ISSN 1003-8280 CN 10-1522/R 中国疾病预防控制中心 主办
Objective To analyze the application of national standard of vector density for pest control performance evaluation in creating hygienic city, to provide a scientific reference for the control and prevention of urban vectors, create hygienic city and meet special vector inspection. Methods Urban vector special inspection was conducted based on national standards of vector density for pest control performance evaluation. Results Total 64 counties of 8 cities in Shaanxi were inspected within 4 years, and the indexes that were most likely to reach grade A were index of mosquito landing rate, positive rate of cockroaches ootheca, the density of rodents in outdoor environment, cockroach infestation trace rate, mosquito density in large and medium-sized water bodies, of which the achieving rates were 93.06%, 85.29%, 82.61%, 57.35%, and 55.56% respectively. The indexes that were more difficultly to achieve Grade C were density of mosquito in smaller ponding, facilities for preventing fly, indoor fly density, being 26.39%, 16.67%, and 16.67% respectively. The average rate of non-achieving standard in areas where "flies were prohibited" was 37.31% and the flies positive detection rate of this index showed the obvious downward trend year by year. Conclusion The new national standards are more scientific, standardized, and high maneuverability. Two indexes including mosquito density in small water body and the rate of in areas where "flies were prohibited" were more difficult to reach the national standards.
Objective To assess the prevention and control measures in communities, in order to optimize the response and adaptation strategies to dengue fever. Methods From April to June 2014, stakeholders analysis were conducted through personal interviews and focus groups in Liwan, Yuexiu, Haizhu, and Baiyun districts of Guangzhou. There were 93 participants which from general public, patients, staffs from CDC, hospital, municipal administration (Patriotic Health Campaign Committee), disinfection station, and neighborhood committee. Results Outbreak sites with high density of population were surrounded with vector breeding and habitats. The top-down approaches were used in communities. There were knowledge gaps between prevention institutions and patients. Community dengue prevention mainly depend on neighborhood committee and less on residents' participation. Indoor vector surveillance results were inaccurate and was curbed in process. Early case detection and response were affected by fee charge system and cognitive level of Health staffs. There was little effect of insecticide using in communities. Conclusion Sustainable integrated response strategies should be established in high risk areas including epidemic surveillance, early warning, motivating residents to participate in community integrated vector management, and conducting insecticide space-spraying for emergence response.
Objective To investigate the relationship between the basic law of large-scale spatial distribution pattern of mosquitoes and the main ecological factors affecting their distribution in the residential area of Lancang river of Yunnan province in China. Methods We surveyed the mosquitoes in relation to latitude and elevation along the Lancang river (21°-30° N, 500-3 500 m). Adult mosquito samples were captured using UV light traps in the mountainous residential areas. Results (1) A total of 180 099 adult mosquitoes were collected and identified as 46 species of 7 genera in 2 subfamilies. Among them were the Anopheles 16 species, Culex 15 specie, Aedes 11 species, Uranotaenia, Armigeres, Mansonia, and Culiseta 1 species respectively; (2) γ-diversity (Species richness) of mosquito showed ladder-like downward trend with the increasing latitude and along the altitudinal gradient, species richness showed a gradual downward trend; (3) β-diversity (Cody index) showed a bimodal distribution pattern with the increasing latitude, the two peaks were located at position 24°-25° N and 27°-28° N; along the altitudinal gradient, showed increase at first and then gradual decrease, the highest point was located at 1 000-1 500 m; (4) The result of cluster analysis showed that mosquito species were classified into three main ecological types by cluster analysis, namely Oriental fauna, Palaearctic fauna, and the transitional fauna between them; (5) Mosquito species richness with latitude, elevation, temperature and rainfall in the multiple correlation analysis showed that a negative correlation between the number of mosquito species with latitude and elevation, a positive correlation between with the temperature and rainfall. Conclusion Influenced by factors such as geographic and climatic conditions, the spatial distribution pattern of γ-diversity in the Lancang river basin mosquito populations decreased with increased latitude and altitude, and the general trend of increase with the increase of temperature and rainfall. Among them, the latitude as geographical factors has more prominent impact on the mosquito diversity, and the precipitation as a climatic factor in mosquito diversity plays a leading role.
Objective To investigate the resistance of larvae and adults of Aedes albopictus to commonly used insecticides in Chaozhou, Guangdong province in China during the dengue outbreak in 2015, providing guidance in the control of dengue vector mosquitoes. Methods Along with the efforts to control the outbreak, larval mosquitoes were collected from the epidemic areas, recording the number and instar of larvae, as well as the longitude and latitude of collecting sites. According to the National Scheme of Pesticide Resistance Surveillance for Major Vectors (Trial) PartⅡ Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, WHO recommended methods-bioassays were performed on the collected Ae. albopictus. With reference to the S-lab (a laboratory strain from National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention), insecticides resistance was tested with exposure tubes on adults and dipping method on larvae. Results The median lethal concentration (LC50) of the larvae against deltamethrin, permethrin, beta-cypermethrin and temephos were 0.092 8 mg/L (RR=232.0), 2.047 5 mg/L (RR=1 023.8), 0.055 2 mg/L (RR=61.3) and 0.007 3 mg/L (RR=4.6) respectively. Adult mosquitoes were tested against 3% permethrin for one hour, and only 66.67% died 24 h later, showing resistance to permethrin. When exposed to 1.8% cyhalothrin, 0.1% deltamethrin, 3% beta-cypermethrin and 0.44% malathion for 1 h respectively, the mortality 24 h later were 86.96%, 95.12%, 82.50%, and 91.43%, indicating decreased susceptibility and likely resistance/tolerance to the insecticides. However, the tested adults showed high susceptibility to 0.18% fenitrothion, 0.6% dichlorvos and 0.06% propoxur with mortality 100% (1 h exposure and 24 h recovery). Conclusion The larvae of Ae. albopictus in Chaozhou city have developed resistance to the tested insecticides, especially to pyrethroids. Adult mosquitoes showed high resistance to permethrin, but further researches are needed to confirm the resistance to deltamethrin, cyhalothrin, beta-cypermethrin and malathion. In practice, insecticides resistance surveillance should be highlighted to enhance mosquito control efficacy.
Objective To investigate the mosquito density and the natural infection of mosquitoes with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in Hanzhuang Town of Weishan county, Lake Taibai of Jining city and Lake Dongping of Taian city, providing scientific basis for controlling mosquitoes and preventing mosquito-borne diseases in the area. Methods Adult mosquito were collected by bed net method and nucleic acids of JEV were detected from mosquito samples by Quantitative Real-time PCR. Results A total of 16 711 mosquitoes were collected from June to September 2015, including 6 genera 17 species. The number of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. pipiens palllens was 6 610 (39.55%) and 6 465 (38.69%) respectively. They were the predominant in the region. The seasonal fluctuations of all the adult species were consistent, and reaching the density peak in August. JEV was detected from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pipiens palllens and Coquillettidia ochracea (Theobald, 1903). Conclusion The density of mosquito along the south-to-north water diversion project in Shandong is also high and the JEV natural infection exists in a variety of mosquito species. It is the first time that JEV was detected from C. ochracea. All of these findings indicate the region's high JEV infection risk.
Objective To investigate the Bartonella infections in wild rodent populations in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China, and provide support for the prevention and control of Bartonella infections in humans. Methods Rodents were collected from different regions and habitats by the night trapping method. The livers and spleens were sampled using aseptic technique and the specific primers of Bartonella spp. were used to amplify the gltA gene fragment using PCR. Then the ftsZ, rpoB, and 16S rRNA genes of the positive samples were amplified and positive amplicons were sequenced. The nucleic acid sequences were submitted to the GenBank. The multiple sequence alignment of the sequences was Mega 6.06 software. The neighbor-joining tree was inferred from gltA similarity data with Mega 6.06 software. Results Five sampling sites were selected from Helan Mountain, Yinchuan, and Zhongwei city as well as Guyuan. The sampling sites were categorized into four habitats including grassland, shrub, farmland and forest, from which 233 samples were collected. Bartonella was cultivated in 51 samples giving a positive rate of 21.79% (51/234). A total of 13 genera, 20 species of rodents were captured. The Bartonella was isolated from 9 species, 7 genera of rodents. The rates of isolation among different species were: 45.45% (5/11) in Spermophilus alaschanicus, 33.33% (15/45) in Apodemus agrarius, 33.33%(11/33) in Ap. peninsulae, 25.00% (5/20) in Dipus sagitta, 20.83% (5/24) in Meriones meridianus, 17.86% (5/28) in Cricetulus longicaudatus, 14.29% (1/7) in Meriones unguiculatus, 13.64% (3/22) in Cricetidae and 11.11% (1/9) in Allactaga sibirica. Spermophilus alaschanicus infection rate was highest. The Bartonella isolates were found to be most similar to B. grahamii, B. elizabethae, B. jaculi, B. japonica and B. taylorii. Conclusion This report provides evidence of Bartonella infections in wild rodent populations in Ningxia region. The high prevalence of Bartonella spp. exists in various rodents and habitats. Phylogenetic analysis showed high diversity in the Bartonella isolates comprising of the pathogenic species which could pose risk of human infections.
Objective To analyze the impact of rodent density on the incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Zhejiang province, and to provide background for the prevention and control of the rodent-borne diseases. Methods The monitoring data of rodent density and the incidence of HFRS were collected from January 2005 to December 2014 in Zhejiang province. Spearman correlation analysis and linear regression method were applied for data analysis. Results The average density of rodents in the last decade was 0.88% in Zhejiang province, and the Rattus norvegicus was the predominant species which accounting for 51.16% of the total number. There was correlation with the rodent density and the incidence of HFRS lagging one month to four months, and the correlation coefficients were 0.247, 0.369, 0.328, and 0.213 respectively (P < 0.05). The linear regression found that the rodent density was significantly associated with the incidence of HFRS lagging one month to four months (R2=0.106, 0.167, 0.134, and 0.067, P < 0.05). Every 1% increase in the rodent density, followed by 0.326, 0.409, 0.367 and 0.258 (/100 000) increase in the HFRS incidence lagging one month to four months respectively. Conclusion Rodent density has certain influence on the incidence of HFRS in Zhejiang province. The density monitoring and rodent control should be carried out on a routine basis.
Objective A parasitological survey was conducted in wild and captive populations of Equus przewalskii with treatment of antiparasitics to investigate the infection, diversity and parasitic characteristics of Gasterophilus spp. in E. przewalskii which lives in different conditions. Methods Gasterophilus spp. larvae were collected and counted from the random fecal samples of E. przewalskii populations and all the fecal samples of E. przewalskii individuals after antiparasitic treatment in January 2015. Results There was a statistically significant difference in the mean number of Gasterophilus spp. larvae at the peak of larvae expelled between wild and captive populations (140.8±62.8 and 1.8±0.9, respectively) (u=-4.997, P=0.000). Larval burdens of captive population were reduced by establishing isolated zone and providing special forage grasses. A total of 5 357 larvae were collected from wild population, which were identified as the following 5 species of Gasterophilus spp.: G. pecorum, G. nasalis, G. nigricornis, G. intestinalis and G. haemorrhoidalis. Gasterophilus pecorum (96.84%) was the predominant species in the wild population. In total 83 larvae were collected from captive population, and 5 species of Gasterophilus spp. were identified as follows: G. intestinalis, G. haemorrhoidalis, G. nasalis, G. nigricornis, and G. inermis. The prevailing species were G. intestinalis (48.19%) and G. haemorrhoidalis (39.76%). There was an obvious difference between wild and captive population in species composition of Gasterophilus. Shannon-Wiener index of Gasterophilus spp. was 1.07 in the captive population, significantly higher than the wild one(0.17). The evenness index of Gasterophilus spp. was higher in the captive population (0.66) similarly, while it was 0.10 in the wild population. The results shown a striking difference of Gasterophilus spp. diversity between wild and captive populations, while the latter was rigorous infected by horse gastrointestinal myiasis. Gasterophilus pecorum was the predominant species in the wild population while it was absent in the captive population, which indicated that unique transmission cycle with grass was intyerrupted. Conclusion Equus przewalskii populations in different living environments have distinctly different infective charsacteristics of Gasterophilus spp., G. pecorum has extremely strong adaptability to the desert steppe.
Objective To develop a consensus-degenerate hybrid oligonucleotide primer (CODEHOP) 4-step program Real-time PCR method for the detection of Arenaviruses in rodents. Methods Designed a pair of CODEHOP primers for Arenaviruses, analyzed the amplification curve and melting curve of Real-time PCR. According to the melting temperatures (Tm) of specific amplicons and primer-dimers (PDs), CODEHOP 4-step program Real-time PCR was developed by adding a 5 s holding at the optimal temperature between Tm of PDs and amplicons for reading fluorescence signal after extension step of conventional 3-step Real-time PCR. The sensitivity, specificity and repeatability of the method were evaluated. Results Tm of PDs was between 75.32-76.86℃ and Tm of specific amplicons was 86.84℃. Adding the step which fluorescence signal reading temperature was 84℃, can effectively eliminated the artifact of PDs in CODEHOP Real-time PCR. The specificity of the method was 100% and the minimum detection to Arenaviruses RNA was 59.6 pg. The method had fine repeatability with CV value less than 5%. Twelve blind rodent lung samples were detected successfully. Conclusion The developed CODEHOP 4-step program Real-time PCR method has a high level of specificity and sensitivity, that can be effectively used for detection of different Arenaviruses carried by rodents.
Objective To investigate the role of cell membrane cholesterol in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection of human neuronal cells.Methods CCK-8 cell counting assay was conducted to detect the cytotoxicity of cholesterol depletion agent, ethyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) on SH-SY5Y cells. The impact of MβCD on JEV and EV71 mRNA expression was validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) after SH-SY5Y was pretreated by MβCD. Then MβCD was added at different stages of virus infection and detected the expression level of JEV and EV71 mRNA. Results The highest working concentration of MβCD was 5 mmol/L.Data of qRT-PCR showed that the expression of JEV and EV71 mRNA was inhibited by pretreatment of MβCD (P < 0.05), while addition of MβCD at 60 min after the incubation of EV71 had little effect (P > 0.05).Conclusion Cell membrane cholesterol plays an important role in JEV and EV71 infection of human neuronal cells, but acts at different stages.
Objective To learn the epidemic status of scrub typhus in suburban districts in Beijing, providing the basis for prevention and control of scrub typhus. Methods A total of 4 362 serum samples were collected from the residents in Pinggu, Miyun, Huairou and Mentougou districts of Beijing during April 2012 and December 2013. Scrub typhus IgG antibody was tested by ELISA method, and the seroepidemiological investigation was carried out. Results Among 4 362 samples, 460 were positive of scrub typhus IgG, the positive rate was 10.55%. The positive rate was 11.66% in Pinggu district, 9.47% in Miyun, 8.73% in Huairou and 2.26% in Mentougou district. The difference between Mentougou and other districts was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion The infection of scrub typhus exists in Pinggu, Miyun, Huairou and Mentougou districts. The infection rate in Pinggu was the highest. Miyun and Huairou also had high infection rate, and the surveillance, prevention and control of scrub typhus should be strengthened in these areas.
Objective To provide a reference for the monitoring, early warning and prevention and control of vector borne diseases, by researching the population distribution and density fluctuation of vectors and their significance in vector-borne diseases and by summarizing the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), Scrub Typhus and intestinal infectious diseases for coastal beach area of Yancheng city. Methods To collect and process network-based report data of HFRS, Scrub Typhus and intestinal infectious diseases, human population information in the coastal beach area of Yancheng city; the vector population distribution, density fluctuation were monitored in coastal beach area from 2011 April to 2013 December. The pathogen were detected with fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR and RT-PCR in small mammal tissues and their ectoparasites, mosquitoes and ticks. All data was analyzed by Excel 2003 and SPSS 16.0. Results (1) The rodent density was 3.60%, it was higher than that of the coastal areas of Jiangsu province and the rodent density in Jiangsu province. The rodent density in the field is higher than that of town (residential area). The rodent density appeared two peaks in winter and summer at 2011-2013, the winter peak was in January and the summer peak during May to August. Apodemus agrarius was the predominant species in the coastal area, the constituent ratio of 89.19%. (2) The mosquito densities (per light-trap hour) was 0.51. There was a peak of the mosquito density from May to October every year. The predominant species was Culex pipiens pallens which constituent ratio was 88.84%. (3) The fly densities (per cage) was 46.57. The predominant species were Chrysomyia megacephala, Musca domestica which constituent ratio were 45.17%, 25.70% respectively. (4) The cockroach's densities (per net) was 0.01, and the infestation rate was 0.30%. The predominant species was Blattella germanica. The tick index of Hedgehog was 7.75, and the density of free tick (per flag-hour) was 37.00. In the emergency monitoring at August 2015, the density of the tick (per flag-hour) was 0.25, the tick index of parasitic ticks in sheep, dog, hedgehogs, and weasel were 1.80, 0.02, 8.33, 10.00 respectively. Capture ticks are Haema-physalis longicornis, The Gamasid index was 0.26, and the Chigger index was 0.24 in Ap. agrarius surface. (5) The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases, Scrub Typhus were intermittent gradually increased, and HFRS increased sharply in 2010-2014. There was the winter peak of HFRS, the highest incidence in December, and the autumn peak of Scrub typhus in November. There were two peaks of intestinal infectious diseases in May and November. Two SFTS epidemic occurred for the first time in Dongtai area in 2015, and related to the history of fishing in the coastal beach and a clear history of tick bites. (6) In small mammal tissues, SFTS total antibody was positive only in 1 of hedgehog serum, and SFTSV nucleic acid was positive in the capture of free ticks. However, Hantavirus, Rickettsial and other pathogens were negative. Conclusion There were vectors such as rodents, mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches, ticks, fleas, and mites in Yancheng city coastal areas, and posed risk of vector borne diseases, which occurred from time to time. It should take effective measures to prevent and control outbreak.
Objective To investigate the densities and seasonality of Culex pipiens pallens in the vicinity of Beijing Capital International Airport during 2011 to 2014, and to provide a basic data for the control and prevention of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Seven monitoring stations within 2 000 m around Beijing Capital International Airport were included in this study during 2011 to 2014. Carbon dioxide light traps were used to capture mosquitoes according to GB/T 23797-2009. Descriptive analysis was performed with mosquito monitoring data from 2011 to 2014 in surrounding areas of Beijing Capital International Airport. Results A total of 126 212 adult mosquitoes were captured within the 4 years of investigation. Culex pipiens pallens was the predominant mosquito species (accounting for 85.59% of all captured mosquitoes), followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (13.95%), Anopheles sinensis (0.28%), Aedes albopictus (0.18%), and 1 Armigeres subalbatus. The annual average density indices of Cx. pipiens pallens in the 4 years were 35.87, 43.44, 15.67 and 36.88 mosquitoes per light-hour, respectively. There were significant differences on annual average density between 2012 and 2013(q=4.150, P < 0.01), between 2014 and 2013 (q=3.553, P < 0.05), respectively. The monthly average densities ranged from 0.29 to 113.34 mosquitoes per light-hour. The peak of adult Cx. pipiens pallens density appeared from June to August. The annual average density indices of mosquitoes ranged from 4.34 to 144.21 mosquitoes per light-hour in seven monitoring stations. The densities for Cx. pipiens pallens were the highest at the riverside, the second were in central Airport, and the third were in parts of northern Airport. There were significant differences on annual average density between the riverside and the other 6 monitoring stations (P < 0.01). Conclusion The density indices of Cx. pipiens pallens were high in surrounding areas of Beijing Capital International Airport. Culex pipiens pallens mainly inhabited outdoor environments such as riverside. The activity peak period of mosquitoes was between June to August. The surveillance of Cx. pipiens pallens should be enhanced.
Objective To explore the status of Culex pipiens molestus infestation in different types of underground garages of Shanghai downtown during winter and spring. Methods Larval sampling was conducted in 4 selected underground garages in Shanghai Huangpu district during December to June. Collected larvae were laboratory-reared until adult emergence, and then identification was attempted by male genitalia morphology. Results Of the 4 underground garages, the crude species composition of Cx. pipiens molestus reached 90.48%, especially in winter and early spring which reached 100% in some garages; as the season changes, this proportion of Cx. pipiens molestus decreased significantly (100% to 67.11%). The proportion of Cx. pipiens molestus in Garage D was significantly higher than the other 3 ones (χ2=24.579, 17.053, and 16.025; P < 0.01). The genitalia DV/D ratio of Cx. pipiens molestus from 4 garages varied significantly (χ2=-0.002, -0.021, 0.004, -0.027; F=19.586, P < 0.05); the maximum value ranged from 0.054 to 0.192. Conclusion Featured with high density of underground garage and high prevalence of underground Cx. pipiens molestus infestation, mosquito control still have a long way to go in downtown Shanghai.
Objective To study the Acaroid mites breeding in Chinese herbal medicine Fructificatio Auricularia auricular and describe the morphology of Lepidoglyphus destructor. Methods The Chinese herbal medicine Fructificatio Auricularia auricular was collected from pharmacy and hospital Chinese medicinal materials warehouse in Wuhu city in July 2015, vibration sieve was used to separate the mites, and the morphological observation was conducted for the mite specites Lepidoglyphus destructor. Results The detection rate of acaroids mite was 76.67%, with the average breeding density of 2.09/g, total 9 kinds of acaroids mites were collected. The eggs, larvae, protonymph, dormancy, tritonymph and adult mites of Lepidoglyphus destructor were visible in Chinese medicinal materials Fructificatio Auricularia auricular. Conclusion The Acaroid mites breed seriously in Chinese herbal medicine Fructificatio Auricularia auricular, and need to adopt measures for prevention and control of the mite breeding.
Objective DNA barcoding based on COⅠ gene was used to identify an unknown rat species captured at Henan port. Methods Genomic DNA of the unknown rat species was extracted, the international primer BatL5310 and R6036R were used to amplify COⅠ gene. Purified PCR product was sequenced and blasted in the GenBank and BOLD Systems v3. Phylogenetic trees were built with Mega 4.1. Results The amplified COⅠ fragment, without primer, of the unknown rat species was 750 bp in size and the sequence was 99.43% identical to the published sequence of Rattus nitidus. The unknown rat species was identified as R. nitidus. Conclusion DNA barcoding is a simple and effective method for the identification of rat species and can be the alternative method of morphological identification.
Objective To establish the quality standard of TQ natural plant mosquito repellent, and study its efficacy. Methods Volatile oil of Chuanxiong, turmeric, Notopterygium, Cnidium, eucalyptus and peppermint were used to prepare TQ natural plant mosquito repellent. Volatile oil of Turmeric, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, peppermint, eucalyptus and Notopterygium in TQ natural plant mosquito repellent were identified by TLC. A HPLC method to detect ligustilide was established. And the content of menthol was determined by GC. GB/T 13917.10-2009 are adopted to study TQ natural plant mosquito repellent's effect. Results The TLC spots of Volatile oil from Turmeric, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, peppermint, eucalyptus and Notopterygium were clear with good separation. The linear ranges of ligustilide was 1.08-6.48 μg, the average recovery rate was 99.12%, content of Ligustilide must not be less than 19.80 mg/ml; The linear ranges of menthol was 0.175-0.875 μg, the average recovery rate was 99.95%, content of menthol must not be less than 6.10 mg/ml. Test standard was met by Aedes albopictus challenge test, TQ biological repellents protect longer than 6 h. Conclusion The quality standards are simple but accurate, which can be used to control the quality of TQ natural biological repellents. TQ natural plant mosquito repellent sprays has obvious repellent effect, and can protect human from mosquitos for more than 6 h, reaching the A level of the national standard.
To classify the Isoptera specimen in Panzhihua city of Sichuan province in China, the principle and method of entomological classification were used in this study. Through identification, the species were confirmed as Euhamitermes retusus Ping et Xu and E. yunnanensis Ping et Xu. And the species were collected and recorded firstly, and as a new record species of termites in Sichuan province which has not been reported so far.
This paper recorded a new species of Melinda sichuanica Qian et Feng, sp. nov. which provided an overview of current research on Melinda (Robineau-Desoidy, 1830) in China. A key and a checklist of all the known species of Melinda in China are given in this paper. The type specimens of new species were kept in Ya'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China.
Melinda sichuanica Qian et Feng, sp. nov.
Male: Body length 7.0 mm. This new species is similar to M. yunnanensis Fan, Chen et Li, 1997, but differs from the latter in the following aspects. (1) the par phallus with a long arc forward curved in lateral view, but crescent moon profile to forward curved for the latter. (2) the acrophallus long and thin in lateral view, but it is short and thick for the latter. (3) the cerci healing on apical part in posterior view, but it is forklike for the latter. (4) before the dorsal central bristles 2, but it is 3 for the latter.
Holotype:♂, Cangxi (Mt. Jiulong, 1 200 m, 31°37'N, 105°43'E), Sichuan province, China, 2014-05-12, collected by QIAN Wei-ping cage. The type specimens were kept in the Ya'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Sichuan province, China.
Etymology: The name of new species is derived from Chinese phonetic alphabet "sichuan" and Latin word "ica", indicating that the type locality of the new species is Sichuan province.
Objective To provide a scientific basis for the prediction, prevention and control of dengue fever epidemic by studying dengue virus infection in mosquitoes, vector species density, and antibody level of dengue virus in human populations. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used for statistical analysis on vector monitoring and dengue antibody level in healthy human populations in Chenzhou from 2008 to 2013. Results In total, 789 healthy persons were tested from 2008 to 2013 and the IgG positive rate against dengue virus was 5.32%. As to vectors, 842 of Aedes albopictus were collected. The density of Ae. albopictus was 0.22/h. The highest density of adult Ae. albopictus among different habitats was in park with 0.31/h. The container index (CI) of the larvae was 10.33, with the highest CI in August (12.70) and in waste recycling centers (18.50). The mosquito and oviposition positive index (MOI) was 6.92% and the highest MOI was in park with 10.82%. Eighteen groups of Ae. albopictus tested negative for dengue virus. Conclusion There was no dengue fever virus in adult Aedes mosquitoes in Chenzhou, however, there were natural transmitting vector and dengue fever antibody for healthy populations. Surveillance, prevention, and control of dengue fever should be strengthened gradually.
Objective To evaluate the automatic electrostatic adsorption mosquito monitoring lamp (hereinafter referred to as electrostatic mosquito lamp) in mosquito monitoring, and to provide a reference for scientific and standard investigation and surveillance of mosquitoes. Methods Choose all 13 towns of Jiading district, for a period of 5 years, using electrostatic mosquito lamp to monitor mosquito populations at the same time, choose 1 place to compare electrostatic mosquito lamp and suction trap as function of mosquito density, species, seasonal trend. Results The electrostatic mosquito lamp using 253.7 nm UV spectrum, the attraction rate is better on the local mosquitoes, compare with the suction type mosquito lamp (wavelength 360 nm), the number of captured mosquitos by electrostatic mosquito light trap mosquitoes was 2.12 times higher than those by suction type mosquito lamp; and the attractive effect was better especially on Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles hyrcanus sinensis, the specimen was intact, and less attractive to other insects, Electrostatic mosquito lamp automatically monitors for 6 h, the average density was 71.93% higher than monitoring all night of 12 h (t=-2.837, P=0.016). Conclusion Electrostatic mosquito lamp has a new breakthrough in wavelength, time monitoring, automatic performance, use in the rains, specimen anesthesia, minimized specimen damage, which comply with the "Regulations of national vector surveillance program" requirements. This tool is useful in mosquito fauna survey, epidemiological investigation and others.
Objective To investigate the population density and seasonality of cockroach in Taizhou city, and providing scientific basis for prevention and control. Methods One farmer's market, two restaurants, one hotel, one hospital and one neighborhoods were randomly selected from each county (city, region). The sticky traps method was used to monitor the density of cockroaches1 time per mid month. Results Form 2011 to 2014, the average infestation rate of cockroaches was 10.14%, and the average density was 0.33. German cockroach was the predominant species in Taizhou city, monthly average density fluctuations was 0.05-0.66. There was a peak in July to September and the monthly average infestation rate fluctuated 2.03%-18.64%(χ2=670.83, P < 0.01). The average density and infestation rate of farmer's market were the highest, hospital was the lowest. Conclusion May to June is the best time to eliminate cockroaches. The key of eliminating cockroaches in urbanized area is using integrated prevention and control.
Objective To establish high throughput semi-automated bacteria passage system. Methods Perkin Elmer automated workstation, 2-D barcode top screw frozen tubes, and disposable tips were used to establish semi-automated bacteria passage system. The recovery rate was determined and the cross-contamination of the system was compared with different parameters. Results The recovery rate depended on the times of mix and the volume of broth media. The cross-contamination was related to the volume of mixture, motion speed of the plunger and the position relationship between the disposable tips and liquid surface. Compared with manual method, this semi-automated system greatly improved the efficiency. Conclusion A high throughput semi-automated bacteria passage system was established. This system could be integrated into the routine workflow of professional bacteria culture collection lab.
Insectivorous animal is one of the oldest and most primitive mammals, which is widely distributed throughout the world. Hantavirus is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens, causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). In recent years, 23 types of hantaviruses have been found in insectivorous animals. The typing, phylogenetic, co-evolution or cross-species transmission of hantaviruses associated with insectivorous animals were reviewed in this paper.
As one of the most important medical vectors, ticks can attack a broad range of vertebrates and transmit a great diversity of pathogens. With the global warming and environmental alternation, the distribution areas of ticks are increasing rapidly. Subsequently, emerging and reemerging ticks-borne diseases pose considerable threats on public health. Chemical insecticides often show high efficacy, however, the long-term and large amount use not only leads to resistance development of vectors, drug residues are also potential hazards to people and livestock. Plant-derived repellents are characterized by low toxicity or non-toxic, and all these natural plant compositions are degradable. In all, plant-derived repellents are environmental friendly, which will play important role in the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases in future. In order to provide basic information for the further development of plant-derived repellents, it reviewed related researches that performed on ticks.
As one of common physical vectors, Musca domestica had an intimately relativity to both the environmental or psychological health and wellbeing of humans and animals. In this article, we provide both reviews of the active ingredients in botanical insecticides and clarifying the function mechanism of the active components. Moreover, the problems in research of botanical insecticides were analyzed in details. And a great prospect to exploit plant resources for development of botanical insecticides for controlling M. domestica were also discussed.
