20 August 2020, Volume 31 Issue 4
    

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    Health for all, Prosperity for all
  • A study of economic burden of dengue fever in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China
    CHEN Yi, YI Bo, LAO Xu-ying, DONG Ying, DING Ke-qin, ZHANG Dong-liang, XU Guo-zhang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 385-388. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.001
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    Objective To assess the economic burden of dengue fever in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China, 2018, and to provide a certain quantitative basis for the health administrative institution to formulate relevant prevention and control strategies. Methods Forty new cases of dengue fever were selected who were isolated and treated in a grade A tertiary hospital of Ningbo. Their information such as hospitalization process, treatment costs, indirect costs, and medical insurance reimbursement rate were collected to estimate the economic burden of dengue fever. Results The median length of hospitalization of the 40 cases was 8 (6-9) days. The economic burden of dengue fever was 3 718.16 (2 453.19-5 536.46) yuan per capita, with the direct economic burden of disease of 2 253.75 (767.16-3 606.54) yuan and the indirect economic burden of disease of 1 701.36 (1 432.72-1 813.29) yuan, indicating that the direct economic burden accounted for a large proportion. The total economic burden was about 260.30 (171.70-387.60) thousand yuan, with the direct economic burden of disease of 157.8 thousand yuan and the indirect economic burden of disease of 119.10 thousand yuan. Of the 40 dengue fever cases, 72.50% participated in medical insurance. The medical insurance reimbursement rate was negatively correlated with the direct medical economic burden, the direct economic burden of disease, and the economic burden of disease; the direct medical economic burden decreased as the reimbursement rate increased (P<0.05). Conclusion The economic burden of dengue fever in Ningbo is relatively high, the participation rate in medical insurance should be further increased to reduce the direct medical economic burden of patients.

    • National Disease Vectors Surveillance Special
  • National surveillance report on rodents in China, 2019
    LI Gui-chang, WANG Yu-jiao, LU Liang, WU Hai-xia, GUO Yu-hong, LIU Xiao-bo, MENG Feng-xia, REN Dong-sheng, YUE Yu-juan, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 389-394. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.002
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    Objective To analyze the national surveillance data of rodents in China, 2019, and to provide a basis for improving the quality of national rodent surveillance and formulating scientific control measures. Methods Eighty-nine prefecture-level cities were set up as surveillance sites in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. Rodents were captured once every two months in three habitats by night-trapping, night-cage and sticky board methods. The surveillance data of rodents were collected and sorted to analyze the species composition, distribution, and seasonal density fluctuation of rodents. Results A total of 4 317 rodents were captured in 2019, with a total density of 0.78 rodents/100 traps. Cage trapping had the highest density of captured rodents, followed by sticky trapping. Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, and R. tanezumi accounted for 47.30%, 27.89%, and 12.55% of the total rodents captured, respectively. The highest density of rodents was in rural residential areas among three habitats. The density of rodents first increased and then decreased all year round, and peaked in May. Conclusion The density, species composition, and seasonal fluctuation of rodents at national surveillance sites across China in 2019 show no significant differences from the results in 2005-2016. Local authorities should assess risks and formulate control strategies based on their surveillance results of previous years.
  • National vector surveillance report on mosquitoes in China, 2019
    ZHAO Ning, GUO Yu-hong, WU Hai-xia, LIU Xiao-bo, YUE Yu-juan, REN Dong-sheng, LI Gui-chang, SONG Xiu-ping, LU Liang, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 395-400. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.003
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    Objective To investigate the species, composition, density, distribution, and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes in China, 2019, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods The mosquito vector surveillance data of 88 surveillance sites in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) of China in 2019 were collected. The light trapping and human-baited double net trapping methods were employed to monitor adult mosquitoes, and the Breteau index (BI), scoop capture, and route methods were adopted to monitor mosquito larvae. Adult mosquitoes were monitored twice a month, and mosquito larvae were monitored once a month. Excel 2013 software was used to analyze the mosquito vector surveillance data. Results The mean density of mosquitoes was 9.81 mosquitoes/lamp·night in China in 2019. Culex pipiens pallens/Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus accounted for 57.73% of all captured mosquitoes, followed by Anopheles sinensis, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, and Ae. aegypti, which accounted for 20.27%, 12.22%, 2.29%, and 0.02%, respectively. The mosquito densities in Inner Mongolia, Hubei, Qinghai, Yunnan, and Hunan provinces were relatively high, being 22.60, 21.72, 17.14, 12.71, and 10.18 mosquitoes/lamp·night, respectively. The results of seasonal fluctuation by light trapping, human-baited double net trapping, scoop capture, and route methods all indicated that the peak period of mosquito activity was from June to September, and the highest peak was in July or August. The results of the Breteau index method indicated that the peak period of Aedes larvae was from April to September. The highest density of adult mosquitoes was in livestock sheds, being 36.29 mosquitoes/lamp·night, while the highest Breteau index of mosquito larvae was in waste tyre recycling factories, being 19.25 mosquitoes/lamp·night. Conclusion The dominant mosquito specie is Cx. pipiens/Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus in China. It is recommended to implement prevention and control measures such as overwintering mosquito elimination and environment management from April each year in all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government). In 2020, the main prevention and control measure is to pay more attention to timely cleaning of the mosquito breeding sites in residential areas, waste tyre recycling factories, and waste collection areas, so as to prevent and control mosquito-borne diseases from the origins.
  • Annual report on Aedes vector surveillance in China, 2019
    LIU Xiao-bo, WU Hai-xia, GUO Yu-hong, YUE Yu-juan, SONG Xiu-ping, ZHAO Ning, REN Dong-sheng, WANG Jun, LI Gui-chang, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 401-406. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.004
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    Objective To analyze the Aedes surveillance data of 23 project provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in China, 2019, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of Aedes-borne diseases such as dengue. Methods The surveillance data of larval and adult Aedes mosquitoes from the surveillance sites of the 23 regions were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software for a preliminary assessment of the risk of dengue transmission. Results In China, 2019, the mean Breteau index (BI) of Aedes mosquitoes was 3.56, and the mean mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) was 4.89. During the key months of the surveillance periods, the mean BI exceeded 10 in Zhejiang, Hainan, and Fujian provinces, and exceeded 5 in some surveillance points of Yunnan province. MOI was over 5 in Guangdong province and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region during the key months of the surveillance periods. In Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Henan, Sichuan, and Hubei provinces and Chongqing municipality, BI exceeded 5 in most months of the surveillance periods; MOI exceeded 5 in Hunan province from June to August and in Guizhou province from July to September, reaching the spreading risk of dengue. During the surveillance periods, BI exceeded 10 in Hebei province, and exceeded 5 in Shaanxi province from July to August and in Shandong province from August to September. The density of adult mosquitoes (net trap index) was more than 2 mosquitoes/net·hour in Fujian and Jiangsu provinces and Guangxi autonomous region during most months of the surveillance periods, in Hubei province from June to July, and in Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces during September. Conclusion In 2019, the densities of Aedes mosquitoes in most project provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) of China exceed the transmission or outbreak threshold of dengue, indicating a high risk of local transmission and outbreak of dengue. Aedes surveillance and risk assessment should be strengthened continuously to ensure sustainable and precise control of Aedes mosquitoes and Aedes-borne diseases.
  • National surveillance report on flies in China, 2019
    WANG Xue-shuang, WU Hai-xia, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 407-411. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.005
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    Objective To investigate the infestation of flies in residential areas in China, 2019, and to provide a reference for sustainable fly control. Methods The data of flies captured by the cage trapping method were collected from the national fly surveillance system in China, 2019, and the density and seasonal fluctuation of various fly species were compared between different habitats or provinces. Descriptive methods were used for statistical analysis. Results Among the fly species captured in 2019, Musca domestica (1.31 flies/cage), Lucilia sericata (0.83 flies/cage), species from Sarcophagidae (0.82 flies/cage), and Muscina stabulans (0.53 flies/cage) had the highest densities. Farmers' markets had the highest total fly density (5.78 flies/cage). The peak of total fly density occurred from June to August. Among the dominant fly species, M. domestica, L. sericata, and species from Sarcophagidae had similar seasonal fluctuation trends to that of the total fly density. Conclusion The fly surveillance data in 2019 suggest that M. domestica is still the dominant fly species in residential areas in China, with its peak period in June to August, and the most affected habitat is farmers' market.
  • National surveillance report on cockroaches in China, 2019
    YUE Yu-juan, REN Dong-sheng, WU Hai-xia, LIU Xiao-bo, ZHAO Ning, GUO Yu-hong, LI Gui-chang, WANG Xue-shuang, SONG Xiu-ping, WANG Jun, LU Liang, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 412-416. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.006
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    Objective To investigate the species, density, and spatio-temporal characteristics of cockroaches in human habitats and surroundings in China and the cockroach surveillance results based on the sticky trap method and visual observation, and to provide a scientific basis for cockroach prevention and control. Methods The cockroach surveillance data were collected from the national surveillance sites for vectors in China, 2019. Excel 2013 software was used to analyze the cockroach distribution characteristics of different species in different habitats, in different provinces, and at different times. Results In 2019, the surveillance results according to the sticky trap method showed that the sticky trapping rate was 5.45% and the infestation rate was 5.25%. Blattella germanica was the dominant species, accounting for 95.65% of the total catch, Periplaneta americana accounted for 2.42%, and the rest accounted for 1.93%. The surveillance results according to visual observation showed that the infestation rate of adult and nymph cockroaches was 3.63%, with 3.07% for B. germanica and 1.28% for P. americana. Farmers' markets and restaurants had high cockroach infestation rates. The cockroach infestation rate was high in South China and low in North China. The cockroach infestation rate measured by the sticky trap method was 1.45 times that by visual observation. Conclusion The national cockroach surveillance results in 2019 are conducive to the targeted cockroach control of key species in key habitats and areas, and at key times.
  • National surveillance report on ticks in China, 2019
    WU Hai-xia, LIU Xiao-bo, YUE Yu-juan, REN Dong-sheng, WANG Jun, ZHAO Chun-chun, LI Gui-chang, ZHAO Ning, SONG Xiu-ping, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 417-422. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.007
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    Objective To investigate the density and seasonal fluctuation of ticks captured from human habitats and body surfaces of domestic animals in China, and to provide a basis for the risk assessment and scientific prevention and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Methods The surveillance data of ticks were collected from 45 surveillance sites in the national vector surveillance system in China, 2019. The dominant tick species was analyzed, and the density and seasonal fluctuation of ticks were compared between different habitats, hosts, and provinces. Results Among the ticks captured in 2019, Haemaphysalis was the most frequently captured genus; the number of times that parasitic and questing Haemaphysalis were captured accounted for 57.31% and 95.56% of the total catch, respectively. Among various host animals, sheep and cattle had higher tick indices (3.06 and 2.72, respectively), and ticks were also captured from dogs in rural and urban areas. The tick density in surroundings of villages (0.83 ticks/flag·100 m) was higher than that in scenic areas (0.32 ticks/flag·100 m). Among different months of surveillance, the seasonal fluctuation curves of parasitic tick index and questing tick density both showed two peaks; the index of parasitic ticks was high throughout the first half of the year and decreased after July, while the density of questing ticks peaked in June. Conclusion The tick surveillance results in 2019 show that Haemaphysalis is the most frequently captured genus. Sheep and cattle are dominant host animals of those captured ticks, while dogs, as domestic animals in close contact with human beings, should be paid attention to their tick infection. Surroundings of villages are the dominant habitat of ticks. The peak period of tick infestation is found in the first half of the year. Tick prevention and control should be carried out according to the above-mentioned key species, hosts, habitats, and time periods.
  • National surveillance report on bed bugs in China, 2019
    REN Dong-sheng, WU Hai-xia, XIU Peng-cheng, SONG Xiu-ping, YUE Yu-juan, LU Liang, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 423-425. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.008
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    Objective To investigate the infestation of bed bugs in China, and to provide a scientific basis for the risk assessment of bed bugs. Methods The bed bug surveillance data were collected from the national vector surveillance system in China, 2019. The status of bed bug infestation was compared between different provinces or habitats. Results In 2019, bed bug surveillance was carried out in 11 provinces, autonomous regions, or centrally administered municipalities via field investigation and telephone survey. A total of 1 351 units were investigated on site, of which 10 had bed bug, with a positive infestation rate of 0.74%. A total of 13 589 standard rooms were investigated, of which 31 (0.23%) had bed bugs. A total of 212 professional organizations (pest control companies and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) were investigated by telephone, of which 11 (5.19%) had dealt with/consulted about bed bugs. Conclusion Bed bugs are widely distributed in China. The dormitories of construction sites, factories and schools are the environments where bed bugs occur more frequently.
    • Original Reports
  • Detection and genotyping of Borrelia burgdorferi in parasitic ticks in Qiongzhong area of Hainan province, China
    ZHANG Lin, WEN Shu, HOU Xue-xia, LI Sha, YANG Xiao-na, CHEN Ting, MIAO Guang-qing, FU Xiao-ying, HAO Qin, ZHU Xiong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 426-429. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.009
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    Objective To investigate the infection status of tick vectors with Borrelia burgdorferi in Qiongzhong area of Hainan province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the local prevention and control of Lyme disease. Methods A total of 120 parasitic ticks were collected from cattle in Qiongzhong area. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to amplify the 16S rRNA gene of the ticks, and sequence analysis was performed to identify tick species. Nested-PCR was used to determine the infection rate of B. burgdorferi in ticks, and a homology analysis was performed based on the sequencing results to determine the genotypes of B. burgdorferi. Results All of the 120 ticks were identified as Rhipicephalus microplus, among which 44 tested positive for B. burgdorferi, with a positive rate of 36.67%. The homology analysis indicated that the R. microplus in Qiongzhong area could be infected with B. burgdorferi of various genotypes, including B. afzelii (56.82%), B. yangtze (25.00%), and B. garinii (18.18%). Conclusion The parasitic ticks in Qiongzhong area of Hainan province were infected with B. burgdorferi of various genotypes, with a high infection rate and risk of Lyme disease transmission. The local investigation and surveillance of Lyme disease in humans and hosts should be enhanced.
  • Establishment of a method for interfering with CYP6D1 gene expression in Musca domestica by feeding dsRNA
    KONG Qing-xin, WEI Ling-ya, SHEN Lin-hai, WANG Ying-hong, CAO Yang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 430-432. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.010
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    Objective To interfere with the expression of pyrethroid resistance-related gene CYP6D1 in Musca domestica by feeding dsRNA, and to evaluate the interference effect. Methods The CYP6D1 gene of M. domestica was chemically synthesized, inserted into the vector plasmid L4440, and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α to amplify the plasmid. The plasmids were then extracted and transformed into Escherichia coli HT115 (DE3) to express the dsRNA of CYP6D1 gene under the induction of isopropyl-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG). Escherichia coli HT115 (DE3) containing the dsRNA of CYP6D1 gene was fed to M. domestica, and relative fluorescence quantification was utilized to evaluate the expression changes of CYP6D1 gene in M. domestica 72 hours later. Escherichia coli strain HT115 (DE3) without plasmid L4440 transformation was fed to M. domestica, which was used as control group. Results The relative expression of mRNA in control group and treatment group was quantified by 2-△△Ct method. The R2 value of the standard curve of target gene and reference gene was greater than 0.99, and the amplification efficiency (M value) was between 0.90 and 1.10. The treatment group showed significantly lower (by 40.1%) relative expression of CYP6D1 mRNA than the control group (t=-11.377, P=0.008). Conclusion A method of interfering with the expression of pyrethroid resistance-related gene CYP6D1 in M. domestica was preliminarily established by feeding dsRNA, and the effect of interfering with gene expression was achieved at the mRNA level.
  • Mosquito-killing effect of ultra-low-volume spraying using unmanned aerial vehicle in urban residential areas
    GUO Yu-hong, HUANG Wen-zhong, YAN Dong-ming, HOU Juan, GONG Zhen-yu, REN Dong-sheng, LIU Hong-xu, WU Hong-zhao, SUN Ji-min, SONG Xiu-ping, LIU Xiao-bo, LIU Qi-yong, CHEN En-fu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 433-437. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.011
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    Objective To evaluate the effect of ultra-low-volume spraying using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in mosquito control in urban residential areas, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Two comparable residential areas (villages) were selected in Pujiang county, Zhejiang province, China, from July 15 to 27, 2017. One area applied UAV-based ultra-low-volume spraying to kill mosquitoes for five rounds with an interval of three days, while the other area served as a control. Adult mosquito density surveillance by mosquito trap lamps for the two areas started three days before UAV spraying and continued till 15 days after five rounds of spraying. The changes in mosquito density were compared between the two areas for evaluating the mosquito-killing effect of UAV spraying. The decline rate of mosquito density was calculated based on the mean value of every three days. Results After the first round of UAV spraying, in the spraying area, the number of female mosquitoes decreased by 41.71%, male mosquitoes by 4.12%, and total mosquitoes by 27.10%. Fifteen days after five rounds of UAV spraying, the number of female mosquitoes, male mosquitoes, and total mosquitoes declined by 44.34%, 20.96%, and 35.69%, respectively. Conclusion Ultra-low-volume spraying by UAV is an effective method to kill mosquitoes in urban residential areas, and will be widely used control of mosquito-borne diseases as technology develops.
  • Surveillance and analysis of the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to commonly used insecticides in Tianjin,China, 2013-2019
    ZHANG Yong-mei, WANG Shu, HU Xiao-hui, ZHAO Yang, GE Lei, BO Li-chao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 438-441. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.012
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    Objective To investigate the resistance level of Culex pipiens pallens to commonly used insecticides in Tianjin,China, to analyze its changing trend, and to provide scientific and rational guidance for the chemical control. Methods The larvae of Cx. pipiens pallens were collected in 2013, 2016, and 2019. The first generation was fed in the laboratory. The late third-instar or early forth-instar larvae were then selected as test subjects, and the larval dipping method was used to measure their insecticide resistance. Results In 2013, 2016, and 2019, the Cx. pipiens pallens at various surveillance sites in Tianjin all showed varying degrees of resistance to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and temephos. In different years, Cx. pipiens pallens at various surveillance sites all showed medium or low resistance to beta-cypermethrin; Cx. pipiens pallens in Hebei district had the highest resistance in the whole city, with a resistance ratio of 20.94. Culex pipiens pallens showed high, medium, or low resistance to deltamethrin and temephos; Cx. pipiens pallens in Hedong district had the highest resistance to deltamethrin, with a resistance ratio of 69.78; Cx. pipiens pallens in Beichen district had the highest resistance to temephos, with a resistance ratio of 57.14. The resistance levels of Cx. pipiens pallens to the three insecticides showed overall upward trends from 2013 to 2016, and then the number of districts resistant to beta-cypermethrin and temephos decreased from 7 in 2016 to 5 and 6 in 2019, respectively, while the number of districts resistant to deltamethrin did not change. Conclusion In Tianjin, Cx. pipiens pallens has developed resistance to all of beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin,and temephos. It is recommended that insecticides should be used scientifically and reasonably based on the surveillance results of insecticide resistance. At the same time, a rotation and mixed use of insecticides should be adopted to delay the development of resistance.
  • Current status of vector control in medical institutions in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
    LIU Han-zhao, FENG Lei, LIN Chen, LIU Jun, GU Ying-pei, LIU Hong-xia
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 442-445. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.013
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    Objective To investigate the current status of vector control in medical institutions in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China, and to provide evidence for effective supervision, the surveillance, and control. Methods Data capture and on-site investigation were combined to collect logs and commission contracts about vector control in medical institutions, examined the control measures and expenditure of funds, and investigated mosquito breeding, fly-proof and rodent-proof facilities, and cockroach infestation in the field according to national standards. Results The implementation rates of vector control in community hospitals and secondary/tertiary hospitals were 70.21% (33/47) and 100% (16/16), respectively. Among the 33 community hospitals conducting vector control measures, the work was self-funded in 22 (66.67%) hospitals, and was financed by the Patriotic Health Campaign Committee of sub-districts/towns in the remaining 11 (33.33%) hospitals. The container index was significantly higher in community hospitals than in secondary/tertiary hospitals (10.06% vs 3.70%, χ2=5.435, P<0.05). There were significant differences between community hospitals and secondary/tertiary hospitals in terms of the pass rate of fly-proof facilities (33.06% vs 50.00%, χ2=5.674, P<0.05), the pass rate of rodent-proof facilities (75.76% vs 93.09%, χ2=39.532, P<0.01), and the infestation rate of cockroaches (4.60%[68/1479] vs 1.00%[4/398], χ2=10.973, P<0.01). Conclusion The implementation rate of vector control in community hospitals is relatively low, needing strengthened supervision. The relatively low pass rates of fly-proof and rodent-proof facilities in medical institutions are a potential threat to normal clinical practice and nosocomial infection control, and medical institutions should pay great attention to them.
  • An investigation of common ticks in the Tumen River basin, Jilin province, China
    LI Ji-xu, SHIN-Hyeong Cho, SEONG-Yoon Kim, JONG-Yul Roh, JIN Guang-jun, WU Zhong-gao, QUAN Sheng-huan, LIAN Zhe-hao, JIN Guang-xing, PIAO Guang-ming, ZHENG Ji-hu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 446-450. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.014
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    Objective To investigate the common tick species and their geographical distributions in the Tumen River basin of Jilin province, China. Methods From April to September every year from 2016 to 2018, questing ticks and animal parasitic ticks were collected from Hunchun, Tumen, Wangqing, Yanji, Antu, Helong, and Longjing of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (Yanbian Prefecture), Jilin province, China. The ticks were placed in petri dishes and transported to the laboratory for morphological identification. Excel 2007 software was used for data collation and statistical analysis, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of rates. Results A total of 15 866 ticks were collected in this area, including 11 440 questing ticks and 4 426 parasitic ticks from animal body surfaces, which belonged to 3 genera and 1 family, including Dermacentor silvarum (2 691/15 866, 16.96%), Haemaphysalis concinna (1 969/15 866, 12.41%), H. japonica (2 863/15 866, 18.04%), H. longicornis (4 349/15 866, 27.41%), Ixodes persulcatus (3 411/15 866, 21.50%), and unidentified species (583/15 866, 3.68%). Dermacentor silvarum accounted for the highest proportion in Antu (1 519/2 243, 67.72%). Haemaphysalis concinna accounted for the highest proportion in Longjing (1 322/2 372, 55.73%). Haemaphysalis japonica accounted for the highest proportion in Helong (620/1 515, 40.92%) and Wangqing (889/2 929, 30.35%). Haemaphysalis longicornis accounted for the highest proportion in Hunchun (3 633/4 376, 83.02%) and Tumen (710/1 002, 70.86%). Ixodes persulcatus accounted for the highest proportion in Yanji (928/1 429, 64.94%) and Wangqing (1 660/2 929, 56.67%). There were significant differences in the composition ratio of ticks between different areas (all P<0.001). Conclusion The common ticks in the Tumen River basin of Jilin province are diverse in species and have obvious geographical distribution characteristics. Targeted prevention and control measures for tick-borne diseases should be taken in this area.
  • Genetic characteristics of Rattus tanezumi populations at four ports of entry in southwest Yunnan province, China
    LIU Ying-ying, CAO Xiao-mei, CI Ying, YANG Yan, LU Yun-lan, ZHANG Xiao-long, FANG Zhi-qiang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 451-456. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.015
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    Objective To investigate the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Rattus tanezumi populations at four ports of entry (POEs) (Jinshuihe, Mohan, Qingshuihe, and Jiegao) in Yunnan province, China. Methods Fifty-five R. tanezumi rats captured at the four POEs from 2014 to 2015 were dissected, and their liver tissues were taken for genomic DNA extraction. PCR was used to analyze the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (Cytb) gene, and the bioinformatics software Clustal X 2.0 and MEGA 7.0 were applied to analyze the Cytb gene sequence. The nucleotide composition and codon usage frequency of the Cytb gene sequence were calculated. The genetic distance was estimated, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. Results The base composition A+T and C+G of the Cytb gene sequence accounted for about 59.77% and 40.23%, respectively. The usage frequencies of the codons UCA, CUA, and CCA were 3.19%, 3.11%, and 3.09%, respectively. The genetic distance of the Cytb gene of R. tanezumi between Jiegao and Qingshuihe POEs was 0.000, and that between Jinshuihe and Qingshuihe or Jiegao POEs was 0.008. With Mus musculus and R. norvegicus as outgroups, the NJ phylogenetic tree showed that the rats from Qingshuihe port first gathered with those from Jiegao on a branch, then with those from Mohan port, and finally with those from Jinshuihe port. Conclusion The content of A+T in the Cytb gene sequence is significantly higher than that of C+G, suggesting a potential A+T bias in the Cytb gene of R. tanezumi. Genetic distance and NJ phylogenetic tree analysis show that R. tanezumi from Qingshuihe port has the closest relationship with that from Jiegao port, and the second closest relationship with that from Mohan. Rattus tanezumi from Jinshuihe has a relatively far genetic relationship with that from the other three POEs.
  • Hazard identification and risk assessment of vectors during the 11th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities in China, 2019
    YAN Li-min, SHI Jia-jia, ZHANG Yue-quan, LYU Ming-jie
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 457-461. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.016
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    Objective To assess the risk of vector hazards and vector-borne diseases during the 11th National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities in China in 2019, and to take effective measures to reduce such hazards and avoid the occurrence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases. Methods A risk list was formed by analyzing the probability of risk events and the consequence of games events, and the severity of the risk was determined using the risk evaluation index matrix method. Results In the central and surrounding core zones of Zhengzhou Olympic Sports Center, the mosquito density based on mosquito lamp trap was 13.75 mosquitoes/lamp·night, the fly density based on fly trap cage was 21.20 flies/per cage, and the positive rate of indoor rodent tracks was 7.08%, while no cockroaches were found. There was a risk of vector-borne diseases and vector-borne harassment during the Games in September 2019. Vector-borne diseases had a low risk of affecting appearance and environmental health, a moderate risk of destroying electric power facilities and inducing food poisoning, and a high risk of causing sting and harassment and affecting the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. Conclusion The measures including scientific identification and evaluation of the risk of hazards brought by vectors, systematic monitoring, scientific prevention and control, and emergency preparedness were adopted to ensure that no major hazardous events caused by vectors occurred during the Games.
    • Biology and Ecology
  • A new species and a new record of midges in Sichuan province, China (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
    HAN Shi-kang, BIAN Shao-yong, WANG Song-lin, CHEN Jian-ping, LIU Yu, WANG Pei-zhang, DENG Yong, QIAN Wei-ping, YU Yi-xin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 462-464. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.017
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    To investigate the distribution of midges and acquire the background data of midges in Ningnan county, Sichuan province, China. From May October 2018, midges were collected by netting, human trapping, and light trapping in Ningnan county. The midges caught belonged to 7 species from 5 genera in 3 subfamilies, including 1 new species (Dasyhelea jinshajiangensis Chen, Qian et Yu, sp. nov.) and 1 new record in China (D. malleola Remm, 1962). The dominant blood-sucking population was Lasiohelea taiwana Shiraki, 1913. The model specimens were kept in the Medical Entomology Collection Gallery, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071.
    • Investigation
  • An investigation of a dengue outbreak in a rural area in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China, 2018
    SUN Zhou, CHEN Jun-fang, ZHU Jun-wei, KAO Qing-jun, HUANG Ren-jie, WANG Hao-qiu
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 465-468. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.018
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    Objective To investigate a dengue outbreak in a rural area in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for dengue control and prevention in rural areas. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the dengue outbreak in rural Hangzhou in September 2018. The serum samples from the dengue patients were collected to detect viral nucleic acids and antibodies, and the viral nucleic acids were extracted for E gene amplification and sequencing to construct a phylogenetic tree. The density of mosquitoes was monitored by the Breteau index. Results There were 13 local cases of dengue reported, and the attack rate was 0.13%. The patients were aged 30 to 79 years, mainly over 50 years. Most of them were farmers. Five virus isolates were identified as dengue virus type I by sequence analysis, highly homologous to the type 1 dengue viruses from Southeast Asian countries including Thailand and Myanmar. Conclusion Type 1 dengue virus is responsible for this local outbreak of dengue in rural Hangzhou, and possibly comes from Southeast Asian countries. Relevant authorities should further strengthen monitoring of imported dengue cases.
  • Surveillance results of host animals of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Jingzhou, Hubei province, China from 2017 to 2018
    LIU Tian, XIA Shi-guo, MEI Fang-sheng, HAO Hai-bo, NIE Xiao-pei, HUANG Ji-gui, YAO Meng-lei, LIU Li, YANG Rui, HU Bing, WU Yang, TONG Ye-qing, CHEN Qi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 469-473. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.019
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    Objective To analyze the monitoring results of host animals of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Jingzhou, Hubei province, China from 2017 to 2018 for an understanding of the species, densities, and hantavirus-carrying situation of the host animals in the city. Methods From April to May (spring) of 2018 and from September to October (autumn) of 2017-2018, 1-2 villages each were selected from 8 counties (or cities/districts) of Jingzhou. Rodents were caught both indoors and in the field by the night trap method. The species of rodents were identified, and their lungs were taken for detection and classification of the nucleic acid of hantavirus by Real-time qPCR. Results From 2017 to 2018, the mean rodent density in Jingzhou was 7.02%, and the mean hantavirus-carrying rate was 13.37%. In spring, the indoor rodent density was 9.52%, and Mus musculus was the dominant species, among which no hantavirus was found; in the field, the highest density of 27.92% was in unharvested wheat fields, and Apodemus agrarius was the dominant species. The overall hantavirus-carrying rate was 12.64% in spring, and all the virus-positive A. agrarius rodents carried type I hantavirus and were captured in unharvested wheat fields. In autumn, the indoor density was 5.60%, and Rattus tanezumi was the dominant species, among which no hantavirus was found; in the field, the densities were higher in cabbage fields (12.33%), unharvested paddy fields (9.21%), and crayfish fields (5.99%), and A. agrarius was the dominant species. In autumn, the overall hantavirus-carrying rate was 13.62%; the virus-positive A. agrarius rodents carried type I hantavirus and were captured in cabbage fields and unharvested paddy fields; the virus-positive R. norvegicus carried type II hantavirus and were captured in crayfish fields and unharvested crayfish paddy fields. Conclusion In Jingzhou, the rodent density is relatively high in the indoor environment, where hantavirus is not detected; there are relatively high rodent densities and hantavirus-carrying rates in unharvested wheat fields during spring and in cabbage fields and unharvested paddy fields during autumn, and the virus-positive species are A. agrarius and R. norvegicus.
  • Study on indoor rearing technique of Blattella germanica
    LIU Yu-chao, LIU Jin-lin, LI Ya-lei, WANG Zong-qing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 474-476. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.020
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    Objective To improve and update the standard indoor rearing technique of Blattella germanica for an easy access to a large number of standard test insects, and to provide a reference for the screening of sanitary insecticides against B. germanica and conducting relevant research. Methods The cockroaches were reared under a continuous dark condition (except operating time) at (27±1)℃ and (60±10)% humidity for one year. The duration of each developmental stage (egg stage, nymphal stage, pre-oviposition period, and generation time) and the body weights of male and female adults were tested to evaluate the reliability of this rearing technique. Results The developmental time of the cockroaches was (15.75±1.26) d for the egg stage, (30.50±1.29) d for the nymphal stage, (9.00±0.82) d for the pre-oviposition period, and (55.25±1.71) d for the generation time. A male adult weighed (54.36±0.19) mg, and a female adult weighed (104.78±3.09) mg. Conclusion This rearing method shortens the developmental periods of B. germanica, and makes a good consistency of growth and development for all stages. It is suitable for the annual generation of B. germanica and can be used as a new standard indoor rearing technique.
  • Surveillance and analysis of cockroaches in Shandong province, China, 2019
    LIU Feng, LIU Ya-nan, SUN Qin-tong, JING Xiao, ZHAO Zhi-gang, WANG Xue-jun, KANG Dian-min
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 477-480. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.021
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    Objective To investigate the changes in species, density, infestation rate, distribution characteristics, and seasonal fluctuation of urban cockroaches in various regions of Shandong province, China, and to provide a basis for cockroach prevention and patriotic health work. Methods The sticky trap method was used to collect cockroaches. The surveillance sites in various cities were monitored once a month. Restaurants, residential areas, hotels, hospitals, farmers' markets, and supermarkets were selected. Sticky trap papers were placed in the nighttime and collected in the morning, with no less than 10 sheets at each site. The species of cockroaches captured, the number of female and male adults and nymphs, and the number of effective sticky trap papers were recorded. Results A total of 6 935 cockroaches were trapped in 2019, which were identified as 4 species:Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, P. japonica, and P. fuliginosa. The mean annual density of cockroaches was 0.56 cockroaches/sheet, of which supermarkets had the highest density (1.73 cockroaches/sheet) and hospitals had the lowest density (0.12 cockroaches/sheet); the dominant species B. germanica accounted for 99.84% of the total cockroaches; the mean annual infestation rate of cockroaches was 4.81%, of which supermarkets had the highest infestation rate (7.74%) and hospitals had the lowest rate (1.63%). The seasonal fluctuation of cockroach density had two peak periods in July and November; the seasonal fluctuation of infestation rate showed a unimodal trend, reaching its peak (7.05%) in July. Conclusion Blattella germanica is the dominant species in urban habitats of Shandong province; cockroach density and invasion rate in supermarkets, farmers' markets, and restaurants are relatively high, with the peak in July and November. Relevant departments should attach great importance to it and take comprehensive control measures to reduce the cockroach density, so as to reduce the invasion of cockroaches to residents' living environment and the risk of spreading diseases.
  • An analysis of cockroach surveillance results in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China, 2015-2018
    LI Guang-shuai, CHEN Bao-zhong, LEI Xiao-gang, XUE Wei, PANG Song-tao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 481-485. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.022
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    Objective To grasp the species, density, sticky trapping rate, distribution characteristics, and seasonal fluctuation of cockroaches in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of cockroach control measures and patriotic health work. Methods Six districts (counties) were selected in the east, south, west, and north of Xi'an according to the geographical orientation. Each district (county) selected six surveillance points, i.e., hotels, restaurants, supermarkets, residential areas, agricultural markets, and hospitals. The surveillance was carried out using sticky traps in the nighttime in the middle of odd months. The species of the cockroaches collected were identified; the cockroach density and sticky trapping rate were calculated. The Pearson correlation test was used to test the correlation between the mean cockroach density and mean trapping rate in each month; the chi-square test was used to analyze the difference in sex between adult cockroaches in urban and suburban areas; the t-test was used to statistically analyze the mean cockroach density and mean sticky trapping rate in each month in urban and suburban areas. Results A total of 2 742 cockroaches were captured from 2015 to 2018, of which two were Periplaneta americana and the rest were Blattella germanica. The mean cockroach density was 0.18 cockroaches/sheet, and the mean sticky trapping rate was 4.72%. In 2015, the cockroach density and sticky trapping rate were the highest, which were 0.36 cockroaches/sheet and 7.03%, respectively, and then they basically showed a downward trend year by year. The habitat that was damaged most seriously was restaurant, where the cockroach density was 0.40 cockroaches/sheet and the sticky trapping rate was 8.85%, but supermarkets should be paid attention to. The seasonal fluctuation of cockroach density and sticky trapping rate showed a unimodal trend, with the highest values in July, which were 0.26 cockroaches/sheet and 6.93%, respectively. Seasonal trends in different habitats showed that the cockroach density and sticky trapping rate in supermarkets fluctuated violently, with the highest values in July, which were 1.02 cockroaches/sheet and 13.56%, respectively; the restaurants and agricultural markets remained at a relatively high level from May to September. The mean cockroach density showed a certain correlation with the sticky trapping rate in each month; there was no significant difference in the damage status between urban and suburban areas, but the proportion of female adult cockroaches in the suburban area was much higher than that in the urban area. Conclusion The cockroach density and sticky trapping rate remained at a low level from 2015 to 2018; the surveillance results of different habitats were basically consistent with those in the whole country and other regions, but the seasonal fluctuation trend had some differences; attention should be paid to restaurants and supermarkets. There was no significant difference in the damage status between urban and suburban areas.
  • An experimental study of interspecific competition between Aedes aegypti from Wushi town of Leizhou and Ae. albopictus from different places in Guangdong province, China
    CHEN Zong-jing, QIN Bing, BAI An-ying, WU Jun, DENG Hui, DUAN Jin-hua, LIU Li-ping, LU Rui-peng, YIN Wei-xiong, LIN Li-feng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 486-489. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.023
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    Objective To investigate the interspecific competition between Aedes aegypti from Wushi town of Leizhou and Ae. albopictus from different places in Guangdong province, China, and to evaluate the dispersal ability of Ae. aegypti. Methods From March to August 2017, 100 second-instar larvae of Ae. aegypti from Wushi town and 100 second-instar larvae of Ae. albopictus from one of selected places in Guangdong province were mixed and raised in a mosquito room. Eighteen days after emergence, all adult mosquitoes were collected with an electric mosquito vacuum for classification and counting, and all mosquito eggs were collected and put in water for next-generation rearing. A total of six generations of mixed rearing were conducted to compare the competitiveness of different species by the number. Results In each generation, Ae. aegypti was the first to emerge, and Ae. albopictus emerged more than three days later. The number of Ae. aegypti from Wushi town of Leizhou was more than the average number of Ae. albopictus in this town and the number of Ae. albopictus from Meizhou in each generation; there were five generations more than that from Maoming, one generation less; there were four generations more than that from Qishui town of Leizhou, Shaoguan and Shenzhen, two generations less; there were two generations more than that from Zhanjiang, four generations less; there was one generation more than that from Guangzhou, five generations less. Conclusion Aedes aegypti from Wushi town of Leizhou has strong competitiveness against Ae. albopictus from Meizhou, Maoming, Shaoguan, and Shenzhen of Guangdong province.
  • Study on insecticide resistance difference of Aedes albopictus between adjacent sites
    LIU Yang, ZHANG Shao-hua, LIANG Zhuo-nan, QIN Yan-min
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 490-493. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.024
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    Objective To investigate the area with the development of insecticide resistance and explore a method for selecting reasonable sampling sites for resistance monitoring by comparing the insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus between adjacent sites. Methods From August to October 2018, mosquitoes were collected from six sampling sites which were distributed in an approximately straight line within 2 km of a place in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China. The six sampling sites were situated in two residential areas, two locations of an institution, a work shed near the hill, and a forest, respectively. Insecticide resistance was determined based on baseline sensitivity by the larval dipping method. The resistance was compared between different sampling sites, and the statistical significance for the difference was determined based on whether the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for median lethal concentrations (LC50) overlapped. Results There were great distinctions in the resistance levels of Ae. albopictus between different sampling sites. The resistance ratios to beta-cypermethrin ranged from 1.68 to 86.20, and there were two, one, and three sampling sites showing high resistance, low resistance, and susceptibility, respectively. The resistance ratios to permethrin ranged from 1.68 to 58.99, and there were one, three and two sampling sites showing high resistance, moderate resistance, and susceptibility, respectively. The resistance ratios to fenthion ranged from 1.24 to 6.58, and there were four and two sampling sites showing low resistance and susceptibility, respectively. There were significant differences in LC50 (i.e., no overlap of the 95%CI for LC50) of any of the insecticides between two adjacent sampling sites, except between C and D sites for permethrin and between D and E sites for fenthion. Conclusion The insecticide resistance of Ae. albopictus can develop within a small area. The resistance status of a specific site can not represent that of surrounding sites. When monitoring insecticide resistance in a large area, it is necessary to select as many sampling sites as possible, so as to accurately reflect the level of insecticide resistance in the area.
  • Application of 0.005% flocoumafen rice bait for rodent control in residential areas
    CHEN Feng-ling, SUN Cong, XU Xiao-guang, JIN Yun-feng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 494-496. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.025
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    Objective To observe the efficacy of a 0.005% flocoumafen rice bait for rodent control in the outdoor environment of urban residential areas, and to explore rodent control technology in residential arese for promotion and application. Methods A 0.005% flocoumafen rice bait was set by different baiting methods to six different outdoor residential areas with comparable environmental situations and rodent densities in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China, at the beginning of June 2019. Excel 2016 software was used for data analysis, and the chi-square test was applied for comparing the efficacy of different baiting methods. Results A total of 39 Rattus norvegicus and 1 Mus musculus were collected from three experimental areas, while 17 R. norvegicus were collected from three control areas. The number of dead rodents in the experimental areas after baiting directly in rodent holes and their hidden haunts was significantly higher than that in the control areas. Twenty-one days after bait placement, the rodent densities declined by 100% in all the three experimental areas, while the densities in the three control areas decreased by 100%, 70.3%, and 87.9%, respectively, with a mean decline of 86.1%. Conclusion Placing the 0.005% flocoumafen rice bait directly in rodent burrows and tube wells and also in bait stations is superior in rodent control to setting the bait only in bait stations.
  • Molluscicidal effects of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules in different environments
    SHEN Xue-hui, DAI Jian-rong, WANG Lin, LI Ye-fang, XING Yun-tian, SUN Le-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 497-501. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.026
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    Objective To evaluate the molluscicidal effects of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules in different environments, and to propose a technique for Oncomelania hupensis control. Methods One field test site each was selected in the river beach, water network, and hill. In each test site, three groups were set up:experiment I (using 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules at 40 g/m2), experiment II (using 4% niclosamide ethanolamine powder at 50 g/m2), and blank control (no snail control measure). The mortalities and densities of O. hupensis snails were compared between different environments and different time points after molluscicide application, and the changing trend in the density was drawn. Results Seven days after molluscicide spraying, the snail mortalities caused by 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules in the river beach, water network, and hill were 84.97%, 87.57%, and 86.01%, respectively, with adjusted mortalities of 84.55%, 87.41%, and 85.80%, respectively; the mortalities caused by 4% niclosamide ethanolamine powder in the three environments were 83.75%, 85.42%, and 87.68%, respectively, with adjusted mortalities of 83.37%, 85.27%, and 87.55%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the mortality between the two molluscicidal protocols in any of the three environments (χ2=3.528, 2.910, 0.015, all P > 0.05). Fifteen days after molluscicide spraying, the reduction in the mean snail densities by 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules in the river beach, water network, and hill were 88.42%, 91.25%, and 85.57%, respectively; the reduction in the mean densities by 4% niclosamide ethanolamine powder in the three environments were 83.91%, 85.29%, and 86.67%, respectively. Three to 15 days after spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules, the overall mortalities in the river beach, water network, and hill were 84.12%, 87.68%, and 85.74%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=6.440, P=0.040). Conclusion The 5% niclosamide ethanolamine granules have a good molluscicidal effect in the river beach, water network, and hill, and can be used as an alternative molluscicide for snail control in different environments.
    • Review
  • Problems and strategies in bed bug prevention and control in China
    WANG De-sen, XIA Yan-wei, ZHANG Jing-sheng, HAN Dong-liang, WANG Chang-lu, ZHENG Jun, HE Yu-rong, REN Dong-sheng, LIU Jie, DENG Hui
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2020, 31(4): 502-507. https://doi.org/10.11853/j.issn.1003.8280.2020.04.027
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    Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius and C. hemipterus) feed on the blood of humans and animals and severely affect people's lives and health. After the World War II, bed bugs were almost eradicated in most parts of the world with the application of insecticides. However, since the late 1990 s, bed bugs have resurged all over the world (except Antarctica). Due to their cryptic behavior, nocturnality, and increasingly serious insecticide resistance, bed bugs have become one of the most difficult urban pests to control. During the investigation of bed bug infestations and control conducted in some areas of Guangdong province, China, from 2017 to 2019, it was found that bed bug infestations were increasing, and there were many challenges in the current bed bug control. Thus, how to effectively suppress the resurgence of bed bugs and adopt effective control measures has become an urgent concern. This paper reviewed literature on bed bug prevention and control, proposed corresponding countermeasures to the problems existing in the current bed bug control in China, and bed bug control strategies in China.
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