Objective To investigate the species composition,host selection,and distribution of ectoparasitic fleas on small mammals in Haidong,Qinghai Province,China based on plague foci surveillance data,and to identify the species of some common fleas and difficult-to-identify fleas by molecular method to find a way that can improve the accuracy of flea species identification and classification.Methods Flea species was identified by traditional morphological classification and molecular identification based on of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ (COⅠ) gene.Results A total of 61 species (subspecies) of ectoparasitic fleas were found and recorded in Haidong,belonging to 28 genera,5 families,and 4 superfamilies. The partial fragments (about 658 bp) of the COⅠ gene were sequenced for 99 fleas of 20 species under 13 genera and 4 families. The intraspecific and interspecific genetic distances were 0.2%-2.9% and 3.3%-22.9%, respectively. The interspecific distance was significantly greater than the intraspecific distance.Conclusion The flea species formed single lineages with support values greater than 99% in the phylogenetic tree,indicating that the combination of COⅠgene characterization and traditional morphological classification can accurately identify flea species in Haidong.

Objective To investigate the resistance level of Culex pipiens pallens to commonly used insecticides in Tianjin,China, to analyze its changing trend, and to provide scientific and rational guidance for the chemical control. Methods The larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens were collected in 2013, 2016, and 2019. The first generation was fed in the laboratory. The late third-instar or early forth-instar larvae were then selected as test subjects, and the larval dipping method was used to measure their insecticide resistance. Results In 2013, 2016, and 2019, the Cx. pipiens pallens at various surveillance sites in Tianjin all showed varying degrees of resistance to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and temephos. In different years, Cx. pipiens pallens at various surveillance sites all showed medium or low resistance to beta-cypermethrin; Cx. pipiens pallens in Hebei district had the highest resistance in the whole city, with a resistance ratio of 20.94. Culex pipiens pallens showed high, medium, or low resistance to deltamethrin and temephos; Cx. pipiens pallens in Hedong district had the highest resistance to deltamethrin, with a resistance ratio of 69.78; Cx. pipiens pallens in Beichen district had the highest resistance to temephos, with a resistance ratio of 57.14. The resistance levels of Cx. pipiens pallens to the three insecticides showed overall upward trends from 2013 to 2016, and then the number of districts resistant to beta-cypermethrin and temephos decreased from 7 in 2016 to 5 and 6 in 2019, respectively, while the number of districts resistant to deltamethrin did not change. Conclusion In Tianjin, Cx. pipiens pallens has developed resistance to all of beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin,and temephos. It is recommended that insecticides should be used scientifically and reasonably based on the surveillance results of insecticide resistance. At the same time, a rotation and mixed use of insecticides should be adopted to delay the development of resistance.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of brucellosis in Dari county, Qinghai province, China, and to provide a reference for developing effective prevention and control measures. Methods The data of the brucellosis patients from 2012 to 2016 in Dari county were collected for epidemiological analysis by Excel 2016 software. Results There were 36 cases of brucellosis during 2012-2016 in Dari county, with 14 new cases, all of whom were Tibetans, mainly aged from 20 to 49 years (12 cases). Brucellosis occurred mostly in herdsmen (31 cases); the main route of infection was contact with cattle and sheep (13 cases). Conclusion The epidemic of brucellosis has persisted in recent years, and health education of the key population should be strengthened.

Objective To understand the present situation and trend of resistance in Musca domestica to four types of insecticides in Dongli district of Tianjin in recent years, and to provide a scientific basis for better use of insecticides. Methods Musca domesticas were collected outdoors in Dongli district during 2014 to 2017, the resistance of M. domestica to β-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin and propoxur were determined by topical application method, and data were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software for LD₅₀ and its confidential intervals (CI). The regression equation was established to evaluate resistance development trend. Results The resistance ratios of M. domestica in Dongli district during 2014 to 2017 to β-Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin and propoxur were 1.75-3.75, 1.00-15.00, 36.75-40.00, and 3.41-29.50 fold, respectively. Musca domestica in Dongli district has developed severe resistance to permethrin and propoxur, moderate to deltamethrin, and mild even susceptible to β-Cypermethrin. Conclusion Musca domestica in Dongli district of Tianjin has developed different degrees of resistance to four types of insecticides and the trend was upward. It is suggested that insecticides should be used scientifically based on the susceptibility monitoring, in order to prevent and delay the development of resistance.

Objective To know the habitats and population distribution of the main vectors for the Water Sport Event in the 13^th China National Games, to provide basis of making scientific control measures. Methods According to The protocol of vector surveillance in Tianjin, developing the survey of the habitats and population distribution of the main vectors in the Water Sport Event from June to July 2017. Results The main vectors in the Water Sport Event in the 13^th National Games were mosquitoes and rodents. There was potential risk of mosquito breeding in river bank, landscape belt and demolition zones. The mosquito densities were 38.50 and 43.96 mosquitoes per light trap per hour. The reed marshes and small-scale pond provided the breeding places for mosquito larvae, the indexes were 12.00 and 9.17 larvae per dip. Rodents prevailed at 2.15% and 1.54% capture rate in the demolition zones. Conclusion The careful surveillance of the main vectors provided basis for making effective integrated control measures, and it is the key factor of successful vector control for the Water Sport Event in the 13^th National Games in China.

Objective According to the analysis of the strategies, measures and achievements of the vector control in old communities in Haidian district, to provide experiences and models for large-scale vector control activities in the future. Methods According to the sanitary condition in the old communities, integrative control measures were implemented. Based on the environmental management, proper chemical controls were conducted in different environments, such as space spraying, residual spraying and so on. The effect was evaluated by density estimation. Results The control was conducted in 124 communities. Compared with the same period of the previous year, mosquito density decreased by 95.03% and house fly density decreased by 91.53%. Conclusion A new vector prevention and control was achieved during this activity, which effectively mitigated the impact caused by vectors in such communities. The efficacy meets the national standard. In addition, these achievements attracted the attention, support as well as welcome from the general publics.

Objective To study the population distribution of mosquitoes and their seasonality in Jilin province and to provide reference for controlling mosquito-borne diseases. Methods From May to October in 2015, light traps were used for mosquito density surveillance in the urban areas of nine cities in Jilin province. Results A total of 13 397 mosquitoes (4 species, 3 genera) were collected, Culex pipiens pallens was the predominant species, accounting for 46.33% of all mosquitoes. The annual average density of mosquitoes was 1.00 mosquito per hour. The seasonality of mosquitoes was unimodal, and the peak occurred in August. Conclusion The population distribution of mosquitoes and their seasonality in the urban areas of Jilin province were well documented in this study. Culex pipiens pallens was the predominant species of mosquitoes in urban, the park, the hospital and rural residential areas. Besides, Aedes vexans was also predominant species in the barns. It is recommended to carry out mosquito control from June to September in Jilin province.

Objective Isolated Brucella from human during 1958 to 2013 in Qinghai was analyzed. Methods Since 1958, the clinical diagnosis of brucellosis patients in bacteria from 43 strains of Brucella isolated culture were source and analyzed with clinical relationship, using the hydrogen sulfide produced determination, thionine and basic fuchsin dye bacteriostasis test, single serum agglutination reaction, phage splitting test on 43 strains of Brucella strains were phenotype subtype identification. Results From 337 for Brucella culture, isolated 43 strains of Brucella. The 15 patients with localized lesions were detected in chronic brucellosis. The 43 strains were 3 strains of Brucella melitensis, sheep, sheep 1 type 14 strains of type 2, 26 type 3 strains of sheep. Conclusion Sheep bacteria are pathogenic bacteria of brucellosis in Qinghai population.

Objective To analyze human population's awareness of brucellosis and the related factors of behavior in Qinghai province in Sanjiangyuan area, which can be used as guidance for health education and population intervention. Methods To carry out questionnaire survey in the population of Sanjiangyuan area by the method of random cluster sampling, using Excel to build the database, the statistical analysis of data used was SPSS 17.0. Results Survey of 2491 people, the awareness of basic knowledge was 17.59%, the awareness of brucellosis had significant difference with sex, age and other 5 kinds of factor. Multifactor non conditional logistic regression model showed there were significant statistically relationship between the occupation, education and the awareness of brucellosis. Among the 7 factors that were highly related to brucellosis,“consumption of uncooked meat or offal”had the highest proportion of 69.57%. Conclusion The awareness of brucellosis in high risk population was low in Sanjiangyuan area in Qinghai province, there were high risk behaviors associated with social - economic activities. Customized public outreach and education campaign should be implemented with consideration of disease risk, ethnic culture and other relevant factors to enhance the public awareness of brucellosis in Sanjiangyuan area, Qinghai province, China.

Objective To describe spatial distribution of brucellosis in Three-River Regions and research its epidemiological characteristics with the Geographic information technique. Methods We established Geographic Information System Database of brucellosis in Three-River Regions, epidemiological characteristics were overlay analyzed in infectious rate and prevalence rate with QHEndem ic-GIS and SPSS 17.0. Results Spatial characteristics of brucellosis were showed in GIS, the overlaid prevalence rates in Nangqian(2.00%/1.03%), Jiuzhi(0.81%/0.63%)and Dari(0.58%/0.33%)in inspection period were higher than that in inspection period. Overlaying the prevalence of brucellosis before and after inspection period, the prevalence show an upward trend. Conclusion GIS could reflect the state of brucellosis in Three-River Regions directly and correctly. Prevalence of brucellosis showed a sporadic phenomenon with spreading the neighborhood region, the prevalence showed an up-ward trend in these region, and provide scientific data of brucellosis prevention and control.

Objective To investigate the mosquito species composition and activity rhythm in the lower reaches of Ertix River on the Sino?Kazakhstan border and their relationship with the habitat. Methods The species, density, seasonal rhythm, and circadian rhythm of mosquitoes in different habitats were investigated by human?baited net traps. Biting cycles were determined through biting indices. Results Eight species of four genera of mosquitoes were found in the lower reaches of Ertix River on the Sino?Kazakhstan border. Aedes vexans was the predominant species, with a proportion between 82.22% and 96.09% among all captured mosquitoes in different habitats. The seasonal activity of Ae. vexans started in mid?April, ended in early September, and reached the peak between mid?June and late July. The circadian rhythm of activity was in a double?peak pattern, with the morning peak appearing at 1-2 h after sunrise and the evening peak at 1 h after sunset; the evening peak was higher than the morning peak. The biting circadian rhythm was dawn type; biting activity started around sunset and ended after sunrise. The biting circadian rhythm was also double?peaked; the morning peak appeared at 1 h before sunrise, and the evening peak appeared at 1 h after sunset. The species diversity index ranged from 0.1912 to 0.7227, indicating that mosquito species were not abundant in the lower reaches of Ertix River on the Sino?Kazakhstan border. The habitat had significant impacts on the species distribution and number of mosquitoes. The numbers of Ae. vexans, Anopheles messeae, and Culex modestus in riparian forest were significantly higher than those in saline regions. Biting of Ae. vexans was the severest in riparian forest. However, seasonal activity, circadian activity, and biting cycle were similar for Ae. vexans in different habitats. Conclusion The habitat has a significant impact on the population size of Ae. vexans. In integrated prevention and control of Ae. vexans, special focus should be placed on microhabitats where mosquitoes propagate.

Objective To investigate the major tick species, their distribution, and the natural infection rate of tick-borne pathogens in Hoxud county of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Methods Tick samples were collected by flagging method and ectoparasites check, followed by detection of pathogens with PCR. Results A total of 367 ticks belonging to 4 species, 3 genera of the Ixodidae family were collected from six places in this region. Hyalomma asiaticum accounted for 47.41% of the samples (174/367), and Rhipicephalus pumilio 37.60% (138/367). Hence these two are the prodominant species in this area. The specific DNA sequences of 3 kinds of tick-borne pathogens were then detected using PCR amplification. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that the sequences share high homology with the sequences of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Spotted fever group rickettsia (SFGR) in GenBank databases. Among the tick samples, 18 ticks were detected with Lyme disease borrelia, with a positive rate of 4.90%; four ticks were with A. phagocytophilum, with positive rate of 1.09%. Eleven ticks were positive with SFGR accounting for 3.00% of the samples. Conclusion The natural infection pathogens of Lyme disease, Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and spotted fever were detected in ticks from Hoxud county.

Objective To investigate the population composition and distribution of ticks as well as the natural infection pathogens of Lyme disease, Q fever, babesiosis, spotted fever, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the desert area of Yuli, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Methods Ticks were collected with white cloth or from the body surfaces of host animals. Pathogen detection was performed by PCR. Results A total of 519 ticks (3 species, 2 genera) were identified, including Rhipicephalus pumilio, Rhipicephalus turanicus, and Hyalomma asiaticum; R. pumilio was the predominant species, accounting for 88.25% of all captured ticks. Only two pathogens of tick-borne diseases, spotted fever group rickettsiae and Anaplasma, were detected from R. pumilio, with detection rates of 6.27% and 3.53%, respectively. Conclusion Variable natural infection with spotted fever group rickettsiae and Anaplasma occurs among the ticks in the desert area of Yuli, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China.

Objective To establish an effective model for monitoring and predicting the incidence trend of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS)in Zhejiang province. Methods HFRS data from 2001 to 2009 in Zhejiang province were used to establish the GM(1,1)-Generalized regression neural network［GM(1,1)-GRNN］model. The GM(1,1)-GRNN model was used to predict the incidence trend of HFRS of the years 2010 to 2011. Results The predicted HFRS incidence with the GM(1,1)-GRNN model for the years 2001 to 2010 closely followed the observe value of the same years, with a relative error of 2.47%, more precise than that of GM(1,1) (11.19%). The forecast values for 2011 was 0.8591 per 10⁵ population. Conclusion The GM(1,1)-GRNN model is highly precise in the prediction of the incidence of HFRS. It provides reliable accurate predicative data, contributing to decision-making regarding the control and prevention of the disease.

The detection of insecticide resistance in cockroaches is mostly done by a traditional biological test. However, recent studies have indicated that changes in a range of biochemical indicators and resistance genes are highly associated with the occurrence of such resistance, suggesting the possibility of timely, rapid and accurate detection of this occurrence by identifying the changes by biochemical and molecular biological means. Advances in such techniques are summarized in this article.

Objective　The study was conducted to determine the effects of frozen storage of Lucilia sericata pupae on the prolificacy of Nasonia vitripennis. Methods　The length of growth stages, sizes of descendants, life span of the females, parasitic and  reproductive  ability  of  descendants  of  N. vitripennis  within  L. sericata  pupae  were  documented. Results　Two  groups of N. vitripennis in L. sericata pupae, frozen at -20 ℃ and -70 ℃, respectively, demonstrated a growth period of approximately 13 days, the body length of female descendants about 1.8 mm and males about 1.2 mm, the life span of female descendants about 11 days, suggesting  no  significant  differences  when  compared  to  the  control  group (P＞0.05).  A  total  of  83% to 90% eclosed N. vitripennis could successfully parasitize natural L. sericata pupae, and 73% to 80% emerged, about 37 from each pupa, with the female to male ratio of about 90%, suggesting no significant differences when compared to the control group (P＞0.05). Conclusion　Frozen storage of L. sericata pupae had no effects on the development and prolificacy of N. vitripennis descendants.

【Abstract】　Objective　To screen resistance?related gene from the susceptible strains and field resistant strains of Blattella germanica by comparing their gene expression products. Methods　Based on the known B.germanica sequence information released by NCBI database, the oligonucleotide probes were designed and synthesized. The oligonucleotide microarray was employed to analyze the expression profile of susceptible and resistant strains and differential expression genes associated with resistance were screened out. The results were confirmed by real time RT?PCR. Results　Five differential expression genes were screened out, including three of up?regulated genes (fold change≥2) such as CYP6K1,  alpha?amylase mRNA and aspartic protease precursor and two of  down?regulated  genes (fold change≤0.5) like allergen Bla g 6.0101 mRNA and allergen Bla g 8 mRNA. Conclusion　It is possible to screen out differential expression gene by self?made gene chip, and CYP6K1 is perhaps closely related to resistance.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To know about West Nile virus （WNV） in mosquitoes during 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and prevent and control West Nile fever. Methods　Mosquitoes were collected by  CO2  lamp  trapping  method.  Two  methods, ADAPCO’s Ramp System and MAS’s VecTest Kits, were used to detect WNV in mosquitoes. Results　Compared with 2006 and 2007, the density of main vectors decreased significantly in 2008. Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant specie of mosquito, which constituted ratio reached 96.94% in Beijing Olympic venues. There were 22 275 mosquitoes captured in Beijing Olympic venues that all were negative by detection. Conclusion　Mosquitoes were controlled effectively in 2008 Olympic Games. No WNV?positive mosquitoes were detected.

Objective:To compare the residual effect of 25% COOPEX and 10% FENDONA.Methods:Force contacting method.Results:The long-lasting efficacy of 25%COOPEX and 10%FENDONA against Blattella germanica was observed for 12 weeks on the glasses,the death rate was 80%-100%;For the painted wood,the death rate was 60%-100%;For the cement,the death rate was 66%-100%.Conclusion:The long-lasting efficacy of 10%FENDONA was better than that of the 25%COOPEX.

The paper reported the effect of 0.8% Racumin liquid against rats.The effect determination came from the laboratory and the field tests.The results for laboratory showed all of the mouse was killed by drinking Racumin liquid in 8 days,and the death peak period was 3～5 days.The other determination showed the death peak period was 4～6 days by drinking Racumin and water.The lowest death drinking amounts of the mouse was 2.6mg of Racumin.In the field tests with the Racumin liquid,the death rate was 94.99% for the Rattus norvegicus.The correct death rate was 95.32%.It is obvious that the Racumin liquid is safe and convenient to use and a good efficacy would be obtained.

The paper reprots the technology and measures which eliminates rats in special enviroment as hotel. Cute and chronic rodenticides was used at the same time;Surplus baiting was adopted at a time; All of the place were treated and enough baits were droped in the hotel. We paid attention to environment control, and so on. The elimination rates reached 98.73% and 97.56% in the two hotel.