Objective To analyze the theoretical knowledge, on-site disposal, and comprehensive analysis capacity for vector control in professional technicians in Zhejiang disease control and prevention (disease control) institutions, China, and to provide a decision-making basis for strengthening the capacity building of teams in disease control institutions.Methods Based on the first Zhejiang vocational skill competition for vector control in 2019, the knowledge of vector control, average score, and loss of points in individual item in 36 contestants from eleven municipal and one provincial disease control institutions were evaluated, and the differences in scores in different regions, different competition subjects, different knowledge categories, theoretical knowledge, and on-site operation were analyzed. SPSS 25.0 was used for difference comparison and variance analysis.Results The results were converted and standardized according to 100 points. The average score of 12 teams was 75.01 (68.13-88.77) points. The analysis of five different subjects of theory test, knowledge quiz, specimen identification, monitoring technique, and device operation showed significant differences in the scores between the theory test and the other four subjects and between the knowledge quiz and the other four subjects (all P<0.05). There were significant differences in individual scores between the contestants with different job types (full-time and part-time) and between those from institutions with different structures and personnel allocations (F=11.897, P=0.002; F=14.737, P=0.001; F=10.627, P=0.003). The analysis of theory test and knowledge quiz according to different knowledge categories showed significant differences in the scores between drug and device use and the other three knowledge categories, and between comprehensive analysis and the other three knowledge categories in the theory test (all P<0.05); for the knowledge quiz, there were significant differences in the scores between the basic knowledge and monitoring evaluation, between the basic knowledge and disposal technique, between species identification and monitoring evaluation, between species identification and disposal technique, between monitoring evaluation and drug and device use, and between drug and device use and disposal technique (all P<0.05). The species identification showed that there were significant differences in the scores between mosquito feature description and the other three key assessment points, and between cockroach or fly feature description and the other three key assessment points (all P<0.05). There were significant differences in the scores between rodent monitoring records and the other key assessment points, and between fly monitoring records and the other key assessment points (all P<0.05). In the device operation subject, significant differences were observed in the scores between drug liquid preparation and personal protection, between drug liquid preparation and post-treatment, and between actual operation and post-treatment (all P<0.05).Conclusions The competition shows that the professional technicians from Zhejiang province’s disease control institutions are generally at a high level. However, there are still insufficient knowledge coverage of the contestants, certain differences in the mastery degree between regions. The vector control teams construction are weakened in the disease control institutions. There are shortcomings and weaknesses in some knowledge categories, especially species identification, basic knowledge, and drug and device use. It suggests that it is necessary to strengthen the systematic training of professionals, highlight basic knowledge and skills training such as on-site operation, and strengthen the construction of internal teams and personnel allocation, so as to improve the overall level of vector prevention and control in Zhejiang province.

Mosquito-borne diseases are still relatively common in China, and effective monitoring and early warning is an important part of the response to the epidemic. At present, the early warning means of infectious diseases show a trend of diversification and development to big data. In order to promote the multi-stage multi-point early warning research of mosquito-borne infectious diseases, this paper divides the early warning into three stages according to the occurrence and development process of infectious disease epidemic and reviews the early warning at different stages of mosquito-borne infectious diseases in China and abroad, providing a reference for the prevention and control research and practice of mosquito-borne infectious diseases.

Objective To investigate the density of rodents,the species composition of rodents,and the infection status of the four pathogenic pathogens,Leptospira,Rickettsia mooseri,Hantavirus,and Novel bunyavinus in domestic rodents in Shapingba district of Chongqing,China,and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of rodent-borne diseases.Methods From March to May of 2021,10 towns and streets were selected as investigation sites from the eastern,central,and western areas of Shapingba district.The cage trap method was used to capture rodents,and tissue samples of the liver,lung,spleen,kidney,etc,were collected.The magnetic bead method was used to extract nucleic acid,and real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the above 4 pathogens.Excel 2016 and SPSS 21.0 softwares were used for data compilation and statistical analysis;the Chi-square test was used for comparison of rodent density and rodent species composition across different areas,as well as rodent density across different habitats;the Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of rodent species composition across different habitats and the positive rate of pathogens across different areas and habitats.Results A total of 200 domestic rodents were captured in Shapingba district,with a rodent density of 20.77%,and there was no significant difference in rodent density across different areas (χ²=2.051,P=0.359).Farmers'market had the highest rodent density of 24.62%,while urban residential area had the lowest rodent density of 14.96%,and there was a significant difference in rodent density across different habitats (χ²=8.584,P=0.035).The main species of rodents were Rattus norvegicus,R.tanezumi,and Mus musculus,among which R.norvegicus accounted for 89.50% and was the dominant species in Shapingba district,and there was no significant difference in the species composition of rodents across different areas (χ²=4.505,P=0.342).R.norvegicus and M.musculus were the dominant species in urban residential areas,while only R.norvegicus was captured in restaurants,and all three species were distributed in rural residential areas and farmers'markets;there was a significant difference in species composition across different habitats (P=0.001).Among the four rodent-borne pathogens,only Leptospira was detected,with a positive rate of 4.00%.The western area showed the highest positive rate of Leptospira(5.36%),and there was no significant difference in the positive rate of Leptospira across different areas (P=0.729).Rural residential areas had the highest positive rate of Leptospira(6.35%),while farmers'market had the lowest positive rate (2.04%),and there was no significant difference in the positive rate of Leptospira across different habitats (P=0.730).There was no significant difference in the positive rate of Leptospira across different rodent species (P=0.200),but R.norvegicus had the highest numbers of total catch (179) and most rodents with positive Leptospira(6).Conclusion The density of domestic rodents in Shapingba district is high.The rodent species include R.norvegicus,R.tanezumi, and M.musculus.R.norvegicus is the dominant species.Leptospira is the only pathogen detected in the rodents in Shapingba district in this investigation,and the ecological and pathogenic surveillance of rodents should be further strengthened,with a focus on the prevention and control of R. norvegicus,so as to reduce the risk of rodent-borne diseases.

Objective To master the basic theoretical knowledge, on-site disposal, and comprehensive analysis capabilities of practitioners in vector control services in Zhejiang province, China, and to provide a decision-making basis for improving training strategies. Methods Based on a vector control skills competition organized by the Zhejiang Provincial Association for Elimination of the Four Pests with the participation of 45 technicians from 15 AAA-level members of the association, the contestants' mastery of control knowledge was analyzed, and differences in scores between different question types, regions, vector species, and knowledge categories were analyzed. SPSS 17.0 software was used for difference comparison and variance analysis. Results After standardized by a 100-point conversion, the average score of all contestants was 51.15 points, with the highest score of 72.00 points and the lowest score of 27.83 points. According to three different rounds of discriminatory judgment questions, field practical questions, and comprehensive analysis questions, the scores in the first round showed significant differences from those in the second round (F=9.789, P=0.003) and in the third round (F=11.768, P=0.001). There were no significant differences in scores between different regions (F=0.310, P=0.735). In the analysis of vector species, the scoring rates in the knowledge about rodents, mosquitoes, multiple vectors, and cockroaches decreased in turn. Except for mosquitoes and rats, cockroaches and multiple vectors, there were statistically significant differences between the scores of other vectors (all P<0.5). In the analysis of 7 knowledge categories, the contestants' mastery of basic knowledge and organizational management knowledge was significantly higher than that of 5 other knowledge categories such as insect species identification and on-site disposal (all P<0.5). Conclusion Practitioners in vector control services in Zhejiang province have overall low professional skills, insufficient coverage of knowledge categories, uneven mastery level, and weak spots in some knowledge categories, especially the identification of insect species, on-site disposal, and monitoring and evaluation. It is necessary to do a good job in training the basic knowledge of practitioners in a targeted manner, and to highlight the training of skills such as on-site practical operation and comprehensive analysis.

Objective To investigate differentially expressed miRNAs between male and female Aedes albopictus and their target mRNAs,explore miRNA-mRNA regulatory relationship in male and female Ae. albopictus,and predict the potential function of key genes, and to provide evidence for clarifying the regulatory mechanisms of sex differentiation of Ae. albopictus. Methods Through small RNA library construction and mRNA sequencing analysis,differentially expressed miRNAs and mRNAs between female and male Ae. albopictus were identified. Bioinformatic tools were used to predict the target mRNAs of the differentially expressed miRNAs. The miRNA-mRNA interaction networks were constructed using the overlapping results between the predicted target mRNAs and the sex differentially expressed mRNAs. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed on the target mRNAs of miRNAs to predict the possible functions of miRNAs. Results A total of 74 sex differentially expressed miRNAs were screened out,including 8 sex-specific miRNAs. A total of 470 female-specific miRNA-mRNA pairs (down-regulated miRNAs,up-regulated mRNAs) and 481 male-specific miRNA-mRNA pairs (up-regulated miRNAs,down-regulated mRNAs) were acquired. The interaction network and functional enrichment analyses determined 4 mRNAs associated with the sex differentiation and reproduction of Ae. albopictus and 17 miRNAs that directly regulated these mRNAs. Conclusion We constructed sex differentially expressed miRNA-mRNA interaction networks of Ae. albopictus,and acquired 17 miRNAs and 4 mRNAs that were related to sex differentiation, laying the foundation for further research on the role of miRNAs in regulating the sex differentiation of Ae. albopictus.