reaction conditions.KOD FX DNA polymerase was used instead of Taq DNA polymerase to directly amplify barcode DNA. The PCR product was sequenced and aligned with GenBank sequences using Blast to test whether the sequences were contaminated. Results The optimized lysis buffer was 50 mmol/L NaOH. The optimized ratio of lysisvs. stopbufferwas180μl∶20μl. The optimized reaction system(50μl) was determined as follows: 2×KOD FX DNA polymerase buffer (containing Mg2+) 25μl, 2mmol/LdNTP 10μl , KOD FX DNA polymerase (1U/μl)1 μl, forward primerLCO1490(20μmol/L)1μl, andreverseprimer HCO2198(20μmol/L)1μl. The reaction conditions were optimized as follows: 95℃3 min for pre-heating; 98℃10 s, 50℃30 s, and 68℃1 min for35 cycles, followed by extension 7 min at 68℃. No contamination was found by Blast alignment of amplified sequences.Conclusion The method established in this study is easy to operate, and omission of DNA extraction will save time and expenses. This method is suitable for direct amplification of barcode DNA from mites, fleas, ticks, and even the first tarsus of fly metapodium.

    • Original Reports
  • Population classification of fresh-water crab germplasm resources in Fujian province, China
    CHEN Bao-jian, LI Li-sha, ZHANG Rong-yan, ZHANG Zhi-fang, LI Yan-rong, CHENG You-zhu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 301-305. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.004
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    Objective To investigate the species composition and geographic distribution of fresh-water crabs in Fujian province, China, and to provide technical guidance for the prevention and control of related diseases.Methods Specimens collected in Fujian province were systematically classified and preserved. A database was constructed with descriptive information, images, and related data. Results A total of 710 specimens in accordance with biological criteria were collected with complete records. All specimens were classified into 2 families, 5 genera, and 13 species. Among these were Somanniathelphusa zhangpuensis of the genus Somanniathelphusa, Nanhaipotamon nanrienseof the genus Nanhaipotamon,Huananpotamon angulatum, H. changpodum, and H. sheniof the genusHuananpotamon, Sinopotamon fjkienense, S. jianglense,S. chekiangense mindongense, S. pinheense, and S. zhangzhouense of the genus Sinopotamon, and Bottapotamon fukienense,B. yonganense, and B. engelhardtiof the genusBottapotamon.Conclusion A database containing the information on population classification and geographic distribution of fresh-water crabs in Fujian province and a resource sharing platform for permanent preservation of fresh-water crab specimens have been established.
  • Molecular identification of a bacterial strain isolated from a rodent of natural death
    GUO Ying, CHEN Shuang-yan, SHI Li-yuan, DONG Shan-shan, WANG Peng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 306-308. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.005
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    Objective To identify the genus, species, and type of a bacterial strain (X175) isolated from a rodent of natural death.Methods The species and genus of X175 were identified based upon 16S rDNA sequencing. Real-time PCR was used in the detection of toxin genes commonly detected in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli(stx1/stx2/eae, lt/st, aggR/ipaH) and genes of E. coliO104 gene and H4 gene. Nine virulence genes ofenterohemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC) O104∶H4 were detected by PCR.Results The 16S rDNA sequence of X175 strain was 99% homogeneous to that of strains ofE.spp., and was most closely related toE. coliO104∶H4 in phylogenetic analysis.E. coliO104 gene andipaH were detected, whilestx1/stx2/eae, lt/st, aggR,Shigella/Salmonella, and E. coli H4 gene were not. None of the 9 virulence genes of EHEC O104∶H4 was detected.Conclusion X175 is an attenuated strain ofE. coliO104. H antigen and some other features remain to be further studied.
  • Study on ecology of small mammals and their ectoparasites in six areas of Sichuan province, China
    WEI Lei, WANG Xin-wei, WANG Cheng-min, HE Hong-xuan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 309-313. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.006
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    Objective To gather the basic information of small mammals and their ectoparasites in Sichuan province, China,including species composition, predominant species, and parasitism, and to explore the public health and veterinary significance of the investigation.Methods Small mammals were captured alive with baited mouse traps in 6 areas of Sichuan province. All the ectoparasites of the hosts were thoroughly collected. Small mammals and ectoparasites were identified and classified separately. The composition ratio (C), prevalence (P), and average ectoparasite abundance (A) were determined to reflect the prevalence and density of ectoparasites.Results A total of 447 small mammals were caught in the 6 areas of Sichuan, belonging to 7 species, 6 genera, 2 families, and 2 orders. Apodemus agrariusandAnourosorex squamipeswere the predominant species in studied areas. Of the 282 individuals ofA. squamipesand 165 rodents identified in this study, 376 (84.12%) were infested with 55 species of ectoparasites, including 33 species of chigger mites, 15 species of gamasid mites, 5 species of fleas, and 2 species of sucking louses.Conclusion There are diverse ectoparasites on small mammals in this study. Fourteen species of ectoparasites were reported to be related to human diseases. Small mammals are highly potential natural reservoirs ofYesinia pestis,hemorrhagic fever viruses, scrub typhus,etc., of which the public health significance should be concerned.
  • A 30-year surveillance of plague epizootic in plague epidemic area in haanxi province, China
    AN Cui-hong, FAN Suo-ping, SUN Yang-xin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 314-317. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.007
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    Objective To provide a scientific basis for the control of plague among humans by studying 30 years’plague epizootic monitoring indices in Dingbian county of Shaanxi province, China. Methods The monitoring indices and plague epizootic were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology using SPSS.Results During the surveillance from 1983 to 2012, plague epizootic occurred three times in 1987-1988, 2000-2001, and 2006, respectively. It was found that rodent density, flea index, and flea infection rate increased at different levels before epidemic years. The rodent density peaked in 1986, 2000, and 2003,with peak values of 39.63, 16.28, and 21.01 rodents/hm2, respectively. The flea index and flea infection rate showed similar trends, and all peaked in the three epidemic years of 1987, 2000, and 2006, with flea indices of 0.71, 0.72, and 1.20,respectively, and flea infection rates of 45.10%, 41.69%, and 43.06%, respectively. Flea infection rate was positively correlated with flea index, and rodent density was positively correlated with nest flea index (P＜0.01).Conclusion Rodent density, flea index, and flea infection rate are the main indices in the monitoring of plague epizootic. Rodent density ＞16 rodents/hm2, flea index ＞0.70, and flea infection rate＞40% indicate high possibility of plague epidemic. Plague epizootic occurred irregularly in Shaanxi province, with a possible interval of 5-10 years. Although monitoring data in 2012 showed that the epidemic was in quiescent period, it should be noted that six years had passed since the last epidemic, and that the neighboring province had reported recent incidence of plague epizootic. Therefore, active surveillance of plague should be carried out effectively, and emergency response plan for plague epidemic should be developed and implemented.
  • The first case of Lyme disease in Shanxi province, China: a case study
    GENG Zhen, LI Guo-hua, HOU Xue-xia, ZHANG Lin, HAO Qin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 318-319. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.008
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    Objective To provide a scientific basis for confirmation of typical Lyme disease by serological analysis of the first suspected case of Lyme disease in Shanxi province, China and to improve the clinicians’recognition of Lyme disease for prompt diagnosis and treatment. Methods Using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Western blot (WB), the patient suspected of Lyme disease was tested for anti-Borrelia burgdorferiIgM and IgG antibodies. A comprehensive analysis was conducted given clinical symptoms. Tests were repeated half a month later. Results In the first test, IgM antibodies were detected by IFA and WB. The titer of IgM antibodies was1∶64 in IFA, and two protein bands, P41 and P31, were present in WB.IgG antibodies were not found by any of the two tests. In the second test half a month later, IgG antibodies were positive in both IFA and WB. The titer of IgG antibodies went up to1∶256 in IFA, and two protein bands, P41 and P31, were present in WB. IgM antibodies were not found by any of the two approaches.Conclusion Based on the clinical history and progression of disease, as well as the serological results of this research, the diagnosis of Lyme disease can be confirmed, indicating the existence of typical Lyme disease in Shanxi province.
  • Epidemic of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and its relationship with rodents in Huxian county, Shaanxi province, China from 2009 to 2012
    TAN Xin, XIAO Dan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 320-322. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.009
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    Objective To analyze the epidemic trend of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Huxian county,Shaanxi province, China from 2009 to 2012, and to study the relationship of HFRS incidence with rodent density and virus-carrying status.Methods The epidemic monitoring data of HFRS among humans and rodents in Huxian county from 2009 to 2012 were collected. The differences in HFRS incidence, rodent density, and virus-carrying rate between different years were analyzedusingχ2 test. The variation trend of HFRS incidence in Huxian county was analyzed using Cochran-Armitage trend test.The correlations of HFRS incidence with rodent density, virus-carrying rate, and virus-carrying index were analyzed using Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient.Results There were 821 HFRS cases, with an incidence of 35.96/105, during 2009-2012in Huxian county. The incidence of HFRS varied significantly in different years during 2009-2012(χ2＝61.35,P＜0.05), while no significant change was observed in general HFRS epidemic in Huxian county (Z＝1.6327,P＝0.1025). Rodent density variedsignificantly indifferent years during 2009-2012(χ2＝122.370,P＜0.05), and increased year by year (Z＝10.4385,P＜0.01). The virus-carrying rate was 5.75%. Monthly HFRS incidence was positively correlated with rodent density (r＝0.550,P＜0.05), virus-carrying rate (r＝0.621,P＜0.05), and virus-carrying index (r＝0.544,P＜0.05).Conclusion HFRS incidence is significantly correlated with rodent density and virus-carrying situation in Huxian county. Surveillance of HFRS among rodents and control of rodents should be strengthened in this area.
  • Surveillance onCulex tritaeniorhynchusfrom 2011 to 2013 in surrounding areas of Beijing Capital International Airport, China
    ZHANG Song-jian, MA Tie-zheng, LI Chang-qing, TANG Chao, TIAN Bo, QUAN Fei, ZHU Si-jie, LI Xin-yu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 323-325. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.010
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    Objective To investigate the densities of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in surrounding areas of Beijing Capital International Airport during 2011 to 2013, and to provide a scientific basis for the control and prevention of Japanese encephalitis (JE). Methods Seven monitoring stations within 2000 meters around Beijing Capital International Airport were included in this study. Carbon dioxide light traps were used to capture mosquitoes according to GB/T 23797-2009. Descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed with mosquito density monitoring data from 2011 to 2013 in surrounding areas of Beijing Capital International Airport. Analysis of variance was used in comparison of mosquito density. The correlation analysis between incidence of JE and density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchuswas carried out by Pearson correlation coefficient.Results A total of 88 789 adult mosquitoes were captured within the 3 years of investigation.Cx. pipiens pallenswas the predominant mosquito species (accounting for 80.54% of all captured mosquitoes), followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus(18.89% ). The annual average density indices ofCx. tritaeniorhynchusin the 3 years were 4.31, 1.62, and 13.01 mosquitoes per light-hour, respectively, without significant differences between them (F＝1.579,P＞0.05). AdultCx. tritaeniorhynchuswas only captured between August and October during the 3 years. The monthly average densities were 1.04, 32.00, and 1.15 mosquitoesper light-hour, respectively,with significant differences between them (F＝5.831, P＜0.01). The density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchusin September was significantly higher than those in August and in October, and the highest density appeared at mid-September. Adult Cx. tritaeniorhynchuswas captured in all seven monitoring stations, with densities ranging from 0.44 to 41.09 mosquitoes per light-per hour.Cx. tritaeniorhynchusdensity was the lowest in residential area and the highest around the Wenyu river system. No significant difference was found between seven monitoring stations (F＝1.368,P＞0.05). In the 3 years, only 3 JE cases were reported from September to October in 2013, from Shunyi district, where Beijing Capital International Airport was located. Apositive correlation was found between the incidence of JE and the density ofCx. tritaeniorhynchus(rs＝0.898,P＝0.015).Conclusion The density and constituent ratio ofCx. tritaeniorhynchuswere high in surrounding areas of Beijing Capital International Airport. Cx. tritaeniorhynchusmainly inhabited outdoor environments such as riverside. The activity peakof Cx. tritaeniorhynchuswas between August and September, which coincided with the epidemic period of JE. The density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchuswas positively correlated with the incidence of JE. Therefore, surveillance ofCx. tritaeniorhynchusshould be strengthened.
  • Analysis ofMusca domesticaresistance to commonly used insecticides and its historical trend in Tianjin, China
    LI Jin-yue, LIU Qi-yong, ZHANG Jing, GUO Jie, JIA Yan-he, MA Yu-tao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 326-329. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.011
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    Objective To investigateMusca domesticaresistance to commonly used insecticides in Tianjin in 2013, and to study the trend of insecticide resistance by comparison with historical data. Methods Biological assay was applied to determine the resistance levels of M. domesticato deltamethrin, DDVP, and propoxur. The results were compared with the historical data in Tianjin.Results Musca domesticain Tianjin showed different levels of resistance to DDVP, deltamethrin, and propoxur. Statistics revealed that the resistance to DDVP (19.33 fold) was the highest, and that the resistance to propoxur was the lowest (2.34 fold). The resistance to propoxur was significantly different from the resistance to the other two insecticides. In comparison with historical data, it was found that the insecticide resistance ofM. domesticawas decreased in Tianjin in the past 10 years.Conclusion Routine surveillance of the insecticide resistance ofM. domesticaprovides evidence for the screening and rational use of chemical pesticides, and therefore effectively prevents and delays the insecticide resistance ofM. domestica.
  • Insecticide resistance ofCulex pipiens quinquefasciatusandMusca domestica in some areas of Hunan province, China in 2011
    YAO Song-yin, HUANG Yi, DUAN Li-qiong, LYU Wei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 330-332. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.012
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    Objective To investigate the resistance ofCulex pipiens quinquefasciatusandMusca domesticato commonly used insecticides in Changsha, Yiyang, and Yueyang, Hunan province, China in 2011, and to provide a scientific guidance for the management of mosquitoes and houseflies.Methods The resistance of mosquitoes and houseflies to insecticides was determined by larval immersion and topical application, respectively.Results Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatusshowed resistance to all insecticides tested with the following resistance ratios: 1.14-2.86 fold to deltamethrin, 2.25-6.75 fold to beta-cypermethrin,1.00-17.24 fold to fenobucarb, and 25.00-65.00 fold to temephos, of which temephos resistance was the highest. Musca domesticawas also resistant to all insecticides tested in this study, with resistance ratios as follows: 36.13-109.13 fold to deltamethrin, 28.46-32.81 fold to beta-cypermethrin, 1.43-2.25 fold to DDVP, and 0.82-2.34 fold to propoxur; the resistance to chrysanthemum ester was the highest, with a peak value of 109.13 fold.Conclusion More efforts should be made to the resistance ofCx. pipiens quinquefasciatusandM. domesticato insecticides. It is necessary to enhance resistance monitoring and to use insecticides rationally, so as to prevent and reduce the development of pesticide resistance.
  • Epidemiological analysis of imported malaria in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China from 2010 to 2012
    GUO Chuan-kun, LI Jun, LIN Kang-ming, WEI Shu-jiao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 333-336. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.013
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    Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics and trend of imported malaria in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China from 2010 to 2012, and to provide a scientific basis for improving the diagnosis and treatment of imported malaria in the late stage of malaria surveillance elimination in Guangxi in 2018. Methods The data from imported malaria questionnaires and the disease reporting information system of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 2010 to 2012 were collected. Descriptive and statistical analysis was performed on the species composition, infection origin, population distribution, and regional distribution of imported malaria.Results A total of 397 imported malaria cases were reported,including 289 overseas imported cases and 8 domestically imported cases from other provinces of China. Among these cases, 261 were infected byPlasmodium falciparum, 102 by P. vivax, 7 by P. malariae, and 3 by P. ovale. Eight patients were infected by multiple species, 16 patients by undetermined species, and 4 patients died of malaria. Most imported malaria cases (368/397,92.70%) were distributed in 6 prefecture-level cities, i.e., Nanning, Guilin, Hechi, Baise, Yulin, and Chongzuo. The ratio of male to female cases was 55.7∶1. The age range was 20-50 years. Most patients were farmers and factory workers (339/397, 85.39%).Most cases were imported from Ghana in Africa (212 cases), followed by Myanmar (68 cases) and Cambodia (26 cases) in Asia.Conclusion The imported malaria cases mainly originated from overseas.P. falciparumwas the predominant species. The epidemic situation of overseas imported malaria in Guangxi has become more and more serious. In order to achieve the goal of malaria elimination in Guangxi in 2018, it is necessary to strengthen monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment of imported malaria cases among overseas workers from the malaria prevalent areas in Africa and Southeast Asian countries.
    • Biology and Ecology
  • Morphology ofCalliphora coloradensisHough (Diptera: Calliphoridae) intercepted at Shanghai port and diagnostic key for 13Calliphoraspecies in North America
    DENG Yao-hua, WANG Bao-rong, LI Chang-min, LYU Zhi-qin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 337-339. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.014
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    Objective To get the morphological characterization and other identification data of Calliphora coloradensis intercepted at the Shanghai port. Methods Taxonomic studies was performed. Results Brief description of main morphological characteristics and illustration for the male aedeagus were made based on the intercepted specimen of C. coloradensis. The characteristics of 13 Calliphoraspecies distributed in North America were retrieved.Conclusion Flies can be imported by empty containers. The morphological characteristics and the key can be used as references in the identification and classification of interceptedCalliphoraspecies.
  • Preliminary faunal study on calyptrate flies in frontier port area of Ningbo, China
    ZHANG Qi, SHI Hui-xiang, DONG Shan-ding, GUO Li-ping, ZHAO Rui, LI Jie, LI Jun,XUE Xin-chun, YOU Ming-chuan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 340-343. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.015
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    Objective To investigate the species composition of calyptrate flies in the frontier port area of Ningbo, China.Methods A faunal record of calyptrate flies was established by combination of historical survey data with field investigation in the frontier port area of Ningbo. Results During 1988 to 2012, several times of investigation or survey of flies were carried out in Ningbo rontier port area. A total of 124 899 flies were captured by fly-trap and classified into 60 species, 29 genera, and 5 families. Musca domestica, Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia sericata, and Aldrichina grahamiwere the predominant fly species.Muscina stabulans, Limnophora fallax, Bercaea cruentata, and Parasarcophaga crassipalpiswere not prevalent common fly species in this region.Conclusion The species composition of calyptrate flies in the frontier port area of Ningbo has preliminarily been figured out by this study. The directory constructed in this study will enrich the faunal records, aid control practice and identification of exotic and invasive species.
  • Development of a diagnostic pictorial key for identification of common fly larvae in Shanghai, China
    XU You-xiang, LENG Pei-en, XU Jin-qiu, CHEN Hai-feng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 344-346. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.016
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    Objective To develop a diagnostic key with third-instar larvae of common flies for habitat investigation and fly larvae identification. Methods A retrieval table was constructed using systematic inductive method and illustrated using dendritic tree. Results The retrieval table included fly larvae of 26 species. All records were divided into two categories according to the existence of posterior process on the 8th abdominal segment. Larvae without posterior process on the 8th abdominal segment were further divided into two categories according to peritreme integrity.Conclusion The retrieval table is simple, intuitive, and easy to use. It can be applied in habitat investigation, monitoring of fly larvae, hygiene assessment, management for epidemic foci of vector-borne diseases, and forensic insect identification.
    • Investigation
  • Study on population dynamics and integrated control of mosquitoes in Beitun of Xinjiang, China
    JIN Yu-hua, ZHANG Jing-chang, YAN Jian-ping, TIAN Dong, BAI Di
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 347-349. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.017
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    Objective To investigate the population dynamics of mosquitoes in Beitun of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China, and to provide countermeasures for the control of mosquitoes in Beitun.Methods The population dynamics of mosquitoes were monitored continuously from April to September during 2011-2013. The number of immature mosquitoes in different aquatic habitats was monitored every two days. The water bodies positive for immature mosquitoes were sprayed with biological agents (Bacillus thuringiensissubsp. israelensis please specify the product used) and continuously monitored for 48 hours. The number of adult mosquitoes was surveyed by light trap capture from 10p.m. to 12 p.m. every day at the city square of Beitun.Results Immature mosquitoes appeared from May to July, with a peak density from late May to early June. The density of immature mosquitoes in breeding sources was 18 240 mosquitoes/m2. The control efficacy of biological agent (B.t.i) reached up to 96%. Adult mosquitoes usually appeared from April to September, with a peak activity period from June to July. The highest density of adult mosquitoes was 85 mosquitoes per day (determined by light trap). Mosquito density showed decline curve by two times of aerial spraying insecticides including biological pesticides B.t.i(Titer 480 ITU/mg) and 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin EC,10% acetamiprid EC and silicone additives to control mosquito.Conclusion Mosquito density used to be high in Beitun, but was decreased by 75% through integrated control for three years.
  • Comprehensive surveillance of tick-borne diseases in Jiande,Zhejiang province, China
    XU Zhe, XU Xu-hong, ZHOU Yi-long, LING Feng, HOU Juan, ZHOU Wei-qun, SHU Ren-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 350-353. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.018
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    Objective To study the main hosts and vectors of tick-borne diseases in Jiande, Zhejiang province, China in terms of the population seasonality and pathogen infection and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of tick-borne diseases.Methods Ticks were collected with white cloth or from the host animals. Small mammals were captured using cages (please specify traps used). The infection with tick-borne pathogens was detected by PCR.Results There wereHaemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes sinensis, and Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloidesin Jiande, and H. longicorniswas the dominant species. The population density of ticks was the highest in June, as shown by tick collection with white cloth, while the tick-carrying rate was the highest in June, as shown by tick collection from the host animals. Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Hantaan virus were detected in ticks and small mammals, and there were co-infections.Conclusion The hosts and vectors of tick-borne diseases are widely distributed in Jiande, and various pathogens are harbored by the tick species studies. Mitigation should be taken into consideration to prevent tick-borne diseases.
  • Susceptibility ofAnopheles sinensisto five commonly used insecticides in Shenyang, China
    CHE Lei, YIN Hong-bo, WANG Ping, LIU Cheng-mo, WANG Hui-min, LANG Yi, LIU Zheng-hua, LIU Li-jie, ZHOU Bo
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 354-356. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.019
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    Objective To determine the susceptibility of Anopheles sinensis to DDT, deltamethrin, beta - cypermethrin,permethrin, and propoxur in Shenyang, China, and to provide a scientific basis for rational and effective use of pesticides in the control ofAn. sinensisand to reduce the outbreak of malaria in Shenyang area.Methods The adult mosquito filter paper contact method recommended by WHO was used in determination of resistance, given WHO distinguishing dosage. The insecticide resistance ofAn. sinensiswas evaluated by determination of resistance level, first knock-out time, and knock-out rates at different times. Results The mortality rates ofAn. sinensisafter 24 hours of treatment with deltamethrin, beta-cypermethrin, permethrin,propoxur, and DDT were 87% , 79% , 100% , 100% , and 100% , respectively.An. sinensiswas preliminarily resistant (M) to deltamethrin, resistant (R) to beta-cypermethrin, and susceptible (S) to DDT, permethrin, and propoxur. The median knock-out times (KT50) and the 95% confidence intervals were 24.4025 (27.2605-21.8442), 27.4794 (32.2923-23.3838), 19.6297(22.0655-17.4628), 9.0588 (9.5893-8.5578), and 23.8534 (26.1363-21.7699) min, respectively. The insecticide with the lowest KT50 was propoxur (9.0588 min), while the one with the highest KT50 was beta-cypermethrin (27.4794 min).Conclusion Anopheles sinensisin Shenyang has developed a certain level of resistance to beta-cypermethrin. Thus, it is necessary to use insecticides properly and to delay the development of insecticide resistance. An. sinensisis relatively susceptible to propoxur, indicating that propoxur can be applied as the major insecticide in the control ofAn. sinensisat the present time.
  • Survey on susceptibility ofCulex pipiens pallenslarvae to four insecticides in Ningxia, China
    HAN Kun, ZHAN Jun, ZHANG Shu-bin, GAO Jian-wei, FU Da-ren, GAO Fu-long, ZENG Jia-hui, MA Xue-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 357-358. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.020
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    Objective To investigate the sensitivity ofCulex pipiens pallenslarvae to four insecticides in some areas of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.Methods Immersion with pesticide was used to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) for the field population of Cx. pipiens pallenslarvae. Results In comparison with the susceptible strain reported in literature, the resistance ratios ofCx. pipiens pallenslarvae to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, DDVP, and fenobucarb were 1.00,1.00, 1.74, and 0.34 fold, respectively, in Yinchuan, and 0.67, 0.50, 0.22, and 0.10 fold, respectively, in Shizuishan. The results showed that mosquitoes in the two cities were all at the susceptible level to the four insecticides tested.Conclusion Culex pipiens pallenslarvae in Yinchuan and Shizuishan have not developed resistance to the four insecticides tested, which can be applied in mosquito control at this time.
  • Susceptibility determination ofRattus tanezumiandR. norvegicus to bromadiolone in Baoshan district of Shanghai, China
    YANG Ying-yu, SUN Chun-wei, LI Ming-zhu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 359-360. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.021
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    Objective To investigate the resistance ofRattus tanezumiandR. norvegicusto bromadiolone in Baoshan district of Shanghai, and to provide a guidance rodenticide application.Methods The experiment was performed according to the non-selective feeding method proposed by national rodent resistance cooperation group.Results All the 21 individuals of R. tanezumiand 20 individuals ofR. norvegicusdied in the observation period, after being fed with 0.005% bromadiolone. The average killing days were 6.3 and 6.7 days, respectively. The average consumptions of bromadiolone were 14.91 and 23.99 mg/kg,respectively. Bromadiolone-resistant R. tanezumior R. norvegicusindividual was not detected.Conclusion Rattus tanezumi and R. norvegicusin Baoshan district of Shanghai are not resistant to bromadiolone. Routine monitoring of bromadiolone resistance should be performed. The first- and second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides should be chosen properly to delay the development and evolution of rodenticide resistance in rodents.
  • Survey on wild rodents and their parasitic fleas in Three Rivers Headwaters region of Qinghai, China in 2012
    LUO Jun, SONG Zhi-zhong, ZHENG Yi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 361-363. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.022
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    Objective To investigate the species and distribution of wild rodents and their parasitic fleas in Three Rivers Headwaters region of Qinghai province, China.Methods Small rodents were captured with tongs (snap traps), and plateau zokors were captured by bow tongs (large snap traps).Results A total of 362 wild rodents, which belonged to 15 species, 12genera, 5 families, and 2 orders, were captured. Eight hundred and forty-six parasitic fleas, which belonged to 36 species, 18genera, 6 families, and 4 superfamilies, were collected.Conclusion The distribution of wild rodents and their parasitic fleas in Three Rivers Headwaters region have been preliminarily investigated. This investigation provides a scientific basis for the prevention and control of plague and related diseases in this area.
  • Studyon population structure and characteristics of rodents in some cities of Anhui province, China
    HOU Yin-xu, HUANG Fa-yuan, YANG Guang-lan, ZHANG Jia-lin, LU Qun,ZHANG Yue-yu, WU Li-qin, WANG Ji-zheng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 364-366. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.023
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    Objective To investigate the population composition and seasonality of rodent populations in different habitats in Anhui province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the control of rodents.Methods The night trapping method was used to monitor rodent densities at three randomly selected sites, one in rural village, one in special industrious site, and one in residential community.Results A total of 104 rodents were captured in 2011, with an average density (captue rate) of 0.49%. Of all rodents, the dominant species wereMus musculus(66.35%) and Rattus norvegicus(30.77%). The rural village had the highest rodent density, followed by residential community and special industrious site. The seasonality of rodent densities in general and in different habitats all followed a three-peak trend, with the first peak in March, the second between May and June, and the third between August and October.Conclusion The population composition and seasonality of rodents have been basically understood. It is recommended that integrated rodent control should be carried out, and that long-term monitoring, early warning,and prevention of rodents and rodent-borne diseases should be strengthened according to the rodent habitats and their seasonality.
  • Surveillance of community structure and seasonal fluctuation of rodents involved in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Wenzhou, China
    YU Xiang-hua, NI Chao-rong, ZHANG Xiao-he, NI Qing-xiang, WEI Jing-jiao, PAN Qiong-jiao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 367-369. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.024
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    Objective To investigate the community structure and seasonal fluctuation of rodents involved in hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Wenzhou, China and to provide a scientific justifications for the prevention and control of rodents and rodent-borne diseases.Methods Rodents were captured, classified, and indentified by night traps at surveillance sentinels from 2005 to 2010 to investigate their community structure and seasonal fluctuation. The HFRS incidence data of Wenzhou during 2005-2010 were collected.Results A total of 390 rodents were captured by night traps from indoors and outdoors in Wenzhou from 2005 to 2010. Among all the four species of rodents captured,Rattus norvegicusand Mus musculuswere predominant, accounting for 54.36% and 33.33% of all rodents, respectively. The annual average rodent densities (capture rate) were 1.28%, 1.11%, 0.86%, 0.88%, 0.96%, and 0.80%, respectively, with an overall mean density of 0.98%. Rodents appeared throughout the year, but the peak period was from June to August. The incidence of HFRS showed no seasonality. The number of HFRS cases dropped with decreasing annual average rodent density. No significant correlation was found between the seasonality in rodent density and the incidence of HFRS (r＝-0.066,P＝0.840).Conclusion The rodent density in Wenzhou was on a low level, and dropped from 2005 to 2010. However, there were occasional reports of HFRS cases. It is important to strengthen surveillance and early warning of rodents in Patriotic Health Campaign to prevent the harm of rodents and rodent-borne diseases.
  • Analysis of laboratory test results of plague endemic among wild rodentMeriones unguiculatus
    WU Jian-hua, LEI Jing, LIU Yue-shu, ZHENG Yan-juan, ZHANG Jia-xun
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 370-371. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.025
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    Objective To investigate the natural mortality in Meriones unguiculatusin Riverfront district Hongdunzi of Yinchuan, China, antigen test, antibody test, and isolation ofYersinia pestiswere performed on the carcasses of the rodents,ectoparasites, and quadrat samples, so as to find a quick detection method forY. pestis, and to provide a reliable laboratory basis for determination of animal epidemic area and epidemiological analysis of Y. pestis. Methods Yersinia pestiswas detected with the routine detection methods, colloidal gold method, and PCR. CIN medium and Y. pestis special medium were used in culture ofY. pestis. Results Yersinia pestiswas detected by colloidal gold antigen detection, PCR, and medium culture, while CIN color plate was an easier way in culture ofY. pestisand in reading of results. It is also time- and labor-saving.Conclusion Colloidal gold method and PCR detection should be adopted among the underprivileged health care units to save resources in the diagnosis of plague.
  • An investigation of a bug infestation
    WANG Xiu-yun, HE Hong-guo, ZHANG Shu-qun, LIU Shuo, ZHENG Chao-yang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 372-372. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.026
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  • Survey on soil-borne nematode infection in humans in Xining, China in 2012
    LU Zhan-sheng, ZENG Cheng, GUO Wen-tao, DU Peng-cheng, JIA Luo
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 373-373. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.027
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    • Review
  • Taxonomy and evolution of Rhabdoviruses
    KANG Yan-jun, ZHANG Yong-zhen
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 374-377. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.028
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    Viruses of the family Rhabdoviridae cause extensive damage to human health, agricultural production, animal husbandry, and fishery. Genera in this family differ from each other in genome structure, host range, and transmission mode.There are 9 well established genera in this family at present, while some newly discovered viruses need to be classified. The evolution of Rhabdoviruses is associated with vectors (hosts), transmission mode, and environment.
  • Analysis of long?distance attraction factors forBlattella germanica
    WEN Ping, QIU Wen-yi, QIAN Jin, KONG Fan-lei, MO Jian-chu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 378-381. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.029
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    Attractive volatiles enable long-distance attraction ofBlattella germanicaindividuals in aggregation, foraging, and courtship behaviors. The aggregation behavior of B. germanicais guided by aggregation pheromone, and is affected by environmental conditions such as temperature and moisture. Reported aggregation agents include amines, cuticular hydrocarbons,and carbonic acids. The foraging behavior ofB. germanicais guided by food volatiles, mainly comprising carbonyl and hydroxyl compounds. Feces volatiles and food volatiles often contain some identical components, indicating universality in aggregation and foraging. Distant attraction of adults in courtship behavior of B. germanicais conducted by factors such as sex pheromone and nuptial gift. There is universality between nuptial gift and food attraction. All attraction factors are influenced by micro-environmental conditions. The universalities between different factors need to be further validated.
  • Research advances in metallothionein inMusca domestica
    ZHAO Zhi-gang, HUO Xin-bei, WANG Xue-jun, KANG Dian-min, JING Xiao,LAI Shi-hong, ZHANG Shi-shui, QU Bao-quan
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2014, 25(4): 382-384. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.4692.2014.04.030
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    Metallothioneins (MT) are a class of cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight metal-binding proteins widely distributed in organisms, which can chelate various metal ions. In recent years, MT has been increasingly studied in different aspects due to its special functions. This paper briefly describes the structural characteristics, physical and chemical properties, and distribution ofMT and reviews the research advances in its participation in detoxication, free radical scavenging, and trace element metabolism.
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