Objective To establish a route sampling method based on Monte Carlo simulation with the use of software programming, and to preliminarily analyze the effects of different route sampling methods on the mosquito monitoring results by the route index method.Methods The Python 3.80 software was used to create Monte Carlo simulations of the walking paths of monitoring personnel for route index mosquito monitoring in various residential areas. The simulations were performed with random route sampling and spatially stratified route sampling separately, and 1 000 different routes were simulated for each preset termination value. Excel 2019 software was used for data entry and arrangement. The route index, absolute error and variance of the simulation monitoring results were calculated, and the number of buildings sampled in the study area was counted. SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The data used for Monte Carlo simulations were the standing water data obtained from a survey of Aedes albopictus breeding sites in a large residential area (402 000 m²) in Shanghai by visual inspection in May and July 2023.Results Based on the survey results of mosquito breeding sites in May and July 2023 in the study area, Monte Carlo simulation was carried out with the termination presets of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 households within the buffer zone. The simulation results show that the sampling probability of each building in the study area is not the same when sampling with random path, and the sampling times of the middle buildings are more. With the increase of sample size, the absolute error and variance decrease gradually. The comparison between the two sampling methods showed that when the sample size was the same, the efficiency of spatially stratified sampling was all greater than 1.25, indicating spatially stratified sampling showed higher efficiency than random route sampling.Conclusions A research method for route sampling was developed based on Monte Carlo simulation by using Python to simulate physical walking, and the optimizing walking paths can improve the sampling efficiency for the route index method. The route index method based on spatially stratified sampling can obtain the more representative Ae. albopictus monitoring results.

Objective To investigate the aggregation tendency and distribution pattern of adult Aedes albopictus mosquitoes captured by mosquito ovitraps. Methods From July 12 to October 18, 2020, 60 mosquito ovitraps were placed in Zhujing and Langxia towns of Jinshan district, Shanghai, and 50 mosquito ovitraps were placed in Tinglin town each week to monitor the density of Ae. albopictus, and a database was established based on the data of the adult mosquitoes captured. The Skewness-Kurtosis test was used to test the normal distribution of adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes captured by each mosquito ovitrap; the negative binomial goodness of fit was used to test whether the adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes captured obeyed the negative binomial distribution, and the weighted estimation method in the moment method was used to calculate the common k_c value of negative binomial distribution. Stata 14.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 2 171 mosquito ovitraps were collected for the 13 times of monitoring in Jinshan district, and 767 adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were captured. In Zhujing, Langxia, and Tinglin towns, the mean of adult mosquitoes was higher than the median, and the variance was greater than the mean, which suggested aggregated distribution. The Skewness-Kurtosis test showed P<0.001, indicating positively skewed distribution. The goodness of fit test of negative binomial distribution showed a chi-square value of 6.389 (P=0.172), and the adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in the mosquito ovitrap obeyed negative binomial distribution, with a k_c value of 0.522 (χ²= 18.297, P=0.107). Conclusion The adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes captured by mosquito ovitraps show aggregated and positively skewed distribution, which obeys negative binomial distribution.

Objective To investigate water accumulation and mosquito larvae breeding in rainwater wells in residential areas at mosquito density peaks as well as the effectiveness of 5% pyriproxyfen and fenthion granules in controlling the mosquitoes, and to provide a basis for the control of mosquito larvae in rainwater wells in the residential areas. Methods From August to September, 2019, 64 rainwater wells in the south and 58 rainwater wells in the north of a residential area in Qingpu, Shanghai, China were selected as experimental group and control group, respectively. The experimental group was given 5% pyriproxyfen and fenthion granules; water accumulation and mosquito larvae breeding in the rainwater wells were investigated before insecticide application and 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after insecticide application (7 investigations in total). Results Thirty-five (28.69%) rainwater wells had water accumulation during all the 7 consecutive investigations of 122 rainwater wells in the residential area, 12 (9.83%) rainwater wells had water accumulation during 1-6 of the 7 investigations, and 75 (61.48%) rainwater wells had no water accumulation during all the 7 investigations; the water accumulation rate of the rainwater wells were 30.33%-36.89% (χ²=1.176, P=0.278), and there was no significant correlation between water accumulation rate and precipitation 3 days before investigation (r=0.558, P=0.193). The positive rate of mosquito larvae breeding in the rainwater wells in the experimental group decreased to 16.67% 1 day after insecticide application, showing a significant difference compared to the positive rate (62.50%) before insecticide application (χ²=4.689, P=0.027); the concurrent positive rate of mosquito larvae breeding in the control group was 41.18%-55.56%, showing no significant difference (χ²=0.252, P=0.769); the positive rate of mosquito larvae breeding in the rainwater wells in the experimental group was 0 14 days after insecticide application; 23.81% 21 days and 38.46% 28 days after insecticide application, there were no significant difference compared to the control groups (all P>0.05). Conclusion From August to September, the water accumulation in the rainwater wells in the residential area in Qingpu is stable; 5% pyriproxyfen and fenthion granules can control the mosquitoes in the rainwater wells for about 2 weeks; therefore, it is recommended to regularly apply insecticides in long-term water accumulation to scientifically control mosquito larvae breeding in the rainwater wells.

Objective To investigate the grid monitoring method for mosquito ovitraps based on spatial analysis technology, and to provide a basis for accurate delineation of spatial range for dengue fever prevention and control. Methods From week 20 to week 45 of 2019, 133 grids were established in Jing'an district of Shanghai, and the mosquito ovitrap method was used to monitor the temporal and spatial variations in the density of Aedes albopictus once a week. The global spatial autocorrelation Moran's I index was calculated for the positive rate of mosquito ovitraps to detect the spatial aggregation pattern of Ae. albopictus in the study area, and a hot spot analysis was used to identify the hot and cold spots with statistical significance. Results In the study area, the mean positive rate of mosquito ovitraps reached the maximum value of 8.28% in the week 29 of 2019. The global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that Moran's I index at sub-district scale was -0.012 (Z=0.384, P=0.701) and the positive rate of mosquito ovitraps showed a spatial pattern of random distribution at sub-district scale; Moran's I index at grid scale was 0.150 (Z=3.074, P=0.002), and the positive rate of mosquito ovitraps showed a spatial pattern of aggregated distribution at grid scale. Hot spots of the positive rate of mosquito ovitraps showed high-aggregation spots in the south and low-aggregation spots in the middle at both grid and sub-district scales, and the high-aggregation spots in the north detected at grid scale were not found at sub-district scale. Conclusion Grid-scale mosquito ovitrap monitoring helps to identify the high- and low-aggregation areas of Ae. albopictus, and the grid monitoring method has practical significance.

Objective To study the spatial stability of vector abundance of Aedes albopictus in Shanghai, China, and to provide a basis for prevention and control of dengue fever. Methods From May to November 2019, sub-district/township-based surveillance of Ae. albopictus density was carried out in Shanghai using mosquito ovitraps. The global spatial autocorrelation Moran's I index was calculated to determine the spatial clustering pattern in the whole study area. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the correlation between the positive rates of mosquito ovitraps in administrative areas or sub-district/townships at different times. Kendall's coefficient of concordance (Kendall's W) was calculated to measure the agreement between rank orders of positive rates of mosquito ovitraps at different times. Results In 2019, the highest, lowest, and median mean positive rates of mosquito ovitraps per year were 8.70%, 1.88%, and 5.46%, respectively, for each administrative area in Shanghai, and were 30.21%, 0, and 5.51%, respectively, for each sub-district/township. Spatial analyses showed that the density of Ae. albopictus was higher in the west and north of the city. The Spearman's correlation coefficients on sub-district/township and administrative area scales were greater for 1 week before as compared with those for 3 weeks before and were greater for 3 weeks before as compared with those for 6 weeks before; the Spearman's correlation coefficients on an administrative area scale were greater than those on a sub-district/township scale. During the study period, the Kendall's W of positive rates of mosquito ovitraps was 0.627 in a sample unit of administrative areas (χ²=197.542, P<0.001), and was 0.436 in a sample unit of sub-districts/townships (χ²=1 802.154, P<0.001). Conclusion The spatial stability of positive rates of mosquito ovitraps on an administrative area scale is better than that on a sub-district/township scale. Therefore, attention should be paid to sub-districts/townships with abnormal density changes while the prevention and control measures are strengthened in administrative areas with a high density of Ae. albopictus.

Objective To establish a mosquito lamp sampling model based on Taylor's power law. Methods From April to November 2019, a total of 229 surveillance points of carbon dioxide trapping lamps were set up in 15 districts of Shanghai, China during every period of ten days to monitor the densities of Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus. The data were used to fit the Taylor's power law function equation:s²=a×x^b, which described the relationship between the mean and variance of the density of every mosquito species in each period of ten days. The results derived from the equation were substituted into the sample size formula to establish the sampling model:n=t²×a×x^b-2×D^-2. The number of sample units needed for Cx. pipiens pallens and Ae. albopictus density surveillance was calculated at the 95% confidence level according to the sampling model. Results The fitting results of Taylor's power equation were as follows:a=5.847 8, b=1.525 4, and R²=0.911 1 (P<0.001) for Cx. pipiens pallens; and a=3.668 2, b=1.302 6, and R²=0.962 0 (P<0.001) for Ae. albopictus. The fitting results were entered into the sampling model, along with the value of t distribution and the D value of relative precision. The D value at the 95% confidence level for Cx. pipiens pallens was <0.35 during the middle ten days of April and during the first ten days of May to the middle ten days of November, and was <0.25 during the last ten days of May to the last ten days of August. The D value for Ae. albopictus was between 0.25 and 0.35 from the first ten days of July to the first ten days of October and during the last ten days of October, and was >0.35 during other periods. Conclusion This sampling model has practical significance and can be used to estimate the optimal sample size for light trap monitoring. The current mosquito surveillance method by carbon dioxide trapping lamps in Shanghai shows higher relative precision for Cx. pipiens pallens than Ae. albopictus. The relative precision for Ae. albopictus can be improved by increasing the number of light traps.

Objective To study the composition of mosquitoes in underground spaces (including parking garages and air-raid shelters) of Jing'an district, Shanghai, China in winter, and to explore effective methods for mosquito control. Methods In January 2019, 15 underground spaces, which had mosquito infestation in winter before, were selected from Jing'an district, Shanghai, and 1% temephos granules were used to control the mosquito-positive standing water habitats. An investigation was performed using the labor hour method and ladle method. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the mosquito density changes to evaluate the control effect. Results Before control, the mean temperature and humidity of the selected sites in the experimental group were 10.76℃ and 56.96%, respectively. The positive rate of mosquitoes in standing water habitats was 25.93%, and the ladle index was 3.17 mosquito larvae/scoop. The mean adult mosquito density was 5.39 mosquitoes/room·h. A total of 92 female mosquitoes (91.09%) were captured, all of which were Culex pipiens complex, with an ovarian development ratio of 5.43%. The proportions of blood sucking and fat body accumulation were 1.09% and 15.22%, respectively. After control, the positive rate of mosquitoes in standing water habitats was 0, and the mean adult mosquito density was 0.21 mosquitoes/room·h, which was significantly lower than that before control (F=3.186, P=0.001). During the same period, the adult mosquito density in the uncontrolled underground space was 6.49 mosquitoes/room·h, which was significantly higher than that in the controlled sites (F=2.823, P=0.005). Conclusion In winter, there are still mosquito breeding in the underground areas of Jing'an district, Shanghai. Using 1% temephos granules to control the breeding sites such as rainwater wells and water-collecting wells can effectively reduce the mosquito density.

Objective To investigate the laboratory efficacy (killing effect, chain-killing effect, and the effect of food source on chain-killing effect) against Blattella germanica of four cockroach-killing gel baits (2.15% imidacloprid gel bait, 1.00% chlorpyrifos gel bait, 0.50% dinotefuran gel bait, and 0.05% fipronil gel bait) of the same brand. Methods According to the national standard methods (GB/T 13917.7-2009), the laboratory efficacy of the four gel baits was tested; the chain-killing effect was tested by feeding live cockroaches with dead ones killed by the gel baits; the influence of food source on chain-killing effect was tested by feeding live cockroaches with bait-killed cockroaches mixed with cat food. The data were recorded in Excel 2007 software. DPS V 9.01 software was used to calculate the median lethal time (LT₅₀), 95% confidence interval (CI), and toxicity regression equation of B. germanica, and the significance of LT₅₀ was analyzed, if 95% CI of LT₅₀ ratio of two baits included 1, there was no significant difference in LT₅₀ between the two baits. Results In the laboratory efficacy test, the LT₅₀ values of 2.15% imidacloprid gel bait, 1.00% chlorpyrifos gel bait, 0.50% dinotefuran gel bait, and 0.05% fipronil gel bait were 2.823 9 (2.581 8-3.079 0) d, 0.745 5 (0.603 4-0.890 3) d, 0.793 5 (0.630 9-0.959 3) d, and 0.846 5 (0.464 7-1.228 0) d, respectively; only the imidacloprid group showed significant differences from the other three groups (95% CI of LT₅₀ ratio of two baits did not include 1). In the chain efficacy experiment, the mortality rate on day 30 was >98.00% for all the four baits; the LT₅₀ values of the four gel baits were 6.012 4 (5.229 7-6.754 5) d, 2.459 0 (1.982 1-2.940 2) d, 3.654 1 (3.150 1-4.145 6) d, and 4.589 3 (4.064 6-5.088 8) d, respectively; multiple comparisons showed significant differences between any two baits (95% CI of LT₅₀ ratio of two baits did not include 1). After adding cat food for all the four baits, the chain-killing effect was significantly weakened, the mortality rate was decreased, and the LT₅₀ was increased (95% CI of post-pre LT₅₀ ratio did not include 1); the inhibition ratios were 1.21, 9.80, 2.77, and 2.07 times, respectively. Conclusion The four cockroach-killing gel baits show good laboratory efficacy, and 1.00% chlorpyrifos gel bait, 0.50% dinotefuran gel bait, and 0.05% fipronil gel bait can kill cockroaches quickly. It is necessary to control the interference of food source on the gel bait when control cockroaches. Alternative use of gel baits of different constituents can achieve a better killing effect.

Objective To identify the gene encoding the long-chain fatty acid transport protein (FATP) of Dermatophagoides farinae and its molecular characteristics. Methods According to the transcriptome sequencing data of D. farinae, we obtained the FATP-coding sequence for designing primers. Then RT-PCR was used to amplify the full-length gene fragment from total RNA of D. farinae, followed by construction of the prokaryotic expression plasmid pET28a(+)-FATP. After obtaining FATP sequence successfully, the structure and function of amino acid sequence were analyzed by using the software of Expasy、singaIP5.0、GOR4 and TMpred, and performed homology analysis through Clustal Omega and MEGA-X. Results The full length of the gene coding sequence was 1 071 bp. The encoded protein was composed of 356 amino acids. It was soluble, with a grand average of hydropathicity of -0.39, and had a stable structure. The secondary structure included alpha-helix (25.56%), extended strand (23.04%), and random coil (51.40%). The protein had two transmembrane regions, The transmembrane area from the outside to the inside is 1-20 aa, and the transmembrane area from the inside to the outside is 100-116 aa. The evolutionary tree derived from homologous amino acid sequences showed that the sequence of D. farinae was clustered with that of silkworm. Conclusion The full length of the FATP-coding gene and the molecular characteristics of FATP are identified in D. farinae, laying a foundation for exploring its physiological phenomena and developing control measures.

Objective To investigate rodent infestation in machinery rooms in a large building complex, to preliminarily explore the spatial distribution of rodents in large building complexes, and to provide a basis for rodent control. Methods In middle and late April, 2018, more than 90 professional technicians performed a general investigation on rodent trace in high-voltage (HV) and low-voltage (LV) machinery rooms and HVAC machinery rooms in a large building complex using the rodent trace method. Excel 2017, SPSS 20.0 and ArcGIS 10.1 softwares were used for data entry, statistical analysis (paired chi-square test), and spatial analysis, respectively. Results A total of 1 304 machinery rooms were investigated, including 532 HV machinery rooms, 377 LV machinery rooms, 386 HVAC machinery rooms, and 9 machinery rooms of other types. The standard positive rate of rodent trace per room were 1.33%, 2.15%, 0.42%, and 0 for the HV machinery rooms, LV machinery rooms, HVAC machinery rooms, and machinery rooms of other types in the venue, respectively, with significant differences observed between the rooms (χ²=14.182, P<0.05); the overall positive rate of rodent trace was 0.85%. The positive rates of rodent trace were 1.69%, 1.26%, and 1.09%, respectively, for the 3rd, 6th, and 1st floors of the building, significantly higher than those on the other floors (χ²=13.051, P<0.05). The positive rate of rodent trace was 1.02% for areas near the main road and 1.09% for areas far from the main road, with no significant difference between them (χ²=0.028, P>0.05). The positive rates of rodent trace for the three areas centered around the central region from near to far were 0.53%, 0.88%, and 1.50%, respectively, showing an increasing trend but no significant differences between them (χ²=3.528, P>0.05). Conclusion Rodent infestation still exists in large building complexes. Rodent activity is closely related to food sources and accessible space. Long-term and continuous rodent density surveillance should be performed and effective control measures should be adopted.

Objective To study the resistance levels of mosquito larvae and adult insecticides of dengue transmission media in Dalian, Liaoning province, to provide scientific basis for the comprehensive prevention and control of Aedes albopictus. Methods The larvae and egg masses of Ae. albopictus were collected in the residential area of Dalian city from August to September 2017 and bred in the laboratory. The WHO recommended larvae dipping method and mosquito contact barrel method were employed in the bioassay. Results The resistance multiple of the larvae of Ae. albopictus to deltamethrin was 3.00, which was low resistance. The resistance multiples of the other four insecticides, such as β-cypermethrin, parathion, dichlorvos and permethrin were less than 3.00 and were sensitive. Aedes albopictus to malathion resistant population of adult primary (M), the mortality rate was 97.00%, of β-cypermethrin, permethrin and deltamethrin were sensitive group (S), mortality rates were 100%, 99.00%, and 98.00%. Conclusion Aedes albopictus in Dalian Liaoning province is low or sensitive to commonly used insecticides, which insecticides can be used for daily control of Ae. albopictus.

Objective To provide scientific guidance for the prevention and control of dengue fever and Zika disease outbreak by field control of Aedes albopictus which was carried out by vegetation barrier treatment and the methods of rapid and sustainable effective control of Ae. albopictus were explored. Methods During August-October, high efficient cypermethrin microcapsule suspension (barrier treatment residual spraying) and cypermethrin emulsion were sprayed on the vegetation of Ae. albopictus. The density of Ae. albopictus was monitored by human landing counts and was observed before and after application and analyzed by Excel 2007 software. Results The density reduction rate was 96.0%, 99.0%, 85.0%, 84.0%, 47.3%, and 3.0% respectively on the first day, and in the first through the fifth weeks, respectively, in the trial of cypermethrin microcapsule suspension. The densities of the Ae. albopictus were reduced by 83.0%, 77.0%, and -25.0% respectively on the first day, and in the first and the second week, respectively, in the trail of cypermethrin emulsion. Conclusion The application of vegetation barrier treatment can persist more than 3 weeks. It has the advantages of long lasting effect, resistance to rain water wash, time and labor savings, reduction of environmental pollution,and so on. This technique has a good application prospective to mitigate outbreak of Zika virus and other infectious diseases.

Objective In order to master the species density, distribution and seasonal variation of Aedes albopictus which spread dengue fever in Sichuan province, provide a scientific, normative and reasonable guide to Ae. albopictus control in Sichuan province, and provide a basic data for dengue outbreak risk predict and early warning, assess the prevention and control effect, draw up a prevention and control plan and so on. Methods Larval breeding was evaluated using the Breteau index(BI), and adult mosquitoes were evaluated by double-mosquito net trapping method. Results The Ae. albopictus BI for an average level was 11.96, the BI in residential area was 17.37, and the park/green belt was 7.76; the mosquito-curtain trap index for an average of 4.14/net·hour, the mosquito-net trapping index in residential area was 6.27/net·hour, and the park/greenbelt was 3.70/net·hour. Conclusion The density of Ae. albopictus was high in Sichuan province. Once there is an imported case of dengue fever, there will be a risk of dengue transmission even outbreak.

Objective To investigate on mosquito species of underground garage, and to make a preliminary research on the reason and tendency of them. Methods Gathered the mosquito larva from different kinds of underground garage in December of 2013 to November of 2014, then made some specimens of male mosquito genitalia after they were reared to adults. Results Culex pipiens molestus were the only species in the closed and small underground garage. Culex pipiens molestus accounted for 54.09%(119/220) of the Cx. pipiens complex in the closed and large underground garage, while Cx. pipiens pallens accounted for 27.27%(60/220). Culex pipiens pallens accounted for 54.23%(141/260) of the Cx. pipiens complex in the half-closed underground garage, while Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus accounted for 35.77%(93/260). Conclusion Shanghai is located in the area with both Cx. pipiens pallens and Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus, and it's complicated of mosquito species. It's necessary to monitor tightly in order to control the mosquito-borne infectious diseases.

Objective To explore the status of Culex pipiens molestus infestation in different types of underground garages of Shanghai downtown during winter and spring. Methods Larval sampling was conducted in 4 selected underground garages in Shanghai Huangpu district during December to June. Collected larvae were laboratory-reared until adult emergence, and then identification was attempted by male genitalia morphology. Results Of the 4 underground garages, the crude species composition of Cx. pipiens molestus reached 90.48%, especially in winter and early spring which reached 100% in some garages; as the season changes, this proportion of Cx. pipiens molestus decreased significantly (100% to 67.11%). The proportion of Cx. pipiens molestus in Garage D was significantly higher than the other 3 ones (χ²=24.579, 17.053, and 16.025; P < 0.01). The genitalia DV/D ratio of Cx. pipiens molestus from 4 garages varied significantly (χ²=-0.002, -0.021, 0.004, -0.027; F=19.586, P < 0.05); the maximum value ranged from 0.054 to 0.192. Conclusion Featured with high density of underground garage and high prevalence of underground Cx. pipiens molestus infestation, mosquito control still have a long way to go in downtown Shanghai.

Objective To explore the status of mosquito infestation in different types of underground garages in downtown Shanghai, and to analyze the causes and suitable countermeasures. Methods Randomly selecting 101 underground garages in Shanghai Huangpu district, conducting mosquito breeding status investigation during July and August, 2014. Results Of the 101 underground garages, the crude and adjusted positive breeding-rate was 35.64% and 39.13%, respectively, and the positive breeding-sites rate was 21.36%. Compared with the commercial building garages, the positive rate of underground collecting-wells(UCWs)in residential garage was significantly higher, and the positive rate of UCWs in bicycle garages are significantly higher than those in car garages. Comparison of different types of garages shows that the mosquito infestation in large-scale garages and multilayer ones are much higher (77.78% vs. 28.13%, χ²=11.434, P=0.001; 29.63% vs. 12.86%, χ²=6.740, P=0.009). Conclusion Featured with high density of underground garages and high degree of underground mosquito infestation, mosquito control still have a long way to go in downtown Shanghai. Compared to chemical mosquito-control measures, physical ones are recommended.

Objective To explore the status of mosquito infestation in different types of residential areas in downtown Shanghai, and to analyze the causes and countermeasures. Methods Selecting 3 mosquito monitoring sites from 3 different types of downtown neighborhoods in the same area, conduct 224 days’ continuous mosquito monitoring in CO₂-light trapping method. Results Aedes albopictus is the predominant mosquito population in residential areas of downtown Shanghai (account for 72.35%), significantly higher than the density of sub-dominant Culex pipien pallens population (11.91 vs. 4.21/day·machine, P<0.05); Compared with the type of high-rise residential and old-fashioned villas environments, the old neighborhood environment faced more serious mosquito-infestation conditions, which has significantly higher mosquito density (total mosquito density, 28.91/day·machine, P<0.05), and much higher Ae. albopictus proportion (76.60%, P<0.05). Conclusion The situation of Ae. albopictus infestation in residential areas of downtown Shanghai is quite concerned, especially in old neighborhoods, whose living conditions and sanitary facilities are relatively poor. It is recommended that countermeasures should be taken to cope with the threat of Ae. albopictus-borne infectious disease in residential areas.

Objective To determine the resistance levels of wild populations of Anopheles sinensis to commonly used insecticides in Shanghai and Hunan. Methods The adult mosquito filter paper contact method recommend by WHO was used to determine the resistance levels of An. sinensis to deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin, BPMC and fenitrothion in Qingpu, Baoshan, Jiading, Jinshan districts, Chongming county of Shanghai and Daoxian county of Hunan. Results Anopheles sinensis in six districts in Shanghai showed different resistance levels to five tested insecticides. High resistance to all five insecticides was detected in Baoshan, as well as to deltamethrin, permethrin and BPMC in Qingpu. Mosquitoes collected from Chongming showed the high resistance to deltamethrin and low resistance to lambdacyhalothrin. Low levels of resistance to lambdacyhalothrin and BPMC was also noted in mosquitoes originated from Jiading. High resistance to deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, BPMC and fenitrothion was encountered in An. sinensis collected from Daoxian county of Hunan. Conclusion Anopheles sinensis has developed resistance to five tested insecticides in Shanghai and Hunan, and cross resistance among pyrethroid, organophosphate and carbamate may exist as revealed by correlation analysis.

Objective To explore the mosquito population dynamics in different seasons and mosquito circadian rhythm in different periods of a day. Methods Conduct more than 224-days'continuous monitoring of adult mosquitoes by CO₂ trapping method to get the adult mosquito data in five different monitoring-sites in Shanghai People's Square and People's Park region. Results The monthly-distribution of mosquito species was significantly different in downtown Shanghai. As the most dominant mosquito species, Culex pipiens pallens reached an average density of 13.35 pcs/(day·site), and peaked in May and June (19.93 and 28.19 pcs/day·site, respectively); Aedes albopictus and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus both peaked in July (10.77 and 8.79 pcs/day·site, respectively). The circadian rhythm analysis showed that the largest proportion of mosquito appeared in the evening and early morning hours (20:00-08:00a.m.), followed by the nightfall hours (16:30-20:00), and Cx. pipiens pallens was the dominant species in the 2 period (78.14 and 66.05%, respectively); the daytime hours (08:00a.m.-16:30) had the least proportion, whose dominant species was Ae. albopictus (65.70%). Conclusion The monthly-distribution and circadian rhythm were different in mosquito population species and density, which can be attribute to the ecological difference of different mosquito species, but except that, we surmise the special urban environment and urban light pollution should also account for, and which should be confirmed by further study.

Objective　To study the relationship between the population density of Aedes albopictus and meteorological factors and its application in the control of Ae. albopictus. Methods　The relationship between Ae. albopictus density and meteorological factors in Shanghai from January 2005 to December 2008 was studied using multiple stepwise regression and neural network on Matlab. Results　The combination of meteorological factors (minimum temperature, 8 pm-8 pm precipitation, sunshine duration, minimum relative humidity, wind speed, 8 pm temperature, and 8 pm atmospheric pressure) had a satisfactory predictive ability, with R-square of 0.897 00. The multiple stepwise regression equation was y＝-18.206 64x2＋3.066 16x3－3.383 90x4＋1.891 53x7＋1.689 86x8＋25.939 46x13＋1.936 35x18－2217.100 90 . R-square in prediction with neural network was 0.913 19. Neural network showed a better predictive ability than regression analysis. Conclusion　The main meteorological factors closely related to mosquito density are minimum temperature, 8 pm-8 pm precipitation, sunshine duration, minimum relative humidity, wind speed, 8 pm temperature, and 8 am atmospheric pressure.

Objective To study the main hosts and vectors of tick-borne diseases in Jiande, Zhejiang province, China in terms of the population seasonality and pathogen infection and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of tick-borne diseases.Methods Ticks were collected with white cloth or from the host animals. Small mammals were captured using cages (please specify traps used). The infection with tick-borne pathogens was detected by PCR.Results There wereHaemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes sinensis, and Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloidesin Jiande, and H. longicorniswas the dominant species. The population density of ticks was the highest in June, as shown by tick collection with white cloth, while the tick-carrying rate was the highest in June, as shown by tick collection from the host animals. Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Rickettsia, Bartonella, and Hantaan virus were detected in ticks and small mammals, and there were co-infections.Conclusion The hosts and vectors of tick-borne diseases are widely distributed in Jiande, and various pathogens are harbored by the tick species studies. Mitigation should be taken into consideration to prevent tick-borne diseases.

Objective To investigate the population dynamics, temporal distribution, and stinging indices of mosquito population in the downtown Shanghai, China. Methods Five mosquito?lmonitoring sites were set up in Shanghai Peoples Square and Peoples Park areas, where mosquitoes were frequently encountered. A 194-day continuous dynamic monitoring of adult mosquitoes was conducted by human landing catch. Results During the 194-day surveillance from late April to late October, 2012, a total of 1666 adult mosquitoes of 5 species and 3 genera were collected. The proportions of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens pallens were 71.1% and 27.7%, respectively. The high daily fluctuation of adult mosquitoes was observed. Most of the mosquitoes were captured during July to September, with a peak of 52 mosquitoes per day. Cx. pipiens pallens peaked in early June, and its population density was significantly higher than that of Ae. albopictus in May and June (P＜0.05). Ae. albopictus peaked in late July, and its population density was significantly higher than that of Cx. pipiens pallens during July to September (P＜0.05), so it was the predominant species during that period. Conclusion This is the first report on mosquito infestations in downtown area as the results of 194-day continuous surveillance based on human landing catch. The results suggested that routine mosquito monitoring methods have limitations and inaccuracy. Targeted and efficient measures with special focus on the two predominant mosquito species, Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens pallens, should be introduced into the prevention and control of mosquitoes in downtown Shanghai. Furthermore, the study suggested that the increasing suitable sites for overwintering mosquitoes are more likely to cause an earlier arrival of Cx. pipiens pallens peak in the studied areas.

Objective To study the type and concentration of saline soil that can effectively control termites. Methods Experiments were performed to investigate the retarding, lethal, and anti?penetrating effects of different types and concentrations of saline soil on termites. Results The saline soils prepared from coarse salt, fine salt, and mixed salt retarded the invasion of termites, and the retarding effect was positively correlated with the concentration of salt in soil; among the three saline soils, what was prepared from mixed salt had the worst effect. In the saline soil with a concentration of at least 0.4%, all individuals of Coptotermes formosanus and Odontotermes formosanus died, on average, within 25.33 d and 5.67 d, respectively. In 0.4% saline soil, C. formosanus workers built an average 28.47 cm long tunnel and finally died from exposure to saline soil. Conclusion Saline soil has retarding, lethal, and anti?penetrating effects on termites. The saline soils prepared from coarse salt and fine salt have a better retarding effect on termites than that prepared from mixed salt, and the retarding effect is positively correlated with the concentration of salt in soil. Moreover, 0.4% saline soil has good lethal and anti?penetrating effects on termites.

Objective To study the mosquito population dynamics in different microenvironments of the same region and to analyze the relevant factors contributing to the differences in mosquito population dynamics in downtown Shanghai. Methods Five mosquito?monitoring sites were set according to the geographical distribution in the park and grassy areas of downtown Shanghai (People’s Square and People’s Park) where mosquitoes were frequently encountered. Adult mosquitoes were continuously monitored by CO2 trapping method for more than 220 days to determine the differences in mosquito population dynamics at the five monitoring sites. Results The 224 days continuous adult mosquito monitoring showed that the number and density of adult mosquitoes at the 5th monitoring site were 9737 mosquitoes and 43.50 mosquitoes/day·machine, significantly higher than those at the other four monitoring sites (P＜0.01), and the adult mosquito density in the People’s Square was significantly higher than that in the People’s Park (29.80 vs. 11.13 mosquitoes/day·machine; t＝-5.552, P＜0.01); as to the adult mosquito population, the constituent ratio of Aedes albopictus in the People’s Square was significantly higher than that in the People’s Park (25.32% vs. 9.54%; χ2＝187.923, P＜0.01), and the constituent ratio of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in the People’s Park was significantly higher than that in the People’s Square (18.46% vs. 2.77%; χ2＝187.923, P＜0.01); Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species in the 2nd monitoring site (constituent ratio 48.55%). Conclusion The mosquito density and population vary significantly in different microenvironments of the same region, which may be attributable to such factors as breeding environment and human disturbance. The surveillance and control of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus should be implemented in downtown Shanghai.