20 February 2025, Volume 36 Issue 1
    

  • Select all
    |
  • Opportunities favor the prepared mind: The founding of the Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control
    WANG Cheng-xin
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 1-3.
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    • Experimental Study
  • Isolation and identification of Aedes albopictus Densovirus （Brevihamaparvovirus） in Shunyi District, Beijing, China
    XU Xiu-yan, YAN Ting, LI Jing, ZHU Si-jie, ZHANG Hong-jiang, ZHOU Xiao-jie, TONG Ying, ZHANG Yong
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 4-10. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.002
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To isolate and identify viruses in Aedes albopictus specimens from Shunyi District, Beijing, China in 2021. Methods The virus was isolated by parallel inoculation of Syrian hamster kidney cell line BHK-21 and Ae. albopictus C6/36 cells with mosquito grinding liquid, and molecular biological identification was carried out for the virus isolates. Results A virus isolate (AalDV-8) was isolated from Ae. albopictus specimens collected from the field in Shunyi District, Beijing in 2021, which could cause C6/36 cell lesion. The nucleotide sequence analysis of the virus genome coding region showed that AalDV-8 virus was a single-stranded DNA virus with a total length of 3 335 nt, encoding 2 non-structural proteins (NS1 and NS2) and 1 capsid protein (VP). The nucleotide (amino acid) sequence lengths of the three proteins were 2 376 nt (791 aa), 1 092 nt (363 aa), and 1 071 nt (356 aa), respectively. The phylogenetic analysis showed that AalDV-8 virus belonged to Brevihamaparvovirus group and was closely related to AalDV-7 virus isolated from Ae. albopictus in Guangzhou, China. Conclusion This is the first time to isolate Brevihamaparvovirus from the field Ae. albopictus collected from in Beijing.
  • Effectiveness and cost analysis of integrated cockroach control： A case study in a catering service environment
    ZHOU Xiao-jie, LI Jing, ZHANG Man, HU Guo-dong, BAI Yun-bo, LIU Yu-lei, ZHANG Yong
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 11-17. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.003
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To analyze the effect of integrated cockroach control and the cost of each component in a catering service environment, so as to provide a reference for cockroach control strategy and cost control. Methods In a catering service environment (86.5 m2, including kitchen and dining room), integrated pest management (IPM) in combination with insecticide resistance assessment (glass bottle method), density surveillance (sticky trapping method), environmental management, physical control, chemical control, and health education were used. Then the cockroach density changes were continuously monitored and the cost of each component (labor, insecticides, consumables, equipment, etc.) was recorded. Excel 2021 software was used for data analysis and description. Results Under four spray-type insecticides treatments, all the mortality rates of Blattella germanica exceeded 90.00%. This control process lasted 4 weeks, including 6 times of density surveillance and 4 times of integrated control. The density was 43.50 cockroaches/night·trap before control. The control was conducted once a week. The density declined to 6.50, 3.50, and 0.50 cockroaches/night·trap at weeks 1-3, respectively. Then the density declined to zero at week 4 and remained at zero in the following five months. The costs of this control totaled 1 723.22 yuan (equivalent to 19.92 yuan/m2). The labor cost was the highest, amounting to 1 470.00 yuan and accounting for 85.31% of the total cost. The labor cost during the first integrated control, which included comprehensive environmental management, accounted for 64.29% of the total labor cost. Chemical control insecticides cost ranked second, which accounted for 6.59% of the total cost. Conclusions For cockroach control in the catering service environment, especially with a high cockroach density, IPM strategy based on environmental management can achieve rapid and long-lasting cockroach control. Despite the high labor cost in the early stage, the cost in the later stage will decrease to a level similar to that of chemical control alone. This is an environmentally friendly and sustainable control strategy.
  • A study of the effectiveness of chemical attractants and carbon dioxide in attracting and trapping mosquitos in the field
    DENG Hui, DUAN Jin-hua, LU Rui-peng, CHENG Zong-jing, CHENG Ming-ji, HU Sheng-jun, SHEN Xiu-ting, ZHONG Yu-wen
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 18-21. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.004
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To compare the effectiveness of three chemical attractants (A, B, and C) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as well as their combinations in attracting and trapping common mosquitos by conducting experiments in large residential areas, so as to provide a scientific basis for the application of chemical attractants and CO2 in mosquito surveillance and control. Methods Mosquito attracting and trapping experiments were conducted in the field using three attractants over 10 consecutive days. The mosquito attracting and trapping abilities were analyzed for each day. Experiments with the attractants and combination of the attractants and 150 ml/min flow CO2 were conducted using Latin square design and cross-over method. Analysis of variance and rank sum test were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the attractants and CO2 in mosquito attracting and trapping, as well as the impact of CO2 on the species and sex of mosquitos attracted and trapped. Results The average numbers of mosquitos attracted and trapped by attractants A, B, and C over 10 consecutive days were 220.00, 203.67, and 16.67, respectively, with the maximum number being 46, 49, and 5 per day, respectively. Attractant A, double attractant A, and attractant A combined with 150 ml/min flow CO2 attracted and trapped 358, 784, and 1 268 mosquitos, respectively, with significant differences in any two of the three groups (all P<0.05). Attractants A and B combined with 150 ml/min flow CO2 respectively enhanced the effectiveness of attracting mosquitos, with significant differences observed in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus (all P<0.001) and between the female and male mosquitoes ofthem(all P<0.001). Conclusions Chemical attractants have a certain lasting effect in trapping mosquitos in the field. The combination of attractants with CO2 can enhance the trapping effect more significantly than increasing the portion of attractants, making them applicable in mosquito surveillance and control.
  • Resistance of Aedes albopictus to three pyrethroid insecticides and the distribution of their knockdown resistance genotypes in Liaoning Province, China
    WANG Chun-yu, ZHAO Chun-chun, XING Jun, LI Hua-feng, DING Jun
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.005
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the resistance level of Aedes albopictus to three pyrethroid insecticides and the distribution of their knockdown resistance genotypes in Liaoning Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of Ae. albopictus and the standardized use of insecticides in the region. Methods From July to August 2023, adult mosquitoes and larvae were collected from breeding sites of Ae. albopictus in Dalian and Yingkou in Liaoning Province. After mosquitoes were identified by morphology as Ae. albopictus, their resistance to three pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin) was determined by the adult mosquito WHO tube assay. The genomic DNAs of single mosquito were extracted, and the partial fragment of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Descriptive statistical analysis method was used for the analysis of knockdown resistance genes mutations in Ae. albopictus after sequencing. Results Adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in Dalian had have possible resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin. Adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in Yingkou area had developed resistance to permethrin, deltamethrin, and beta-cypermethrin. A total of 110 Ae. albopictus from two field populations were detected, and 220 gene sequences were obtained, with the length of about 400 bp. Mutations were detected at 1016, 1532, and 1534 loci of Ae. albopictus. At the 1016 locus, there were two alleles, namely wild-type GTA/V (82.73%) and mutant GGA/G (17.27%); there were three genotypes, namely wild-type homozygote V/V (68.18%), wild-type/mutant heterozygote V/G (29.09%), and mutant homozygote G/G (2.73%). At the 1532 locus, there were two alleles, namely wild-type ATC/I (86.82%) and mutant ACC/T (13.18%); there were three genotypes, namely wild-type homozygote I/I (76.36%), wild-type/mutant heterozygote I/T (20.91%), and mutant homozygote T/T (2.73%). At the 1534 locus, there were four alleles, namely wild-type TTC/F (50.46%), mutant TCC/S (23.64%), mutant TGC/C (15.45%), and mutant CTC/L (10.45%); there were eight genotypes, namely wild-type homozygote F/F (24.55%), wild-type/mutant heterozygotes F/S (24.55%), F/C (11.82%), and F/L (15.45%), mutant homozygotes S/S (9.09%) , C/C (7.27%), and L/L (2.73%), and mutant heterozygote S/C (4.54%). Conclusions Adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in Dalian of Liaoning Province have possible resistance to the three pyrethroid insecticides, and adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes in Yingkou are resistant to the three pyrethroid insecticides. The knockdown resistance gene of Ae. albopictus is mutated in Dalian and Yingkou areas, with a high mutation rate and complex and diverse mutations at the 1534 locus. Sustained attention should be paid to the resistance level of Ae. albopictus and reduce the use of pyrethroid insecticides, so as to delay the emergence and development of insecticide resistance.
    • Vector Surveillance
  • Differential analysis of mosquito species composition and density fluctuation in Zhejiang Province, China, 2021
    ZHANG Wen-rong, LIU Qin-mei, NI Jing, WANG Jin-na, LI Tian-qi, LUO Ming-yu, SUN Ji-min, GONG Zhen-yu
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 28-33. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.006
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the differences in mosquito species composition and density fluctuation between different terrains and habitats in Zhejiang Province, China from April to November 2021, so as to provide a scientific reference for mosquito control and mosquito-borne disease prevention. Methods From April to November 2021, five types of habitats were selected in counties/cities/districts of Zhejiang Province, including residential areas, parks, hospitals, rural households, and livestock sheds, and mosquitoes were monitored once at the beginning of each month using the light trap method. Excel 2021 software was used to summarize the mosquito population and density data, and SPSS 15.0 software was used for statistical analysis. A descriptive analysis was employed to investigate the difference in mosquito density fluctuation. The Chi-square test was used for the difference in mosquito species composition between different terrains and between habitats. The rank-sum test was used for the difference in mosquito density. Results In 2021, 103 669 female adult mosquitoes were captured in Zhejiang Province, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant mosquito species, accounting for 53.40%. There was a significant difference in the species composition of mosquito between different terrains (χ2=40 563.669, P<0.001) and between habitats (χ2=60 457.931, P<0.001). Apart from Aedes albopictus, other species of mosquitoes were numerous in livestock sheds. The mosquito density was 8.48 mosquitoes/light·night in Zhejiang Province in 2021, and the mosquito density fluctuation curve showed a single-peak from April to November, reaching a peak in June, which was 25.48 mosquitoes/light·night. Conclusions There exist significant differences in mosquito species composition and density fluctuation trend between different terrains and between habitats in Zhejiang Province. Counties/cities/districts in Zhejiang Province should develop different mosquito surveillance programs and preventive and control measures based on the distribution and density fluctuation of mosquito populations in their respective region.
  • Insecticide resistance tendency of Musca domestica in Haikou, Hainan Province, China, 2016-2023
    YANG Xin-yan, LI Hui-hui, LIN Yi, ZHONG Wen-bing, CAI Fang, LIN Chun-yan
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 34-38. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.007
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objectives To investigate the resistance tendency of Musca domestica to several commonly used hygienic insecticides in Haikou, Hainan Province, China, so as to provide a basis for the scientific use and standardized guidance of hygienic insecticides use. Methods M. domestica were collected in four habitats of farmers' market, external environment of restaurants, park and public green belt, and urban residential area in Haikou. The topical application method was used to determine the resistance levels of M. domestica to five commonly used hygienic insecticides in pyrethroids, organophosphates, and carbamates. A Probit regresion analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 software to calculate the median lethal dose (LD50), regression equation, 95% confidence interval, and resistance ratio. Results In 2017, 2019, and 2023, the LD50 values of malathion for field M. domestica populations were 0.064 2, 0.077 4, and 0.159 0 μg/inds, and the resistance ratios were 12.84, 15.48, and 31.80, respectively, showing an increasing trend in the resistance level year by year; the LD50 values of propoxur were 0.386 0, 0.389 1, and 0.454 8 μg/inds, and the resistance ratios were 1.30, 1.31, and 1.53, respectively, showing that the resistance level continued to remain sensitive. In 2016, 2017, 2019, and 2023, the LD50 values of beta-cypermethrin for M. domestica were 0.003 7, 0.037 7, 0.042 9, and 0.054 6 μg/inds, and the resistance ratios were 1.00, 10.21, 11.62, and 14.79, respectively; the LD50 values of permethrin were 0.020 0, 0.104 6, 0.129 7, and 0.147 0 μg/inds, and the resistance ratios were 2.80, 14.63, 18.13, and 20.55, respectively. The resistance levels to beta-cypermethrin and permethrin showed an increasing trend year by year; the LD50 values of deltamethrin were 0.004 1, 0.021 7, 0.021 3, and 0.011 5 μg/inds, and the resistance ratios were 1.79, 9.70, 9.53, and 5.14, respectively, showing a trend of first rising and then falling. Conclusions From 2016 to 2023, M. domestica in Haikou developed different resistance tendency to four hygienic insecticides including malathion, beta-cypermethrim, permethrin and deltamethrin, except propoxur to which the resistance level remained sensitive. Appropriate hygienic insecticides should be selected according to the resistance of M. domestica in the control process.
  • Monitoring results of vectors and related pathogens in Jianglang Mountain scenic area, Jiangshan, Zhejiang Province, China, 2019-2021
    LI Bing, WANG Ping, ZHAO Yi, MAO Ji-lai, SUN Ji-min, CAO Guo-ping
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 39-43. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.008
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the main species, density, and seasonal variation of vectors in Jianglang Mountain scenic area, Jiangshan, Zhejiang Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for vector control in mountain and river scenic areas. Methods According to the Zhejiang Province Vector Monitoring Work Plan, small mammal, mosquito, and tick surveillance were carried out in Jianglang Mountain scenic area, Jiangshan from 2019 to 2021. Small mammal surveillance was conducted using the night trapping method, adult mosquito surveillance using the mosquito trap lamp method, mosquito larva surveillance using the Breteau index (BI) method, and tick surveillance using the tick inspection on the body surface of animals and the drag-flag method. The descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the species composition, density, and variation trend of vectors in different environments. Results The small mammal density in Jianglang Mountain scenic area in Jiangshan from 2019 to 2021 was 5.76%, with the dominant species being Apodemus agrarius, accounting for 48.10%. A total of 171 small mammal lung specimens were collected for Hantavirus antigen detection, with a positive rate of 2.34% (4/171); 171 small mammal blood samples were collected for Hantavirus antibody detection, with a positive rate of 2.92% (5/171). The dominant species of mosquitoes were Culex pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus, accounting for 73.45%, followed by Aedes albopictus, Armigeres subalbatus, and Anopheles sinensis. The mean BI value from 2019 to 2021 was 17.83. No tick was captured. Conclusions The dominant species of small mammals in Jianglang Mountain scenic area is A. agrarius, and the dominant species of mosquitoes is Cx. pipiens pallens/quinquefasciatus. Comprehensive prevention and control measures should be taken to control the breeding of vectors and the spread of related infectious diseases.
  • Analysis of surveillance results of the dengue vector Aedes albopictus in Huangpu District, Guangzhou, China, 2019-2023
    DU Chun-sheng, GU Ling-man, LONG Jun-biao, LIAO Jian-zheng
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 44-48. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.009
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the density changes and seasonal fluctuations of Aedes albopictus in Huangpu District, Guangzhou, China, and evaluate the risk of dengue fever transmission, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of the dengue vector. Methods The surveillance data on the density of Ae. albopictus between 2019 and 2023 were collected from 17 subdistricts/townships in Huangpu District. The data were sorted and analyzed for changes in indices such as Breteau index (BI), standard space index (SSI), mosquito ovitrap index (MOI), and adult mosquito density index (ADI). Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the data and determine the risk levels of mosquito vector density based on larval mosquito indices (BI or SSI) and adult mosquito densities (MOI or ADI). Chi-square tests were used for comparing the rates. Results From 2019 to 2023, BI, SSI, MOI, and ADI in Huangpu District were 2.91-5.58, 0.64-1.41, 4.18-7.52, and 2.63-5.15 mosquito/person·h, respectively. The population density of Ae. albopictus was at a relatively low level from November of one year to March of the following year and showed a rapid upward trend starting in April; it remained at a peak plateau from May to September and gradually decreased after October. The proportion of subdistricts/townships grade 0 risk was highest in January and February, and the proportion of grades 1, 2, and 3 risks peaked from April to October. From 2019 to 2022, the proportion of subdistricts/townships grades 2 and 3 risks at the mosquito vector density surveillance sites showed a decreasing trend year by year, while it significantly increased in 2023. Conclusions The inspection and cleaning of mosquito breeding sites should begin earlier than April. The mosquito vector density peaks from May to September, posing a high risk of dengue fever transmission. It is necessary to raise public awareness of mosquito prevention, conduct timely mosquito control, and prevent the development and spread of dengue fever.
  • Analysis of surveillance results of Culex tritaeniorhynchus density in Yingkou, Liaoning Province, China, 2021-2023
    LIU Zi-wei, LI Hua-feng
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 49-51. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.010
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the species composition and seasonal variations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Yingkou, Liaoning Province, China, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis. Methods From May to October during 2021 to 2023, mosquito density was monitored using the light trapping method in five habitats, including residential areas, parks, hospitals, rural households, and livestock sheds. Excel 2010 and SPSS 22.0 softwares were used to perform analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis H tests on data from different years and habitats. Levene's test was used to assess the homogeneity of data. Results From 2021 to 2023, the mean constituent ratio of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was 9.45%, increasing from 0.01% to 26.12%. Additionally, the density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus increased annually, specifically, from 0.02 to 44.25 mosquitoes/light·night. The density peak occurred from August to September. From 2021 to 2023, there were significant differences in the seasonal variation of mosquito density between different years (H=13.374, P=0.001). In 2023, there were significant differences in mosquito density between different habitats (H=31.628, P<0.001). Conclusions In the prevention and control of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Yingkou, attention should be paid to livestock sheds as key habitats, particularly during August and September. Prevention and control of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus is essential to reduce the outbreak and spread of Japanese encephalitis.
    • Vector-borne Disease
  • Epidemiological characteristics and spatial-temporal clustering analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, 2014-2023
    QIAN Fa-bao, WANG An-wei, WU Xue-lin, LI Qin, HU Qiu-ling, JIANG Su-hong, GAO Li-fen, YUAN Jia-yi, HU Hai-mei
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 52-59. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.011
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To explore the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of reported hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) cases in Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture (Chuxiong Prefecture), Yunnan Province, China, 2014-2023, so as to provide scientific evidence for precise prevention and control. Methods The HFRS data, including both clinically diagnosed and laboratory-confirmed cases, were collected from the China Disease Prevention and Control Information System. Global and local spatial autocorrelation analyses were conducted using Geoda 1.22 software, spatiotemporal scan statistics was performed using SaTScan 10.12 software, and a seasonal autorgressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model was established using R 4.3.2 software for incidence prediction. The reported incidence rates were calculated and the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics were analyzed at the township level. Results A total of 1 106 HFRS cases and 2 deaths were reported in Chuxiong Prefecture during 2014-2023, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 4.19/100 000. The reported incidence showed a significant increase (Z=2.683, τ=0.689, P=0.007) and marked seasonality, with the primary peak in April and secondary peak in June. Males (male-to-female ratio 2.31:1) and farmers (74.05%) accounted for the majority of cases, with the proportion of cases in the ≥60 age group showing a yearly increase (Z=3.041, τ=0.778, P<0.002). Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed significant spatial clustering during 2014-2023, with hotspots shifting from the central area (2014-2016) to the northwestern area (post-2020) of Chuxiong Prefecture. Spatiotemporal scan statistics identified a pattern of narrowing spatial range and increasing clustering intensity. Three clusters involving 31 townships were identified during 2014-2018, while two clusters involving 13 townships were identified during 2019-2023, centered in the Dongchuan Township of Yao'an County (log-likelihood ratio=476.245, P<0.001, relative risk=19.51) and the Ziwu Township of Chuxiong City (log-likelihood ratio=19.739, P<0.001, relative risk=3.25), respectively. The SARIMA(1,0,0)(0,1,2)12 model predicted that the HFRS epidemic would remain at a relatively high level in 2024. Conclusions The HFRS epidemic in Chuxiong Prefecture shows an increasing trend with significant spatiotemporal clustering. Comprehensive prevention and control measures should be implemented in key areas.
  • Epidemiological characteristics and laboratory diagnosis of imported non-falciparum malaria in Hubei Province, China, 2019-2023
    YI Jia, LIN Wen, DONG Xiao-rong, WU Dong-ni, TU Zhen, SUN Ling-cong, ZHU Hong, ZHANG Cong
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 60-65. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.012
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and laboratory diagnosis of imported non-falciparum malaria in Hubei Province, China, from 2019 to 2023, so as to provide a scientific basis for enhancing the capabilities to diagnose, prevent, and control non-falciparum malaria. Methods Data on non-falciparum malaria cases reported in Hubei Province from 2019 to 2023 were collected from the Infectious Disease Report Information Management System of China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Rates or proportions were compared using the Chi-square test. Results A total of 112 imported non-falciparum malaria cases were reported in Hubei Province from 2019 to 2023, accounting for 30.35% (112/369) of imported malaria cases of Hubei Province. Specifically, there were 48 cases (42.86%) of Plasmodium vivax, 47 cases (41.96%) of P. ovale, 17 cases (15.18%) of P. malariae, and no cases of mixed infection. Median age of cases was 42.5 and males accounted for 97.32% of the imported cases. The majority of cases were migrant workers, accounting for 92.86%. Non-falciparum malaria was imported every month, with no seasonal fluctuation in onset time. Most cases were reported in Wuhan (29 cases), Huangshi (20 cases), Yichang (20 cases), and Shiyan (11 cases). Notably, 90.18% (101/112) of non-falciparum malaria cases were imported from 21 African countries, mainly Ethiopia (32 cases), the Democratic Republic of the Congo (21 cases), and Uganda (9 cases). There were significant differences in constituent ratio of the three types of non-falciparum malaria cases between African and other continents (χ2=15.442, P<0.001). Most cases (51/112, 45.53%) were initially diagnosed at the medical institutions in prefecture-level cities, and 56.25% of the cases saw a doctor within 24 hours after disease onset. The diagnosis rate at the initial visit was 67.86% (76/112) for the overall cases and 88.24% (45/51) for the medical institutions in prefecture-level cities, demonstrating a significant difference between medical institutions (χ2=27.981, P<0.001). Additionally, 60.72% (68/112) of the cases were diagnosed within 24 hours, and 19.64% (22/112) of the cases had a time span of ≥4 days from the initial visit to confirmed diagnosis. Most cases (96.43%, 108/112) were diagnosed at medical institutions. The coincidence rates in the identification of P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae among medical institutions were 93.75%, 57.45%, and 64.71%, respectively, with a significant difference (χ2=18.809, P<0.001). Conclusions Non-falciparum malaria cases were reported every year in Hubei Province from 2019 to 2023, with most cases imported from Africa. The ability to identify and type Plasmodium species needs improvement. In the future, the differentiation and diagnosis of imported non-falciparum malaria should be strengthened, especially for the species typing of P. ovale and P. malariae.
  • Meta-analysis of epidemiological characteristics of plague cases in high altitude areas
    FU Bang, LIANG Ying, FANG Xin-yue, YUE Yu-juan, REN Dong-sheng, SONG Xiuping, LU Liang, LIU Xiao-bo, LIU Qi-yong
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 66-75. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.013
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective The epidemiological characteristics of plague cases in high altitude areas were evaluated by meta-analysis, so as to provide a reference for plague prevention and control. Methods Use the Chinese and English key words such as altitude, altitudes, highland, plateau, tableland, plateaus, high altitude, altiplano, mountain, high plateau, elevation, height, plague, Yersinia pestis infection, black death, black plague, pneumonic plague, pulmonic plague, bubonic plague, septicemic plague, inguinal plague and meningeal plague to systematically search Web of Science, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang Data Service platform, VIP Chinese scientific journals and other databases. The time range of the search is from the establishment of the database to March 14, 2024. Excel 2019 was used to extract literature data, and R 4.3.3 software was used for meta analysis. Results Finally, 72 literatures were included, all of which were descriptive studies. Heterogeneity test found that there was heterogeneity in the included studies (I2>90.00%, P<0.01), so random-effects model was used to merge the studies, and the combined annual reported incidence of plague was 0.08/100 000 people [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.06/100 000-0.11/100 000]. Sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable, and Egger test and Begg test showed all P<0.05, indicating possible publication bias in included studies. Subgroup analysis of regional distribution showed that the average annual reported incidence of plague was 0.17/100 000 (95%CI: 0.11/100 000-0.23/100 000) in high altitude areas of Tibet, 0.08/100 000 (95%CI: 0.05/100 000-0.11/100 000) in the high altitude area of Qinghai Province, 0.01/100 000 (95%CI: 0.00/100 000-0.02/100 000) in the high altitude area of Gansu Province, 0.33/100 000 (95%CI: 0.20/100 000-0.48/100 000) in high altitude areas of Mongolia, and 0.02/100 000 (95%CI: 0.01/100 000 to 0.04/100 000) in high altitude areas of Peru. The analysis of disease subgroups showed that the proportion of cases with glandular type of plague was 27.26%, lung type was 43.91%, rancidity type was 5.32%, and other types of cases accounted for 10.88%. Conclusions This study synthesizes 72 descriptive studies and reveals significant regional differences in plague incidence at high altitude areas. The analysis showed that Mongolia had the highest incidence at high altitudes, while Peru had the lowest. In addition, pneumonic plague accounts for the highest proportion of cases. The findings highlight the endemic characteristics of different regions and types of plague and suggest that these differences be taken into account when developing public health strategies.
  • Analysis of infection status and epidemic characteristics of Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in domestic animals in Tiantai County, Zhejiang Province, China
    HU Hai-yan, CHEN Xi-kai, GE Jun-hua, SUN Ji-min, PANG Tian-lan, CHEN Ding-ling, WANG Lu-wei, CHEN Yu-sheng
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 76-80. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.014
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the infection status and epidemic characteristics of Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus (SFTSV) in different domestic animals in Tiantai County, Zhejiang Province, China, so as to provide basis for SFTS prevention and control. Methods Serum samples were collected from pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, ducks, and geese for double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of total SFTSV antibody. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to analyze the associations of SFTSV infection with the factors. Results In 2023, a total of 2 439 serum samples were collected from the six animal species, and the total positive rate was 17.51% (427/2 439). The infection rates of SFTSV in cattle, pigs, sheep, ducks, geese, and chickens were 35.05% (190/542), 25.34% (74/292), 16.80% (145/863), 4.17% (2/48), 3.33% (1/30), and 2.26% (15/664), respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that the positive rate of total SFTSV antibody in domestic animals in areas with more than 10 cases (37.26%) was higher than those in areas with 1-10 cases (13.29%) and 0 cases (9.56%), the positive rate of SFTSV antibody in mountain area (30.57%) was higher than those in towns (14.33%) and subdistricts (10.70%), and the positive rate of SFTSV antibody was higher in cattle (35.05%) than in sheep (16.80%) and in chickens (2.26%)(all P<0.05). Conclusions SFTSV infection was detected in different domestic animals and townships of Tiantai County in Zhejiang Province, but with various positive rates, suggesting that comprehensive measures such as animal management, tick control, and personal protection publicity can be implemented before peak season of SFTS in key areas in Tiantai County to effectively reduce the incidence of the disease.
  • Epidemiology of Japanese spotted fever in Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China： A severe case report
    LI Sen, MENG Xiang-jie, SHOU Jun, WANG Li-fei
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 81-85. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.015
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the clinical manifestations and source of infection of the first case of Japanese spotted fever (JSF) in Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, so as to provide evidence for the prevention and control of JSF. Methods A individual case investigation was conducted, and the case was tested for pathogenic microorganisms using metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Meanwhile, case search, epidemiological investigation, and vector surveillance were carried out. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of the case were analyzed to determine the source of infection. Results The case presented with fever, headache, generalized punctate erythema, and secondary coagulation disorder, septic shock, multiple organ failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical examinations showed decreased peripheral platelet count (lowest level: 14×109/L), increased white blood cell count (highest level: 23.33×109/L), elevated hypersensitive C-reactive protein (highest level: 200.50 mg/L), and increased D-dimer (highest level: 24 840 μg/L FEU). Rickettsia japonica was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and blood using mNGS, and the patient recovered after anti-infection and symptomatic treatment. No additional cases were identified in the case search. The patient had a history of multiple outdoor activities and suspected tick bites within one week before the onset of the disease. The density index of free-living ticks in the areas where the patient was active was 7.40 inds per flagged 100 meters, with the species being Haemaphysalis longicornis. Conclusions This is the first case of JSF in Yuhang District of Hangzhou, with the possible source of infection being local ticks. Considering the high density of free-living ticks in the areas where the case was active, it is necessary to strengthen the prevention and control of JSF and carry out case surveillance, tick control and prevention, and health education.
    • Early Warning and Forecast
  • The effects of climate change on the geographical distribution of Dermacentor everestianus on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
    WANG Zi-hang, Baimaciwang null, LI Shi-hao, FU Bang, REN Jia-rong, LIU Xiao-bo, LIANG Ying
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 86-93. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.016
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the potential geographic distribution of Dermacentor everestianus in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region and explore the main factors influencing its potential geographic distribution, so as to provide a scientific basis for the tick surveillance and prevention and control of related tick-borne diseases in China. Methods Based on the distribution sites of D. everestianus, 27 environmental variables, and the data of current periods (1970-2000) and four future periods (2030s, 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s) under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario, the MaxEnt model and ArcGIS 10.8 software were used to predict, project, and visualize the potential geographic distribution of D. everestianus in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Results Currently, D. everestianus is mainly distributed in western Qinghai Province, northwest Sichuan Province, eastern Xizang Autonomous Region, and surrounding areas of Lhasa City, with sporadic distribution in the Ngari Prefecture of Tibet. The suitable habitat area covers approximately 15.66% of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The main factors influencing the distribution include annual mean temperature, mean temperature of the driest season, human footprint index, and altitude. In future periods, the area of highly suitable habitats is expected to decrease to varying extents, while the total area of suitable habitats is projected to increase. Under future climate conditions, D. everestianus is expected to migrate westward. Conclusions D. everestianus may be present in most areas of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with a broad distribution wide due to the influence of environmental factors and human activities, and posing the greater potential harm. Especially in areas with dense human activities and low temperatures, the probability of the occurrence of D. everestianus is higher.
  • Discovery and description of male Nilobezzia bamenwana based on DNA barcodes （Diptera： Ceratopogonidae）
    YANG Hao, LOU Jia-wen, LIN Xiao-dan, LI Jia-hui
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 94-98. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.017
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To identify and morphologically characterize six Nilobezzia males collected from Haikou, China using DNA barcoding. Methods A morphologically non-invasive method was used to extract genomic DNAs from the six Nilobezzia males. Slide specimens were made subsequently, and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ (COⅠ) gene was subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and sequencing. Species identification was performed using the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) by aligning sequences with the National Center for Biotechnology Information database and constructing a phylogentic tree based on neighbor-joining method. Major morphological features were photographed, measured, and sketched. Results DNA barcodes of the six Nilobezzia males were sequenced (sequence accession: PP351822-PP351827), showing a high sequence similarity (ranging from 97.72% to 99.85%) with the specimens of N. bamenwana females. The constructed neighbor-joining tree indicated that the six sequences of Nilobezzia males and three sequences of N. bamenwana were clustered into one branch, with a support rate of 100%. Therefore, the six Nilobezzia males were identified as N. bamenwana. Morphological features included: scutellum with 9 large setae, mid- and hind-foot thighs, tibiae, and tarsomeres with obviously long bristles, tergite Ⅸ with a sclerotized Ⅴ -shaped area, gonostylus straight and parameres completely fused. The slide specimens of the newly identified males were kept in the Insect Collection of the School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University. Conclusion For the first time, N. bamenwana males have been identified using DNA barcoding techniques and their morphological features have been characterized.
    • Technology and Method
  • Biplex quantitative real-time PCR for detection of six common rodent-borne pathogens
    CHEN Min, LIANG Ying, LIU Qi-yong, LI Dong-mei
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 99-105. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.018
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To establish biplex quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) methods for rapid detection of six rodent-borne pathogens, including Francisella tularensis, Bartonella spp., Leptospira interrogans, Rickettsia typhi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Orientia tsutsugamushi. Methods Three biplex qPCR methods were established based on the reported qPCR assays for detection of F. tularensis and O. tsutsugamushi, Bartonella spp. and L. interrogans, R. typhi and A. phagocytophilum, respectively. Standard curves were plotted, and the sensitivity, specificity, and repeatability of these methods were determined. Meanwhile, simulated nucleic acid samples of rodent tissues infected with six rodent-borne pathogens and positive samples were detected to validate the reliability of the method. Results The three established biplex qPCR methods amplified only the target pathogens, and other pathogens and negative controls did not show fluorescence signals. The lower limit of detection for all six pathogens was 1×101 copies/μl; the coefficient of variation of cycle threshold values ranged from 0.04% to 1.20%. The results of the simulated and positive samples were positive, with 100% consistency. Conclusion These biplex qPCR methods have good specificity, high sensitivity, and good repeatability, which can be used to rapidly and accurately detect F. tularensis, Bartonella spp., L. interrogans, R. typhi, A. phagocytophilum, and O. tsutsugamushi.
    • Investigation
  • Surveillance and analysis of small mammals and their pathogens at multiple ports in Hainan Province, China, in 2023
    CHEN Qi, WANG Qiang, YU Shi-wei, JI Zi-xiang, WANG Chong-cai, TIAN Zhen-gan
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 106-115. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.019
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the species composition of small mammals and their carrying pathogens at several ports in Hainan Province, China, so as to provide basic data for the risk assessment of local rodent borne diseases and scientific basis for rodent control and disease prevention at five ports in Hainan Province. Methods Small mammal surveilance was carried out in five ports in August and September 2023 using traditional cage and intelligent cage methods. PCR and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) were applied to detect eight pathogens such as Hantavirus, Bartonella, and Yersinia pestis in the captured small mammals. The Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare the differences in density and the positive rate of pathogens of small mammals. Results A total of 43 small mammals in 5 species of 3 genera of 2 families were captured. Of these, 31 were captured using the traditional cage method and 12 using the intelligent cage method. The difference in capture rate between the two methods was not statistically significant (χ2=0.712, P=0.399). Suncus murinus (60.46%) and Rattus tanezumi (20.93%) were the dominant species. Among the five port areas, Sanya and Haikou had the highest density of small mammals, followed by Yangpu and Bo'ao, and Macun port had the lowest small mammal density. A total of five pathogens were detected, with an overall positive rate of 11.63% (5/43). The positive rates of Hantavirus (both Seoul-type) and Leptospira were 4.65%, and those of Bartonella, Bocavirus, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum were 2.33%. Multiple pathogens were detected in two small mammals. Conclusions There is no significant difference in the capture rate between the traditional cage and intelligent cage methods, indicating that the level of intelligence requires further improvement. The rate of small mammals carrying pathogens is high in the port areas of Hainan Province, highlighting the need for paying close attention to changes in local small mammal density and pathogen infection and strengthening the periodic surveillance and risk assessment.
  • Proficiency assessment and training demand analysis of disinfection and vector control professional teams in Guangdong Province, China
    CHENG Ming-ji, HUANG Xu-he, DENG Hui, CHEN Zong-jing, LU Rui-peng, SHEN Xiu-ting, HU Sheng-jun, DUAN Jin-hua
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 116-121. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.020
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To evaluate the knowledge level and identify areas of weakness in the professional teams responsible for disinfection and vector control in Guangdong Province, China, so as to provide a reference for enhancing professional skill development and formulating targeted training strategies. Methods Theoretical and on-site operation scores of 105 contestants from 21 cities in the first Disinfection and Vector Control Professional Skill Competition held in Guangdong Province in 2023 were used for analysis of differences in scores across different regions, types of institutions, subjects, and knowledge areas. Data entry and processing were performed using WPS 2019 software. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0 software. Homogeneity of variance were tested using the Levene's test. Comparison of means was made using t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and repeated measures analysis of variance. Correlation analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation analysis. Results The mean score for the theoretical test was 59.70 and the mean score for on-site operation was 45.37. The theoretical test scores were significantly higher than on-site operation scores （t=8.097,P<0.001）. Moreover,the differences in scores across various regions are statistically significant （F=12.436,P<0.001）. The Pearl River Delta region exhibited significantly higher theoretical test scores compared to the eastern,western,and northern regions of Guangdong Province. Additionally,disease control and prevention institutions achieved significantly higher theoretical test scores than pest control operation institutions （t =2.982,P=0.004）. The theoretical test is divided into six knowledge areas in two academic fields：disinfection and infection control and vector control. Scores on the theoretical test are compared separately within each field and knowledge area. Among these,on-site disinfection technology scored the highest while disinfection drugs and evaluation scored the lowest,and the score differences across the six knowledge areas were statistically significant （F=58.570,P <0.001）. There was a significant correlation between the scores of the two subject fields of the theoretical test （r=0.570,P<0.001）. Furthermore,60.95% of the contestants had balanced scores in the two subjects while 39.05% of contestants showed biased scores. In terms of scores for the five skill groups of on-site operations,equipment had the highest score whereas vector identification had the lowest score,the score differences among the five skill groups were statistically significant （F=6.246,P<0.001）. Conclusions There is an insufficient coverage of theoretical knowledge in professional teams of disinfection and vector control in Guangdong Province, particularly in disinfection and drug evaluation in the disinfection field. Weaknesses are identified in on-site operations such as vector surveillance and identification as well as programming and evaluation capabilities. Targeted training should be conducted based on the knowledge structures, needs, and weaknesses of different regions and institutions.
  • Community structure and distribution of parasitic fleas of small mammals in Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, China
    SHAO Zong-ti, LI Xing-neng, DUAN Xing-de, LI Yu-qiong, ZHANG Rong-bing, GENG Tian-shun, MAO Mei-juan, CHENG Pan, LIU Mei-qi, GAO Zi-hou, LIU Zheng-xiang
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 122-128. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.021
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Objective To investigate the composition and distribution of parasitic fleas of small mammals in Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, China, identify the community structure and distribution of fleas, so as to provide basic data for exploring whether there are plague, endemic typhus, and other flea-borne diseases in Luquan County. Methods In Luquan County, an altitude range of 1 000 to 3 700 meters was divided into 6 vertical gradient zones at intervals of 500 meters. Three different habitats in residential areas, farming areas, and forest areas at varying altitudes were selected for the sampling of parasitic fleas of small mammals. Species were identified through morphological classification. The data were statistically analyzed using community ecology methods. Excel 2010 and SPSS 21.0 softwares were used for data collection and analysis, and rates were compared using the Chi-square test. Results A total of 259 parasitic fleas were captured from 408 small mammals, belonging to 19 species, 15 genera, and 6 families. The average flea infestation rate was 25.49%, with significant differences between the different small mammal species groups (χ2=52.116, P<0.01). The flea index of small mammals was 0.63. The dominant species were Ctenophthalmus quadratus and Neopsylla specialis specialis. The distribution of dominant flea species varied across different habitats and altitudes. Among the three habitats, the flea infestation rate and flea index of small mammals in residential areas were the highest. The flea infestation rate of small mammals in forest areas ranked second, with the flea index ranking third. The rate of flea infestation in farming areas was the lowest, with the flea index ranking second. There was no significant difference in the flea infestation rate on the body surface of small mammals in different habitats (χ2= 3.052, P=0.217). In different altitude zones, the flea infestation rates on the body surface of small mammals ranged from 7.69% to 44.44%, with significant differences observed between the different altitude zones (χ2=22.914, P<0.001) and a flea index ranging from 0.09 to 1.24. The species richness and quantity distribution of parasitic fleas on the body surface of small mammals increased gradually with the increase in altitude. The diversity index ranged from 0.544 to 1.712, gradually increasing and then decreasing with the increase in altitude within zones Ⅰ to Ⅲ; the index decreased to the lowest level within altitude zone Ⅳ, increased to the highest level in altitude zone Ⅴ, and gradually decreased in altitude zone Ⅵ. The trends in evenness and diversity were consistent, while the trend in the dominance was opposite, exhibiting a distribution pattern changing with the habitat heterogeneity at different altitudes. The diversity index of the three habitats ranged from 0.681 to 1.591, with the highest in farming areas, followed by forest areas, and then residential areas. The trends in richness and diversity index were consistent, and other indices varied by altitudes. Conclusions In Luquan County, the species richness and diversity of parasitic fleas on the body surface of small mammals are relatively high. Two major vectors of both domestic rodent and wild rodent plagues in Yunnan, Xenopsylla cheopis and N. specialis specialis, and various other natural zoonotic vector fleas exist, which provide vector conditions for the existence and epidemic transmission of plague and other epidemic diseases in natural foci. Therefore, the surveillance, prevention, and control of rodent-borne diseases such as plague should be strengthened.
    • Review
  • Research progress of RNA interference technology applied to vector control
    ZHANG Jian, GUO Yun-hai, KAI Zhen-peng, JIANG Tian-ge, ZHANG Yi
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 129-136. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.022
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    RNA interference (RNAi) is an efficient molecular regulatory method that specifically reduces the expression levels of target genes, thereby affecting the biological characteristics of pests. Mosquitoes, ticks, freshwater snails, and mites are key vectors for the transmission of various deadly diseases. RNAi has shown great potential in the control of vectors. This article reviews the application of RNAi technology in gene function research of mosquitoes, ticks, freshwater snails, and mites, especially the genes that affect reproductive capacity, growth and development, neural and metabolic functions, as well as immune response and virus transmission. In addition, the article discusses various factors that affect the efficiency of RNAi, including dsRNA length, concentration, administration route, and transfection methods. This article addresses the challenges faced by RNAi technology in practical applications and the potential of RNAi technology in vector control. The results provide new approaches and methods for advancing future vector control management strategies.
  • Research progress on prevalence and pathogenic characteristics of Pasteurella multocida infection
    LYU Dong-yue, WU Wei-wei, QIN Shuai, JING Huai-qi, WANG Xin
    Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2025, 36(1): 137-143. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2025.01.023
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    As human contact with domestic and wild animals increases, zoonotic infectious diseases are becoming increasingly common. Pasteurella multocida, as one of the important pathogens, cannot be ignored due to its high prevalence in animal populations and potential threat to human health. This paper reviews the identification and classification methods of P. multocida and analyzes in detail its prevalence and host specificity in animals and humans, as well as the pathological changes and immune responses after infection. This paper offers a reference for fully understanding the basic characteristics and transmission rules of P. multocida and optimizing the prevention and treatment of P. multocida infection.
Wechat
Most Download
More...
ss
Copyright © Chinese Journal of Vector Biology and Control, All Rights Reserved.
Address: Tower A225, SGCC, Future Science & Technology Park,Beijing, China Postcode:102209 Telephone:010-66602697
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd.
Total visitors: Visitors of today: Now online: