20 August 2012, Volume 23 Issue 4
    

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  • Mosquito-repellent perfume and its active ingredients in China
    MENG Feng-xia, GUO Yu-hong, ZHANG Xiao-yue, LIU Qi-yong, LU Hui-ming, WANG Jun
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 277-279.
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    Mosquito-repellent perfume is one of the most commonly used products which is made up of perfume and repellents against mosquito. Currently, DEET, BAAPE, icaridin and plant essential oil are been used for mosquito repellent. Based on information from the national pesticide registration system and the publications, this paper gave an overview on mosquito - repellent products of China, and summarized the common sense of action mechanism, application, and the safety characteristic on DEET and BAAPE to help the public using these products conveniently.
  • Molecular identification of Haemaphysalis flava and Haemaphysalis campanulata
    GAO Dong-ya, TIAN Jun-hua, QIN Xin-cheng, WANG Jian-bo, KANG Yan-jun, ZHANG Jing-shan, ZHOU Dun-jin, ZHANG Ju-nong, ZHANG Yong-zhen
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 280-284.
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    Objective To establish a method for identifying Haemaphysalis flava and H. campanulata with molecular markers, and to learn the phylogenetic relationship of these two species of ticks. Methods Ticks were collected from animals in Hubei province, and identified by their morphological characteristics. The 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunitⅠ gene (COⅠ) from the genomes of the two kinds of ticks were amplified by PCR and sequenced for homology analysis. PAUP 4.0 software was used to construct the individual phylogenetic trees of the three gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis. Results The identities between the two species of ticks were 90.8% for 12S rDNA, 90.4% for 16S rDNA, and 86.8% for COⅠ, with the homology of the three gene fragments between collected H. flava and known H. flava being 100%, 99.5% and 99.7%, respectively. On the phylogenetic trees based on the nucleotide sequences of the 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA and COⅠ gene, H. flava was clustered together with their respective class. H. flava and the H. campanulata formed a distinct branch. However, the phylogenetic relationships between different species of Haemaphysalis were different on the trees based on these three genes. Conclusion As far as identification of the ticks with similar morphological features is concerned, molecular markers in combination with the conventional morphological classification can make it more accurate, contributing to better understanding of their evolutionary relationships. Further phylogenetic analysis of gene sequences also provides a basis for the prevention and control of tick-borne diseases.
  • Preparation of the Coxiella burnetii recombinant antigen and establishment of the colloidal gold immunochromatographic method
    WANG Zhen-dong, JIANG Chao, YANG Yu, ZHAO Ting-ting, WANG Wang, WANG Jing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 285-288.
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    Objective To establish a colloidal gold immunochromatography test (ICT) for rapid detection of Coxiella burnetii antibody by prepared recombinant outer membrane protein P1 protein. Methods Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) was used to induce the constructed recombinant engineering to express recombinant C. burnetii P1 protein, which was then purified, renaturated and concentrated to get the target protein nitrocellulose membrane coated by purified recombinant P1 antigen and SPA labeled by colloidal gold was used for the establishment of the ICT method, whose specificity, sensitivity, stability and applicability were then evaluated. Results After purification, a recombinant P1 protein product of 52 000 with a purity of 94% was obtained, which was then used to establish the ICT method for rapid detection of C. burnetii antibody, the sensitivity of which was up to 1∶105 in the detection of the positive reference samples with a sensitivity of 116 ng/ml in semi-quantitative detection. Ninety-four mouse sera and 90 healthy human sera were tested for specificity with no positive results and no cross-reaction was found in the antibodies of Brucella, Rickettsia prowazekii, Legionella and Francisella tularensis. Conclusion The ICT method established with recombinant C. burnetii P1 antigen is of good sensitivity and specificity, which is applicable to the rapid screening of communicable diseases.
  • Construction and identification of prokaryotic expression plasmid pCold-TF-Der f 1 for the dust mite allergen Der f 1
    YANG Li, ZHOU Ying, WANG Yun-gang, MA Gui-fang, SUN Jin-xia, CUI Yu-bao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 289-291.
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    Objective To construct prokaryotic expression plasmid pCold - TF - Der f 1 for the dust mite allergen Der f 1. Methods The Der f 1 gene in full length was amplified from pET-28a(+)-Der f 1 plasmid and cloned to the vector pCold-TF- DNA, with the recombinants then transferred into Escherichia coli BL21. The genetically engineered bacteria with pCold-TF-Der f 1 plasmids were induced by IPTG and the expressed products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Results The Der f 1 gene was acquired by PCR, with pCold-TF-Der f 1 successfully constructed, and expressed in E. coli. which was indicated SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Conclusion The prokaryotic expression plasmid pCold-TF-Der f 1, which contain Der f 1 gene fragment of Dermatophagoides farinae, can be successfully constructed with its expression in E. coli BL21 accomplished.
  • Molecular epidemiological investigation on hantavirus carried by rodents in Fujian port
    WANG Yu-ping, XU Qing, CAI Heng-zhong, CHEN Jun, ZHANG Jian-ming, ZHENG Yan-ping, GAO Bo
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 292-294.
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    Objective To identify the genotype and analyze molecule characteristics of main Hantavirus in Fujian port. Methods Nested RT-PCR was used to detect Hantavirus-specific nucleic acid sequences in rodents captured in Fujian port, and M segment was sequenced and analyzed in positive samples. Results A total of 839 rodents were trapped in Fujian port in 2010. Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species accounting for 58.52%. The positive rate of Hantavirus in captured rodents was 5.84%, which were all of Seoul Virus (SEOV). Hantavirus positive species were mainly R. norvegicus (8.96%) and R. tanezumi (3.09%). Generally, Hantavirus infection significantly increased during winter and spring. The phylogenetic analysis based on partial M segment (nt2001-2301) sequence in 25 samples indicated that there were two genetic subtypes, Seoul 2 and Seoul 3. Conclusion Seoul 3 is the main hantavirus subtype carried by rodents in Fujian port.
  • Expression and purification of lethal factor of Bacillus anthracis in Escherichia coli
    WEI Jian-chun, ZHANG En-min, ZHANG Hui-juan, ZHANG Jian-hua
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 295-297.
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    Objective To acquire the purified recombinant lethal factor (rLF) of Bacillus anthracis and investigate its use in the rapid diagnosis of anthrax and in the study of the mechanism of the disease. Methods The lethal factor gene was cloned into the Escherichia coli expression vector pET-30a(+) and expressed as a fusion protein in E. coli BL21(DE3). rLF was purification of rLF by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified rLF was subjected to immunogenicity and biological activity analysis by Western blot assay and MTT assay. Results rLF was expressed and purified. Western blot results suggested that recombinant proteins reacted specifically with anti-B. anthracis serum. The cytotoxicity analysis showed the rLF was fully functional. And rLF combined with PA could significantly decrease cytotoxicity compared with previous study. Conclusion rLF protein has tremendous potential both for the diagnosis of B. anthracis infection and for the study of the mechanism of anthrax toxin.
  • Study on the efficacy of 10% ethylene oxide in pest control in the laboratory and field
    LIAO Ru-yan, ZHNAG Xian-guang, BAI Jing, CHEN Yin-yu, LIANG Wen-jian, ZHONG Yu-wei, YIN Wei-xiong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 298-300.
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    Objective To study the efficacy of the mixed gas (10% ethylene oxide and 90% carbon dioxide) in pest control. Methods Poisoning of the target pests was achieved by direct inhalation of the gas and the poisoning time and the death process of the pests were observed, with simulated field test and container on-site verification implemented. Results Fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride at a concentration of 100 g/m3 killed the 3 kinds of harmful pests in the laboratory with KT50 within 71 min, and KT50 was within 163 min at a concentration of 50 g/m3. In the laboratory and simulated field trials,the kill rate of target pests was 100% at a given concentration and duration, which was in line with the results in the laboratory. The 24 hour mortality rate of the test target pests in the laboratory and field reached 100%. Conclusion There is a relationship between the dose and the duration of action in terms of the efficacy of the mixed gas (10% ethylene oxide and 90% carbon dioxide) in killing the target pests, providing a scientific basis for setting the correct dosage and time of container fumigation.
  • Japanese encephalitis virus detected in Culex pipiens pallens for the first time in Tianjin
    WU Tong-yu, LI Li, QIN Na, YANG Dong-jing, LV Li-kun
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 301-302,323.
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    Objective To investigate the status of mosquitoes carrying Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in some parts of Tianjin, providing the basis for the control and prevention of JE. Methods The light trap method was used to collect mosquitoes twice a month from July 2010 to September 2010 in Tianjin. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection was done and the amplified target fragments were sequenced. The evolutionary tree was built with the Mega 4.0 software by the O-linked method. Results A total of 10 285 adult mosquitoes, which belonged to 2 generaes and 3 species (Culex pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and Anopheles sinensis) were captured. Molecular identification showed that the Cx. pipiens pallens was infected with JE viruses, identified by genotyping as JE virus typeⅠand named TJ01 (HQ718463). Conclusion There exists mosquito infection with JE virus typeⅠin Tianjin, which is close to the JE viruses isolated in Shanghai in terms of their evolution.
  • Babesia DNA segments detected from rodents in Zhejiang province
    JIANG Li-ping, ZHANG Lei, BAO Qing-han, LU Qun-ying, CHENG Su-yun, XU Bao-xiang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 303-305.
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    Objective To detect the infection of Babesia protozoa in rodents in Chun’an county, Zhejiang province. Methods The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect the liver and spleen samples of 106 rodents from Chun’an county and the positive ones were sequenced, followed by phylogenetic analysis. Results It was found that there were three positive samples, 2 of which were obtained from Rattus tanezumi and one of which from R. norvegcus. The sequences of the positive samples were of high similarity with those from Babesia, with the rates of similarity being both 99% . Conclusion DNA segments of Babesia can be detected from rodents in some mountain areas of Zhejiang province, indicating that it is likely that there exists infection of rodents with Babesia in the area.
  • Identification of newly-recorded Microtus fortis species in the plaque foci of Shaanxi province
    AN Cui-hong, CHEN Bao-bao, FAN Suo-ping, SUN Yang-xin, LI Wei-hua, LU Liang, LI Gui-chang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 306-309.
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    Objective To identify and classify newly-recorded rodent species in the epidemic focus of plaque in Dingbian county, Shaanxi province. Methods Morphological observation and DNA barcode technology were applied for rodent identification and classification. Results A total of 6 voles were captured with the body length between 120 mm and 140 mm, body weight ranging from 41.75 g to 71.58 g and skull length less than 32 mm. The tail length exceeded one third of the body length. The voles were covered by dark brown skin but their abdomen was sand-yellow in colour. The COⅠgene extracted from the samples was amplified through PCR and sequenced, with the maximum genetic distance between these samples and those of Microtus fortis from other areas being 1%. Conclusion The voles captured from the salt marshes in the southern edge of Ordos Plateau in the plague area of Dingbian county are identified as M. fortis through morphological analysis and DNA comparision. M. fortis is recorded for the first time in the plague natural foci of Shaanxi province, which provides useful information and a basis for further monitoring of vetor, plaque and related diseases in the area.
  • Residual spray effect of deltamethrin on Blattella germanica and its relationship with kdr mutation
    ZHOU Xiao-jie, LIU Ting, QIAN Kun, TONG Ying, ZENG Xiao-peng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 310-313.
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    Objective To determine the residual spray effect of deltamethrin on German cockroach (Blattella germanica) and the potential relationship between the kdr mutation and the resistance. Methods The resistance ratio of the two field strain B. germanica to deltamethrin was detected by residual contact (glass jar). The forced contact test was conducted to detect the residual spray effect on 3 representative panels of glass, painted wood and cement. The kdr genotype was determined by sequencing. Results The knockdown rate decreased with the increase in the surface water absorption, with the duration of efficacy shortened. The killing effect of the insecticide varied with the resistance status of different strains. The 3 panels were all able to kill the susceptible and low resistance strains effectively, but had no reliable effect on the strain with moderate resistance. Low and moderate resistant field strains that were tolerant to deltamethrin all had the kdr genotype, with the former having a relatively high frequency of heterozygosis genotype (RS), the latter relatively high in the homozygosis genotype (RR). Conclusion B. germanica resistance to deltamethrin residual spray was closely related to the kdr genotypes. Incorrect use of insecticide may result in the increase of kdr genotype frequency, so frequency and dosage need to be adjusted based on the environment types, the target resistance and the insecticide history with residual spray management combined with toxic or gel bait to achieve the ideal control effect.
  • Investigation of resistance of Musca domestica to insecticides in the four areas of Shaanxi province
    LV Wen, HUO Li-xia, SUN Yang-xin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 314-316.
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    Objective To understand the resistance of Musca domestica to insecticides in the four areas of Shaanxi province for providing evidence for scientific application of insecticides. Methods Insects were collected in the fields in urban areas where flies bred and sensitive insects were reared in laboratory without exposure to insecticides. Topical dropping method was used to determine the death rate by different drug concentrations, with LD50 obtained by POLO software analysis. Results The LD50 of sensitive insects to DDVP, temephos, DDT, propoxur, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin was 0.004, 0.113, 0.010, 0.214, 0.003 07, 0.000 63, 0.003 and 0.013 μg/♀, respectively. Different degrees of resistance of M. domestica to the eight commonly used insecticides were observed in Ankang, Weinan, Baoji, Tongchuan city of Shaanxi province. The LD50 of M. domestica in four areas to DDVP, temephos, DDT, propoxur, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin was 0.051-0.301, 4.429-14.480, 1.259-1.573, 13.579-33.556, 0.024-0.303, 0.017-0.046, 0.047-0.269 and 0.016-0.053 μg/♀, respectively, with the average LD50 to the eight insecticides from 0.028 to 23.549 μg/♀. The resistance ratio (R/S) was from 2.54 to 140.20, DDT being the highest and permethrin the lowest. Conclusion Insecticides should be applied scientifically to effectively curb the increase of resistance of M. domestica to the insecticides.
  • Study on murine-like animals and their parasitical fleas in Chongqing Reservoir Area of the Three Gorges
    JI Heng-qing, FENG Lian-gui, DING Xian-bin, MAO De-qiang, LI Hong, TU Tao-tian
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 317-319.
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    Objective To investigate the species composition and density of the murine-like animals and their parasitical fleas in Chongqing Reservoir Area of the Three Gorges and provide a scientific basis for preventing and controlling the diseases transmitted by the murine - like animals and fleas. Methods The night trap method was used to investigate the species composition and density of the murine-like animals. Live murine-like animals were captured by cage-trap and anaesthetized for collecting the parasitic fleas to investigate the flea species and the infection rate and index. Results The average density of the murine-like animals was 1.58% with a density of 1.56% in the rooms from 2009 to 2010, which was a little lower than that in outdoors(1.60%). A total of 11 species, 2315 murine-like animals belonging to 2 orders and 2 families were captured, of which Anourosorex squamipes, Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus were the dominant species with the constituent ratio being 38.75%, 25.14% and 19.27%, respectively. The average rate of the murine-like animals infected with fleas and the total flea index were 6.74% and 0.29, respectively. Five species of parasitic fleas were collected including Leptopsylla segnis(79.16%), Xenopsylla cheopis(1.08%), Monopsyllus anisus(2.54%), Palaeopsylla remota(8.90%)and Ctenocephalides felis(8.32%). Conclusion There exist important reservoir host of plague, Leptospinosis and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and X. cheopis which is an important vector of plague in the Three Gorges Reservoir. There are abundant species of the murine - like animals with relatively low density, low flea infection rate and low total flea index.
  • Analysis on the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Zhejiang province from 2008 to 2010
    WANG Wei, CHAI Cheng-liang, SUN Ji-min, WANG Xin-ying, SHI Xu-guang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 320-323.
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    Objective To summarize the epidemiological characteristics of human rabies according to the surveillance data on rabies in Zhejiang province from 2008 to 2010, and explore the existing problems and the countermeasures. Methods The surveillance data on human rabies from the clinics and the epidemiological characteristics of individual cases in Zhejiang from 2008 to 2010 were collected for descriptive analysis. Results It was found that the incidence of rabies decreased from 2008 to 2010 year by year. The epidemic was spread to the central and western regions of Zhejiang, with the incidence rising in Quzhou and Jinhua. The peak incidence of rabies was seen in summer and autumn, with a second peak in early winter in some areas. Farmer, migrant workers and students were frequently affected. The sex ratio of the cases in the 3 years was 3.2∶1, 2.1∶1 and 2.1∶1, respectively. The number was highest in the age group of 55-70 years, accounting for 39.7%. Dogs were the principal reservoir of the 94 cases from 2008 to 2010. The incubation period was 85 d, with the period for the majority of the cases (35.11%) being between 2 months and half a year. The vast majority of cases after exposure did not receive any treatment (62.77%). Some of the cases after exposure were managed only with simple disinfection or flushing (25.53%). There were only 8.5% of the cases who received vaccination after exposure, of which only 1 case (1.06%) got full immunization with rabies vaccine. 67.02% of all the cases were classified as grade Ⅲ exposure and only one of them (1.06%) was administrated rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) or anti-serum. Conclusion It needs to change the target population of health education about rabies and the focus of control. Training of primary care staff should be strengthened in terms of knowledge related to rabies control, especially the interventions of wound management and infiltration of passive immunity preparations.
  • A new species of Culicoides (Oecacta) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in China
    ZHAO Yu, LIU Guo-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 324-325.
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    A new species of Culicoides (Oecacta) was detected in the identification of the specimens of bloodsucking midges from Shandong province, C. (O.) shandongensis sp. nov. The new species was somewhat allied to C. (O.) zhuhaiensis Yu et Hao, 1988, but distinctly different in the shape of the third segment of the palpus, the pale sport of the distal portion of cell R2, and the female spermathecae. C. (O.) turanicus Gutsevich et Smatov,1971 was recorded for the first time in China. The type specimen is deposited in the Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Shenyang PLA Command, Shenyang 110034, China.
  • Investigation on supermarket infestation of cockroaches and the control measures
    ZHANG Yu-fu, CHU Hong-liang, YANG Wei-fang, LIU Da-peng, CHEN Zhi-long, LIU-Hui, SUN Jun
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 326-327,331.
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    Objective To understand the infestation and population distribution of cockroaches in supermarkets in Nanjing city, providing scientific basis for the control of cockroaches in supermarkets. Methods Four large supermarkets located in different positions in Nanjing city were selected and sticky trap method was applied to determine the encroachment rate and the density of cockroaches. The cockroach species were identified with the number counted and the encroachment rate and the density of cockroaches calculated. Results A total of 8894 cockroaches, all of which were Blattella germanica, were captured. It was found that the infestation of cockroaches in the supermarkets was serious with the encroachment rate amounting to 72.64% and the density being 16.78 per piece. Cockroaches were mainly distributed in storehouse, fresh section,deli section, produce section, food section and bakery of the supermarkets, where there were food and water. But relatively light infestation was seen in the department sections. Conclusion B. germanica has become the dominant species in the supermarkets, where infestation of cockroaches is serious, especially in the areas that are rich in food and water. Comprehensive control measures should be taken to effectively reduce the encroachment rate and the density of cockroaches.
  • Vector surveillance and control in Yinchuan city from 2006 to 2010
    WU Jian-hua, ZHNEG Yan-juan, XU Xiao-ping, LEI Jing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 328-331.
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    Objective To explore the dynamic status of rodents, mosquitoes and cockroaches in three areas of Yinchuan city from 2006 to 2010, providing a scientific basis for the prevention and control of vectors in Yinchuan city. Methods Night trapping and stick papers were used for the surveillance of rodents and cockroaches respectively throughout the year, with the surveillance of the density of mosquitoes and flies done with artificial and cage method from May to October. Results The densities of flies, mosquitoes and cockroaches in Yinchuan took on a single-peak curve, peaking in 2009, and the density decreased to a varying degree in 2010. The average density of rodents was 0.46%, with two peaks seen in March to May and September to October every year. The dominant species in the city was Rattus norvegicus, with Mus musculus prevailing in rural areas. The average density of mosquitoes was 2.87/per hour, peaking in July and August, Culex pipiens pallens dominant accounting for 92.90%; Anopheles sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were increasing gradually, the peak density being in July and August. M. domestica, Lucilia and Sarcophagidae were dominant species. The density of cockroach was 1.66/per paper with an average invasion rate of 17.14%, the two peak curves seen in the periods from April to June and from September to November. Blattella germanica was the dominant species, accounting for 91.42%, with Periplaneta americana proportion increasing year by year. Conclusion The control of biological vectors in 2010 was effective, but it still needs to strengthen the control of vectors in peak seasons. R. norvegicus, Cx. pipiens pallens, M. domestica, Lucilia and Sarcophagidae, B. germanica are dominant species in Yinchuan, which will increase the risk of transmitting diseases associated with the vectors. Therefore, long-term monitoring, early warning and control of vectors and diseases transmitted by them should be strengthened.
  • Analysis on influence of meteorological factors on Japanese encephalitis incidence
    ZHAO Jun-ying, DAI Pei-fang, LIU Mei-de, KONG Xiang-sheng, ZHANG Jiu-song, LIU Zhu-ping, GUAN Cui-qiang, WANG Hai-jiao, CHENG Jing-xia
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 332-334.
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    Objective To investigate the correlation between Japanese encephalitis (JE) incidence and meteorological factors in Yuncheng, Shanxi province, China. Methods The data on the JE incidence and meteorological factors in Yuncheng from July to September in 2000-2009 were collected. The correlation between JE incidence and meteorological factors was analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software, and a fitting model was developed by stepwise regression analysis to determine the relationship between JE incidence and meteorological factors. Results In Yuncheng, JE cases appeared in June, then the number of cases increased in July, reached the peak value in August, and decreased in September, and sporadic occurrence of JE was seen in October. The JE incidence was correlated with monthly mean temperature and monthly mean atmospheric pressure, but not with monthly temperature range, monthly sunlight radiation, relative humidity, and monthly precipitation. The stepwise regression analysis revealed a regression equation between JE incidence and atmospheric pressure, which showed that ap1 (the mean atmospheric pressure one month before) could better predict JE incidence. Conclusion Meteorological factors play an important role in JE occurrence. The JE incidence can be predicted by a fitting model using atmospheric pressure.
  • Investigation on vectors in Jiading district, Shanghai
    WU Zheng-rong, WANG Shao-hua, XU You-xiang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 334-336.
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    Objective To understand vector species and seasonal fluctuations in Jiading district, providing the evidence for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases. Methods The surveillance sites were set up according to the national vector surveillance project. The densities of vectors like rodents, flies, mosquitoes and cockroaches were investigated by the methods of night trapping, cage trapping, light trapping and paste trapping, respectively. Results The rodents in the district were identified to be of 3 species, 2 genus, 1 family, with Mus musculus (69.23％ ) being the dominant species followed by Rattus norvegicus (21.15％). The peak density of rodents was seen in September. There were 4 species, 4 genus and 3 family of flies in the district, with Musca domestica being the dominant species, accounting for 68.49％ . July saw the peak density of flies. There were 3 species, 2 genus and 2 families of mosquitoes in this district. Of which Culex pipiens pallens was dominant, accounting for 73.83％, followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (12.58％) and Anopheles sinensis (13.59％). The density of mosquitoes peaked in August. The cockroaches collected in the district belonged to 2 species, 2 genus and 2 families. The dominant species was Blattella germanica (89.29％), its peak density seen in July. Conclusion M. musculus, M. domestica, Cx. pipiens pallens and B. germanica are the dominant species of the vectors. The peak density of rodents is seen in September and that of other vectors in July.
  • Investigation on insecticide resistance of Blattella germanica collected from international voyage ships
    ZHOU Jiong-lin, DING Yan-liang, HU Pan, LIN Gang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 337-338.
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    Objective To evaluate the insecticide resistance of Blattella germanica collected from international voyage ships. Methods B. germanicas were collected from international voyage ships and bred in laboratory, male insects of the first offspring aged 2-3 weeks were collected to evaluate their resistance to allethrin, deltamethrin, DDVP, fenobucarb, propoxur, chlorpyrifos, and decamethrim. The resistance was determined by the insecticide film contact method. Results The resistance level of B. germanica from three ships against allethrin, deltamethrin, DDVP, fenobucarb, propoxur, chlorpyrifos, and decamethrim was 2.54-5.56, 2.18-5.14, 3.98-5.87, 1.57-1.91, 0.83-1.27, 1.06-1.59 and 2.89-3.93 times of the susceptible strain, respectively. Conclusion The B. germanica from the three ships have developed different degrees of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and DDVP, but still susceptible to carbamate insecticides and chlorpyrifos. The carbamate insecticides can be used for controlling cockroaches in ports.
  • Field test of the biological efficacy of the 45% mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin on cockroach control
    HUANG Qing-zhen, JIA Rui-zhong, YANG Zhen-zhou, LI Yan, HAN Hua, SHI Hua, SUN Cheng-xiang, MAO Gui-yi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 339-341.
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    Objective To observe the killing efficacy of the 45% mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin on cockroaches. Methods The 45% mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin was applied at 10-20 g/m3 in the kitchen operating area of a hotel restaurant and the change in the cockroach density was observed. Results The cockroach mortality rate was 88.04%-100% within 6-72 h after application of the mixed fumigant at 10-20 g/m3, with an average decrease of 82.46%-98.53% in the cockroach density 72 hours after the application of the fumigant. Conclusion The 45% mixed fumigant of sulfuryl fluoride with d-Cyphenothrin can be used to kill cockroaches in confined spaces.
  • Population density of Rhombomys opimus and the epidemic risk of plague in the foci in Sino-Kazakh border region
    YIN Xiao-ping, PENG Ding-xi, JIAO Wa, TIAN Yan-he
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 341-344.
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    Objective To get an insight into the dynamic characteristics of population density distribution of Rhombomys opimus in the areas around the ports in Sino-Kazakh border, providing a basis for better surveillance and early warning. Methods The route tunnel group method was used to investigate the population density and habitat of Rh. opimus in the plague surveillance sites. IHA, RIHA, ELISA and the four-step separation methods were employed to detect the plague F1 antibody, the antigens and the pathogens. Results The average tunnel group coverage of Rh. opimus population in the four ecological zones was 29.7%, with the tunnel group density being 8.9/hm2, the tunnel group habitat rate 33.2% and Rh. opimus density 10.5/hm2. Entry of Rh. opimus by the entry passages and the border were the major pathways of incoming epidemics. Conclusion The population density of Rh. opimus in the areas around the ports in Sino-Kazakh border is high, so high vigilance should be held against plague outbreak from Rh. opimus.
  • Analysis on the seasonal characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome from 2005 to 2010 in Henan province by concentration ratio and circular distribution
    WANG Hai-feng, NIE Yi-fei, LI Meng-lei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 345-346.
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    Objective To get an insight into the characteristics of temporal clustering and distribution of patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) from 2005 to 2010 in Henan province, with the concentration ratio and circular distribution methods evaluated. Methods The incidence data on HFRS from 2005 to 2010 in Henan province were analyzed by concentration ratio combined with circular distribution. Results The M value of the concentration ratio of HFRS in Henan province from 2005 to 2010 by year was 0.356, 0.243, 0.370, 0.341, 0.489 and 0.746,respectively, with the mean angle of the circular distribution from 2005 to 2010 being 338.21°, 12.47°, 296.03°, 341.19°, 319.87°and 314.42° respectively. Except for the years 2006 and 2007,incidence of HFRS in Henan province took on obvious seasonal characteristics (P＜0.05), with the morbidity peak not at the same time (P＜0.05). Conclusion Obvious seasonal characteristics can be seen in the morbidity of HFRS in Henan province with the peak incidence seen in November and December. There has been a trend of the peak incidence occurring more earlier in recent years．
  • Prediction of the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome based on GM(1, 1)-GRNN model
    WU Hao-cheng, WANG Zhen, HE Fan, SUN Ji-min, ZENG Bei-bei, LU Qin-bao, LIU Bi-yao, ZHAO Yan-rong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 347-349.
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    Objective To establish an effective model for monitoring and predicting the incidence trend of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Zhejiang province. Methods HFRS data from 2001 to 2009 in Zhejiang province were used to establish the GM(1,1)-Generalized regression neural network［GM(1,1)-GRNN］model. The GM(1,1)-GRNN model was used to predict the incidence trend of HFRS of the years 2010 to 2011. Results The predicted HFRS incidence with the GM(1,1)-GRNN model for the years 2001 to 2010 closely followed the observe value of the same years, with a relative error of 2.47%, more precise than that of GM(1,1) (11.19%). The forecast values for 2011 was 0.8591 per 105 population. Conclusion The GM(1,1)-GRNN model is highly precise in the prediction of the incidence of HFRS. It provides reliable accurate predicative data, contributing to decision-making regarding the control and prevention of the disease.
  • Analysis of the test results of animal plague in InnerMongolia from 2000 to 2010
    FAN Meng-guang, TA Na, ZHANG Zhi-zhong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 349-351.
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    Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of animal plague in the natural foci in Inner Mongolia from 2000 to 2010, providing a scientific basis for the surveillance and control of plague. Methods Descriptive epidemiology method was adopted to analyze the reported data on plague epidemics from 2000 to 2010. Results It was found that there was prevalence of animal plague every year during the period in Inner Mongolia. Yersinia pestis was identified in the foci of Meriones unguiculatus and Lasiopodomys brandti, with positive serum samples detected in all the four kinds of natural foci. Y. pestis was identified in 9 kinds of host animals and 18 kinds of insect vectors, with positive serum samples detected in 8 kinds of host animals. Conclusion In the plague foci in Inner Mongolia, animal plague is still quite active and the host animals are rather complex, and the surveillance of the epidemic should be strengthened to prevent human plague outbreak.
  • Horizontal survey on the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in Laiza city of the second special administrative region of Kachin State of Myanmar, a China-Myanmar border area
    CHEN Guo-wei, LI Hua-xian, LIN Ying-xue
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 352-356.
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    Objective To get an insight into the epidemiological characteristics of malaria in the foci in the upper reaches of the China-Myanmar border, providing reference data for the control of malaria among inbound and outbound personnel. Methods The incidence of malaria was evaluated based on the number of malaria cases reported by the clinics located by the Health Unlimited in the second special administrative region of Kachin State of Myanmar, and statistical analysis was done on the epidemic status of malaria, the species of the infectious agents, vector features, health services, villagers’conventions of life, production and culture in different malaria foci according to the data collected in the field investigations. Results The incidence of malaria was 513.01 per ten thousand in the surveillance sites in the second special region of Kachin State of Myanmar from Dec. 1, 2008 to Nov. 30, 2009. Plasmodium falciparum was the main species of infectious agents, accounting for 75.30%(1067/ 1417), followed by P. vivax (23.85%, 338/1417), P. malaria (0.14%, 2/1417) and polyinfection of P. falciparum plus P. vivax (0.71%, 10/1417). The malaria foci were classified into 3 categories, including highly, moderately and mildly epidemic villages according to the extent to which malaria was prevalent in the villages. Kezhang village, Maishaba village and Zhatuguang village were in turn the highly, moderately and mildly epidemic villages, which were 24.30, 10.20 and 0.50 kilometers, from China- Myanmar border, respectively. The malaria parasite rate was as high as 14.14%(28/198) in Kezhang village the highly epidemic focus village where P. falciparum accounted for 67.86%(19/28), being the major pathogen for severe malaria. Anopheles dirus discovered in the local forest of China border was a highly energetic vector of malaria for people in field operations. The malaria morbidity rate and falciparum malaria were both 100% for the 21 migrant workers working in the second special region of Kachin State of Myanmar, who came from Yuanjiang county of Yunnan province of China. They were typical cases of malaria infection among outbound people. The local villagers were not aware of the importance of controlling mosquitoes and the medical service was still at a low level. Conclusion The second special region of Kachin State of Myanmar was the main focus of malaria infection for migrant workers in the China-Myanmar border.
  • Surveillance on vector mosquitoes of Japanese encephalitis in Kaijiang county, Sichuan province in 2011
    LIU Zi-yuan, LIU Cheng-fu, JIANG Bo, LIU Min, LIN Xiao-qin, ZHAO Jia
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 356-358.
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    Objective To study the population dynamics and the distribution characteristics of the vector mosquitoes of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Kaijiang county, Sichuan province for providing a scientific basis for JE control and prevention. Methods Three sampling points were selected for each of the surveillance sites, the rice fields, the pens for livestock and the rooms for people in JE epidemic area of Kaijiang county during May to September 2011, and mosquitoes were caught 15 min a time, 2 times a month, with the captured insects identified. Results A total of 4734 mosquitoes were caught from June to September with an average density of 210.4/labor hour. The density was 247.3/labor hour in the rice fields, 267.7/labor hour the pens for livestock, 114.3/labor hour the rooms for people, respectively. Of the 1855 mosquitoes captured in the rice fields, Culex tritaeniorhynchus accounted for 93.21% and Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus for 5.55%, and of the 2023 mosquitoes captured in the pens for livestock Cx. tritaeniorhynchus accounted for 44.04%, Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus for 33.81% and Anopheles sinensis for 22.15%. Of the 856 mosquitoes captured in the rooms for people Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus accounted for 72.20% and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus for 22.08%. The Cx. tritaeniorhynchus density peaked in the rice fields in the first ten days and the last ten days of June (570.7/labor hour and 583.3/labor hour), in the pens for livestock in the last ten days of July (265.3/labor hour) and the last ten days of September (533.3/labor hour), and in the rooms for people in the first ten days of August (70.7/labor hour). Conclusion In terms of the JE vector mosquitoes in Kaijiang county, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is mainly distributed in the rice fields and pens for livestock, and Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus mainly in the rooms for people. The peak season of JE incidence is consistent with the peak density distribution of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the rice fields and pens for livestock.
  • Survey on the sensitivity of Culex pipiens pallens adults to five insecticides in Shenyang city
    WU Xu, LIU Cheng-mo, WANG Hui-min
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 359-359.
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  • Survey on insecticide resistance of Blattella germanica in Yinchuan city
    HAN Kun, FU Da-ren, ZHANG Shu-bin, ZENG Jia-hui
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 360-360.
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  • Analysis of the surveillance data on hemorrhagic fever with renal syndromes from 1997 to 2010 in Shunyi district, Beijing
    ZHANG Wen-zeng, LI Chang-qing, ZHANG Song-jian, JI Guo-qiang,SHI Ji-xin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 361-361.
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  • Seroepidemiology survey on the indication animal dog in the plague natural foci of Hebei province
    DU Guo-yi, YANG Jian-ming, WANG Hai-feng, SHI Xian-ming
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 362-362.
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  • Analysis of serum F1 antibody spectrum of a patient with bubonic plague
    YU Xiao-tao, XIE Hui, ZHOU Lei, ZHAO Xiao-long, JIN Li-xia, YANG Han-qing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 363-363,373.
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  • Advances in the molecular mechanisms of mosquito resistance to insecticides
    LIU Hong-mei, DAI Yu-hua, GONG Mao-qing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 366-369.
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    Mosquitoes, which act as important medical insects, can transmit diseases such as malaria, fiariasis and dengue fever, etc. by bites, being harmful to humans. For a long period of time, due to the extensive use of chemical insecticides, the insecticide resistance in mosquitoes is becoming more and more serious. The mechanisms of resistance can be classified into two groups, knockdown resistance (such as saltations in sodium channel, Acetylcholinesterase and γ-aminobutyric acid) and metabolic resistance (such as augmentations in carboxylesterase, cytochrome P450 and glutathione-S-transferase). In this article, recent research advances in the resistance of mosquitoes to chemical insecticides are reviewed for better understanding of the molecular mechanism of mosquito resistance to the extensively used chemical insecticides.
  • Advances in research on Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricuis) in China
    WU Shao-ying, HU Meng, TANG Qing-bo
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 370-373.
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    Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricuis) belong to Diptera, Calliphoridae, Chrysomyinae, Chrysomya, commonly known as Oriental toilet fly. It is one of the important forensic insects, resource insects and vector insects. This article summarizes the biological features, experimental ecology and feeding of C. megacephala (Fabricuis) and its control measures and application. The focus of research in this field is discussed to guide further study in the future.
  • Invasion and spread of major vector insects in China
    ZHANG Shao-hua, JIA Feng-long
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(4): 374-376.
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    The relationship between international activities and vector insects in China is studied based on the data on the latest geographic distribution and the species of flies, mosquitoes and cockroaches that the National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention requires to monitor. The results showed that most of the vector flies, mosquitoes and cockroaches that need to be monitored in China are worldwide distributed and rapidly spread in the world. Based on the data published by CIQ and the information from the world, it is reasonable to infer that such a spreading is the result of the international activies of human being.
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