20 December 2012, Volume 23 Issue 6
    

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  • Clone expression and antigen-antibody reaction of two specific fragments of F1 antigen in Yersinia pestis
    DU Chun-hong, WANG Peng, Tiffany C Ho, ZHANG Jian-zhong, SONG Zhi-zhong, DONG Xing-qi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 489-491,495.
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    Objective To express two specific fragments of F1 antigen (caf1-C) in Yersinia pestis and measure their immunological activity (antigen-antibody reaction). Methods The C-terminal (caf1-C) and N-terminal (caf1-N) of Caf1 (B cell epitopes) were chosen for expression. The target genes were amplified by PCR and linked to plasmid pET32a (+). The recombinant plasmid was then used to transform Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and the target gene expression was induced. The expression products were purified by HIS affinity chromatography, and their immunological activity (antigen-antibody reaction) was measured by Western- blot. Results The two fragments of Caf1-C (26 000) and Caf1-N (25 000) were obtained. The two recombinant proteins were in the soluble form and reacted well with antiplague serum. Conclusion The two B cell epitopes (Caf1-C and Caf1-N) of caf1 in Y. pestis were successfully expressed, laying a foundation for the identification of cross reaction with Caf1.
  • Mosquito vector indicators and virus detection during Chikungunya fever outbreak in Dongguan, Guangdong province
    DUAN Jin-hua, CAI Song-wu, WU De, LIU Wen-hua, WU Jun, ZHOU Hui-qiong, ZOU Qin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 492-495.
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    Objective To analyze the association between prevalence of Chikungunya fever and Mosq-ovitrap index (MOI) and to investigate the infection with Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in larval and adult Aedes albopictus. Methods Mosquitoes were collected by mosq-ovitrap and the mosquito density was also determined by Breteau index (BI) during Chikungunya fever outbreak. CHIKV was detected in the Ae. albopictus samples collected in the field by real-time fluorescence PCR and cell culture for isolation. Results Comprehensive emergency control measures were taken for anti-mosquito purpose after the confirmation of Chikungunya fever outbreak. After one week of ergency management, the epidemic situation was effectively controlled, as shown by the fact that both MOI and BI were lower than 5. The collected mosquito samples were divided into 27 groups according to collection time and location, and then CHIKV detection was performed. The results showed that all adult mosquito samples were virus negative, and 3 larval mosquito samples soaked in alcohol were questionably positive, counting for 12.5% of all 24 larval mosquito samples. There were only negative results in the virus detection based on cell culture and isolation. A total of 253 cases were reported in the community with Chikungunya fever outbreak, and the emergency control measures lasted for 22 days.Conclusion As for responding to Chikungunya fever outbreak, mosq-ovitrap is safe, effective, and easy-to-operate for indicating emergency mosquito control, especially for evaluating control efficacy and detecting virus in adult mosquitoes. The infection rate and transmission rate of CHIKV in Ae. albopictus during Chikungunya fever outbreak deserve further study in the future.
  • Detection of pathogens of main tick-borne diseases in ticks from the desert area of Yuli, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
    LIU Xiao-ming, ZHANG Gui-lin, ZHAO Yan, SUN Xiang, ZHENG Zhong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 496-498.
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    Objective To investigate the population composition and distribution of ticks as well as the natural infection pathogens of Lyme disease, Q fever, babesiosis, spotted fever, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis in the desert area of Yuli, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Methods Ticks were collected with white cloth or from the body surfaces of host animals. Pathogen detection was performed by PCR. Results A total of 519 ticks (3 species, 2 genera) were identified, including Rhipicephalus pumilio, Rhipicephalus turanicus, and Hyalomma asiaticum; R. pumilio was the predominant species, accounting for 88.25% of all captured ticks. Only two pathogens of tick-borne diseases, spotted fever group rickettsiae and Anaplasma, were detected from R. pumilio, with detection rates of 6.27% and 3.53%, respectively. Conclusion Variable natural infection with spotted fever group rickettsiae and Anaplasma occurs among the ticks in the desert area of Yuli, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China.
  • Determination of cyp6d1 gene mutation in Musca domestica by high-resolution melting analysis
    WANG Ying-hong, KONG Qing-xin, QIU Li-hua, WEI Ling-ya, SHEN Lin-hai, NI Xiao-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 499-502.
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    Objective To investigate the mechanism of deltamethrin resistance in Musca domestica. Methods The mutation and amplification of cyp6d1, a deltamethrin resistance gene in M. domestica, were determined by high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis and semiquantitative PCR. The accuracy of HRM analysis was validated by sequencing of PCR products. Results The mRNA expression of cyp6d1 in deltamethrin-resistant strain was 50.7-fold that in deltamethrin-sensitive strain, showing significant difference between the two strains (P=0.0002). The PCR products were classified into three genotypes, type A (Tm=85.5℃), type B (Tm=87.3℃), and type C (Tm=88.5℃), according to the mutation analysis of cyp6d1 by HRM. The results from HRM corresponded to the sequences of the three enotypes. As for the genotypes, type A was homozygous 1087G, 1101T, and 1155A (GenBank No. U22367.1), type C was homozygous 1087A, 1101G, and 1155G, and type B was heterozygous for type A and type C. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that this mutation was non-sense mutation. Conclusion The mRNA expression of cyp6d1 is significantly increased in the deltamethrin-resistant strain of M. domestica in Hangzhou, China, which may be one of the mechanisms of deltamethrin resistance increase in M. domestica.
  • Identification of ribosomal binding sites in Yersinia pestis genome
    WANG Yu-meng, YU Dong-zheng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 503-505,511.
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    Objective To determine the optimal distance between ribosomal binding site (RBS) and translation initiation site (TIS) by statistical analysis of RBS-TIS distances in Yersinia pestis CO92. Methods All copies of 3′-terminal 16S rRNA and 177 annotated RBS sequences in CO92 were analyzed to identify the characteristics of Y. pestis RBS sequences. The positions and number of all RBS sequences in CO92 and their distances from the TIS ATG (GTG, TTG, CTG) were determined by statistical analysis. The characteristics of the 20 upstream bases in the annotated coding DNA sequences (CDSs) in CO92 were observed. Results A total of 5081 potential RBS sequences were found in CO92 genome. Of the 5081 RBS sequences, 2909 had downstream open reading frames (ORFs); of the 2909 RBS sequences, 1541 had the ORFs identical to the annotated CDSs, and 535 had the same termination sites as the annotated CDSs but had different initiation sites. In the 20 upstream bases of 3887 annotated CO92 CDSs, 57.7% contained RBS sequences. Conclusion The most frequent distances between RBS and TIS were 7 and 8 bases in CO92 genome. RBS can be an important gene index for identification.
  • Species and 16S rRNA identification of fly-borne pathogens in Shanghai Pudong International Airport
    CHEN Tuo, CAO Xiao-mei, DENG Yao-hua, FANG Jian-hui, LI Fei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 506-511.
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    Objective To investigate the species and distributions of fly-borne pathogens in Shanghai Pudong International Airport. Methods The bacteria on the body surfaces and inside the bodies of flies were isolated and cultured. The monoclonal strains were subject to automatic analysis using Vitek 2 Compact and 16S rRNA sequence alignment. Results Eighteen species of bacteria (2 pathogens and 14 opportunistic pathogens including Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica that had not been reported in China) were detected on the body surfaces of 7 species of flies, Fourteen species of bacteria (1 pathogens and 12 opportunistic pathogens) were detected inside the bodies of the flies. The fly that carried the most species of bacteria was Sarcophaga misera, followed by Lucilia illustris. Conclusion The investigation of fly-borne pathogens in port will be in favor of the identification of new pathogen species and response to public health emergencies.
  • Resistance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Huangzhou district, Huanggang city, Hubei province, China to commonly used insecticides and the potential effect of Romanomermis wuchangensis infection on its insecticide resistance
    DONG Xun, PAN Hai, LEI Gui-lan, WU Zhong-hua, CUI Feng, QIAO Chuan-ling
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 512-515.
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    Objective To investigate the resistance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus in the suburbs of Huangzhou district, Huanggang city, Hubei province, China to commonly used insecticides and the effect of Romanomermis wuchangensis infection on its insecticide resistance, and to provide technical support for mosquito control and disease prevention. Methods The LC50 values of commonly used insecticides for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus infected with R. wuchangensis from the First Middle School of Huangzhou (QYZ) and the uninfected Cx. tritaeniorhynchus from the Dongfang Square (DFGC) were measured by bioassay to evaluate their insecticide resistance levels. Results The LC50 values of parathion, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, propoxur, fenobucarb, permethrin,beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and tetramethrin for the uninfected Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in DFGC were 1.854 74, 0.295 74, 24.865 10, 2.179 81, 6.137 24, 0.040 87, 0.016 69, 0.009 60, and 2.071 32 mg/L, respectively, 1-7 times that of the infected Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in QYZ. Compared with susceptible strains, the Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Huangzhou had resistance ratios of 388, 9, 11, 8, and 24 for dichlorvos, propoxur, permethrin, beta-cypermethrin, and deltamethrin, respectively. Conclusion The Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in the suburbs of Huangzhou district, Huanggang city, Hubei province, China has relatively high resistance to commonly used insecticides, and the R. wuchangensis infection may contribute to its significant insecticide resistance reduction.
  • Association of kdr gene mutation with deltamethrin resistance in Culex pipiens pallens
    LIU Hong-mei, LIU Li-juan, HUANG Xiao-dan, DAI Yu-hua, CHENG Peng, WANG Hai-fang, ZHAO Yu-qiang, WANG Huai-wei, GONG Mao-qing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 516-518,521.
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    Objective To investigate the association of kdr gene mutation with deltamethrin resistance in adult Culex pipiens pallens from different regions in Shandong province, China. Methods The frequency of each kdr allele in different populations of adult Cx. pipiens pallens was determined by allele-specific PCR (AS-PCR). Results The mortality rates of female Cx. pipiens pallens from Jinan, Jining, and Qingdao in Shandong were 39.62%, 37.25%, and 83.81%, respectively, as measured by adult mosquito contact tube. There was significant correlation between deltamethrin resistance mutation phenotypes of L1014F and L1014S and frequencies of kdr alleles in Cx. pipiens pallens from different regions, according to the regression analysis of AS-PCR results. Conclusion Mutation of kdr gene is positively correlated with deltamethrin resistance phenotypes in Cx. pipiens pallens. The feasibility of the AS-PCR method for detection of kdr allele needs further validation.
  • Effects of immunostimulants on phenoloxidase activity in Oncomelania hupensis
    ZHOU Shu-lin, ZHAO Lei, YANG Jin-sun, ZHAO Jin-song, LI Chao-pin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 519-521.
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    Objective To investigate the effects of several regular immunostimulants on the phenoloxidase (PO) activity in Oncomelania hupensis. Methods The snails were divided into four treatment groups and one control group. In the treatment groups, the snails were soaked in phytic acid, vitamin C, β-glucan, or lipopolysaccharid for 60 min, while in the control group, the snails were soaked in dechlorinated water for 60 min. After the shells were removed, the soft tissues of the snails were homogenized and centrifugated to obtain crude enzyme liquid. The PO activity in each group was measured by colorimetry with catechol as the substrate, and statistical analysis was performed on the measurement results. Results The PO activity at different time points showed no significant difference from that at 0 h in the control group (F=2.10, P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the phytic acid and vitamin C treatment groups showed significantly decreased PO activity at different time points after being soaked in phytic acid and vitamin C (P <0.05), and the PO activity decreased over time; the β-glucan and lipopolysaccharid treatment groups showed significantly increased PO activity after treatment (P<0.05), and the PO activity increased over time. Conclusion As immunostimulants, phytic acid and vitamin C can decrease the PO activity in O. hupensis, while β-glucan and 1ipopolysaccharid can increase the PO activity.
  • Fly-luring effects of different baits in fly monitoring: a comparative study
    XU You-xiang, LENG Pei-en, WANG Shao-hua, WU Zheng-rong, FANG Wei, ZHANG Shu-zhi
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 522-524.
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    Objective To investigate the luring effects of different formulae of fly baits, and to explore the commercialization and standardization of baits for fly monitoring. Methods Nine formulae of fly baits were prepared from jam, sweet bean sauce, brown sugar, milk powder, putrid fish paste, and fish meal at different ratios. The fly- luring effects of the fly baits were compared by cage trap method. Results Formula 5 (rotten fish paste＋sweet bean paste) had the highest trapping rate for Chrysomya megacephala, and formula 6 (rotten fish paste＋brown sugar＋milk powder) had the highest trapping rate for Musca domestica, as shown by the test which was performed at 3 rotations per month for 4-11 months. M. domestica accounted for 29.3% of all captured flies. The chi-square test revealed that formula 6 was significantly different from formulae 1-3 and 5, but without significant differences from formulae 4 and 7-9. The Student-Newman-Keuls test showed that formula 6 was better than other formulae, i.e., formula 6>formulae 9, 7, 4, and 8>formula 2>formula 3>formula 5>formula 1. Conclusion Formula 6 is better than other formulas and thus can be used for field fly monitoring and comparison. Further investigation deserves to test its luring effects on M. domestica and other fly species.
  • Preliminary study on assessment of vector surveillance capabilities of municipal centers for disease control in Hebei province, China
    HUANG Gang, HAN Xiao-li, WANG Yan, WANG Xi-ming, MA Li-hua
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 525-528,532.
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    Objective To compare 11 municipal centers for disease control in Hebei province, China in terms of their vector surveillance work, and to explore the method for assessing the vector surveillance capability. Methods The indices for surveillance work were decomposed and quantified. The obtained quantitative results were analyzed by robust statistics (Z-score), and the statistical results were demonstrated by histograms. Results The scoring results (2010- 2011) showed that the municipal centers for disease control had similar surveillance capabilities, but there was significant difference in 2-year mean score between the centers with the highest and lowest scores. Conclusion The method for assessment is effective and reasonable in evaluating the vector surveillance capabilities of municipal centers for disease control, and it can help them identify problems and improve surveillance capability.
  • Comparative study on mosquito-trapping effects of lamp trapping method and labor hour method
    GUO Yu-hong, LIU Jing-li, LU Liang, CHANG Zhao-rui, ZHANG Yan, ZHANG Jing, LIU Qi-yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 529-532.
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    Objective To compare the mosquito-trapping effects of lamp trapping method and labor hour method, and to provide a reference for scientific and standard investigation and surveillance of mosquitoes. Methods Three sites were selected for study based on their different distances from the Three Gorge Dam in the Three Gorge Reservoir area. The mosquito species composition was investigated by lamp trapping method and labor hour method in the residential area and its surrounding area at each of the three sites. Results Both lamp trapping method and labor hour method could be used for successfully trapping the main species of mosquitoes in the Three Gorge Reservoir area, but with difference in the species composition of captured mosquitoes. More Culex tritaeniorhynchus was captured with lamp trapping method than with labor hour method, while much more Armigeres subalbatus was captured with labor hour method than with lamp trapping method. The application scope of lamp trapping method was wider than that of labor hour method. The lamp trapping method could be applied in the places without space limitation, such as forest and rice field. Conclusion Each mosquito trapping method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Lamp trapping method is recommended in the long-time investigation and surveillance of mosquitoes.
  • Mosquito-trapping effects of black box method for mosquito surveillance
    REN Wen-jun, XIONG Jian-jing, LENG Pei-en, LIU Hong-xia, HUANG Jin, CHEN Tian-min, CHEN Ren-chao, ZHANG Jin-sheng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 533-535.
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    Objective To compare the mosquito-trapping effects of black boxes with different opening directions, and to explore the operation guidelines for black box method in mosquito surveillance. Methods The black boxes with different opening directions were used, and 24 h night-and-day observation method was adopted. Results There were significant differences in trapped mosquito number among the black boxes with different opening directions (χ2=44.82, P<0.05). The black box toward the west can trap the most mosquitoes. The results from the 24 h night-and-day observation method showed that the number of mosquitoes trapped by black boxes reached the peak level in the morning (a.m. 05:00-07:00) and in the evening (p.m. 18:00-20:00), and the number of the mosquitoes trapped in the black box toward the west was the largest in each period of time, displaying significant differences (χ2=259.56, P<0.05). The seasonal fluctuation of adult mosquitoes monitored by black box method was similar to that by labor hour method, showing correlation and consistency between them (r=0.696, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in mosquito species composition as monitored by black box method and labor hour method (χ2=4.54, P>0.05), but there was significant difference in mosquito sex (χ2=121.13, P<0.05). Conclusion The black box toward the west is the best for trapping mosquitoes, and can be used for regular mosquito surveillance and the evaluation of mosquito control in special areas.
  • Investigation of activity of metabolic enzymes in deltamethrin-resistant Anopheles sinensis from some regions of Henan province, China
    QI Xin, ZHANG Hong-wei, XU Tie-long, TANG Lin-hua, ZHOU Shui-sen, ZHENG Bin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 536-538.
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    Objective To investigate the activity of metabolic enzymes in Anopheles sinensis from some regions in Henan province, China and the mechanism of metabolic resistance to deltamethrin in An. sinensis. Methods An. sinensis samples were collected from Tongbai county, Huaibin county, and Yongcheng city (county-level) in Henan province in August 2010. The adult mosquitoes of the next generation were divided into deltamethrin-resistant group and deltamethrin-sensitive group by filter contact method according to WHO standard. The activity of metabolic enzymes in deltamethrin-resistant mosquitoes, including nonspecific esterase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and P450 monooxygenase, was measured by microtiter plate method. The laboratory sensitive strain of An. sinensis was used as the control. Results The activity of types A and B nonspecific esterases was significantly higher in the deltamethrin- resistant samples from Tongbai, Huaibin, and Yongcheng than in the control group (t=2.41, t=3.30, t=10.31, t=7.67, t=7.90, t=11.17, P<0.05 for all comparisons). The activity of GST in the deltamethrin-resistant samples from Yongcheng and Huaibin was higher than that in the control group (t=3.687, t=2.484, P<0.05 for both comparisons). There were no significant differences in the P450 monooxygenase activity between the deltamethrin-resistant samples from Huaibin, Yongcheng, and Tongbai and the control group (t=-1.489, t=0.397, t=-0.413, P>0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion The deltamethrin resistance in An. sinensis from Yongcheng and Huaibin are related to the increased activity of esterase and GST, but the deltamethrin resistance in An. sinensis from Tongbai is only related to the increased activity of esterase.
  • Investigation of fly population and density and insecticide resistance of Musca domestica in Zhejiang province, China in 2011
    HOU Juan, GONG Zhen-yu, LING Feng, FU Gui-ming, HE Fang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 539-541.
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    Objective To investigate the fly population and density and the insecticide resistance of Musca domestica in Zhejiang province, China, and to provide a reference for fly control. Methods The fly population and density were investigated by cage trap method with brown sugar and vinegar as baits from April to November. Topical application method was used to investigate the insecticide resistance of M. domestica. Results The trapped flies belonged to 14 species, 7 genera, and 3 families. The density of Chrysomya megacephala was the highest (3.36 flies/cage), followed by M. domestica. The peak level of fly density appeared in May, June, and August. M. domestica in the monitoring sites had high resistance to pyrethroid, low resistance to dichlorvos, and little resistance to acetofenate. Conclusion Fly density reaches the peak level in June in Zhejiang province, China, and M. domestica and C. megacephala are the dominant species. The field strains of M. domestica have high resistance to pyrethroid. Insecticides should be mixed and used by turns in the future fly control to prevent the increase of insecticide resistance.
  • Community structures and niche characteristics of Leptospira host animals in farmlands along Huaihe River
    HU Xing-qiang, GU Li-li, WANG Jun, LI Qing, HUA Gao-rong, ZHANG Guan-lin
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 542-545.
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    Objective To investigate the syngenetic and synecological characteristics of Leptospira host animals in the farmlands along Huaihe River, China. Methods Trap-at-night method was used to capture small animals in the farmlands along Huaihe River. Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener index, Pielou index, and Levins index, the indices of community dominance, diversity, evenness, and niche breadth, were used for the analysis of syngenetic characteristics and niche characteristics of Leptospira host animals in the farmland ecosystem. Results Of the animals captured in the farmlands along Huaihe River, Apodemus agrarius accounted for 89.80%, Crocidura attenuata 6.51%, and Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, and Cricetulus triton together 3.69%. The density of host animals was the lowest (5.54%) in 2006 and the highest (13.75%) in 2010. The diversity index, evenness index, and dominance index of the host animals along Huaihe River were 0.4338, 0.2696, and 0.8111, respectively. The spatial niche breadth indices of Ap. agrarius and C. attenuata were 0.8030 and 0.9353, respectively, but the spatial niche breadth indices of R. norvegicus, M. musculus, and C. triton were 0.3912 to 0.4220. The temporal niche breadth indices were 0.9185 to 0.9979 for all host animals except C. triton (0). Conclusion There are 5 species of Leptospira host animals in the farmlands along Huaihe River, among which Ap. agrarius is the dominant species and C. attenuata is also common. The host animal density increased in general in 2005-2011, with the peak level in 2010. The host animals have low diversity and evenness and high dominant concentration. Ap. agrarius and C. attenuata have good adaptation to farmland ecosystem and good farmland resource utilization ability. The competition between the species of host animals is not prominent, which may lead to the population outbreak of Ap. agrarius, so the regions along Huaihe River are high-risk areas of leptospirosis.
  • Analysis of plague surveillance results in Longlin county, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China from 2000 to 2011
    LIANG Jiang-ming, ZHOU Shu-wu, ZENG Jun, WU Sheng-rong, LIAO Sheng-hua, WANG Li-rong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 545-548.
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    Objective To analyze the plague surveillance results in Longlin county, Guangxi, China from 2000 to 2011, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of plague. Methods Analytic epidemiology and medical statistics were used for the statistics, analysis, and evaluation of the plague surveillance results in Longlin from 2000 to 2011. Results During the past 12 years, a total of 6064 rats, belonging to 11 species in 3 families of 2 orders, were caught, with an annual mean rat density of 3.21%, and Rattus tanezumi acted as the dominant species; a total of 5865 rat fleas, belonging to 6 species, were collected, with an annual mean rat flea-carrying rate of 26.59% and a mean flea index of 0.97, and Xenopsylla cheopis was the dominant species. A total of 6030 rat samples were bred, and 10 Yersinia pestis strains were isolated. Indirect hemagglutination test was used to examine 3663 rat sera and 1792 indicator animal sera. Two positive rat sera (0.05%) and 24 positive indicator animal sera (1.34%) were obtained. Conclusion There is natural epidemic focus of R. tanezumi in Longlin county, according to the analysis considering geography, host animals, vector fleas, pathogens, and other factors. Plague surveillance must be strengthened to prevent the prevalence of plague.
  • Analysis of epidemic characteristics of rabies in Hebei province, China from 2005 to 2011
    ZHANG Yan-bo, HAN Zhan-ying, WEI Ya-mei, HAN Xu, XU Yong-gang, LI Qi, QI Shun-xiang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 549-551.
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    Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of rabies in Hebei province, China and explore the strategy for prevention and control of rabies by analyzing the epidemic data of human rabies cases in Hebei from 2005 to 2011 and the treatment of the human rabies cases in Hebei from 2008 to 2011. Methods The epidemic data of human rabies cases in Hebei from 2005 to 2011 and the information on the treatment of the human rabies cases from 2008 to 2011 were collected and subject to statistical analysis using Excel and analysis based on descriptive epidemiology. Results The prevalence rate of rabies in Hebei increased rapidly since 2005, peaked in 2007, and maintained at a high level in the remaining years. The cases were found mainly in Baoding, Cangzhou, and Shijiazhuang, accounting for 49.15% of all cases; Qinhuangdao, Tangshan, and Zhangjiakou presented a rapidly increasing prevalence rate. Most cases were peasants, and there were more male cases than female counterparts. Rabies occurred in all age groups, but the patients aged 35-70 years accounted for 68.18% of all cases. There were cases of rabies reported in each month, with the highest incidence in September. The wound treatment rate (45.35%) and vaccination rate (11.16%) of rabies cases after exposure were relatively low, and the rabies immunoglobulin utilization rate for level Ⅲ exposure was only 6.47%. Conclusion In Hebei province, China, most rabies cases were peasants, and the post-exposure wound treatment rate and vaccination rate are relatively low. It is recommended that the rabies vaccine and passive immunization preparations be covered by medical insurance or the New Rural Cooperative Medical Care in high-epidemic areas, aiming to reduce the economic burden of residents and improve the vaccination rates of rabies vaccine and passive immunization preparations.
  • Experimental study on palatability and killing effect of new brodifacoum granules in control of Meriones unguiculatus
    YANG Yu-ping, WANG Li-qing, ZHANG Fu-shun, SU Jia-lou, SONG Chun-ying, LUO Jian-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 552-553,558.
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    Objective To observe the palatability and killing effect of new brodifacoum granules in the control of Meriones unguiculatus. Methods New brodifacoum granules and wheat poison bait of bromadiolone were given to M. unguiculatus in the sandy grasslands of Ordos, Inner Mongolia, China in May 2011. The new brodifacoum granules and wheat poison bait of bromadiolone were compared with respect to their killing effects and palatabilities. Results The palatability of new brodifacoum granules was better than that of wheat poison bait of bromadiolone. The killing effect of 0.005% new brodifacoum granules was significantly greater than that of 0.005% wheat poison bait of bromadiolone, according to the measurement of rate of mousehole elimination, and 1000 g of new brodifacoum granules were enough for control of M. unguiculatus per hectare. Conclusion The new brodifacoum granules have good palatability and killing in the control of M. unguiculatus and are suitable for wide application in rodent control in grasslands.
  • Test of resistance of Rattus tanezumi to warfarin in Xingyi city, Guizhou province, China
    HUANG Hong-wu, ZOU Zhi-ting, TIAN Zhen-zao, HU Xing-yao, ZHAO Yong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 554-555.
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    Objective To investigate the level of the resistance of Rattus tanezumi to anticoagulant rodenticide (warfarin) in the villages and towns (epidemic foci of plague) of Xingyi city, Guizhou province, China. Methods Each individual of R. tanezumi was raised in a single cage in no-choice feeding test. R. tanezumi was given warfarin for 9 day and then fed normally. The whole test period was 25 day. Results A total of 23 (12♂/11♀) eligible individuals of R. tanezumi were enrolled in the test, with body weights of 67-170 g. Thirteen rats were killed, with lethal doses of 117.65-293.75 mg/kg and lethal times of 6.62 (4-10) day. Ten rats survived the test, with warfarin doses of 284.76- 522.73 mg/kg. Of all rats, 43.48% developed resistance to warfarin. Conclusion There are individuals and populations of R. tanezumi which have resistance to warfarin in Xingyi city, Guizhou province, China.
  • Killing effects of ultralow-volume spraying of hygienic insecticide JWX-Ⅱ on mosquitoes and flies
    LU Nian-hong, WANG Jing-po, HAN Zhao-jiu, CHEN Chao, WANG Tian-tao, ZHENG Jian, TAN Wei-long, JIA De-sheng
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 556-558.
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    Objective To evaluate the killing effects of ultralow-volume spraying of hygienic insecticide JWX-Ⅱ on mosquitoes and flies. Methods Laboratory test, simulated field test, and field test were carried out to evaluate the killing effects of hygienic insecticide JWX-Ⅱ on Culex pipiens pallens and Musca domestica. Results In the laboratory test, the KT50 values of JWX-Ⅱwere 4.39 min and 3.79 min for Cx. pipiens pallens and M. domestica when diluted 100 times with water and sprayed at 1.43 ml/m3; the death rates of both insects were 100% within 24 h. In the simulated field test, JWX-Ⅱ was sprayed at a dose of 0.5 mg·ai/m2 and a distance of 5, 10, 15, or 20 m; the 1 h knock down rates and 24 h death rates were more than 95% for both insects when JWX-Ⅱ was sprayed at a distance of 10 m. In the field test, JWX-Ⅱ was sprayed at 0.5 mg·ai/m2 in four encampments for field training of troops; the density of mosquitoes decreased on average by 95.69% one hour after spraying. Conclusion Hygienic insecticide JWX-Ⅱ has the advantages of high efficiency, quick acting, low toxicity, and no offensive odor and is suitable for ultralow-volume spraying.
  • Effects of integrated cockroach control in supermarkets
    CHU Hong-liang, ZHANG Yu-fu, LIU Da-peng, YANG Wei-fang, LIU-Hui, CHEN Zhi-long, SUN Jun
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 559-561.
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    Objective To evaluate the effects of integrated cockroach control in supermarket. Methods Three supermarkets, two as experimental sites and one as control, were selected for test. Integrated control measures, which comprised environmental improvement assisted by chemical control, were taken in the experimental sites. The control effects were evaluated with relative density decrease rate as the indicator. Results All the cockroaches captured in the supermarkets were Blattella germanica. Cockroaches were mainly distributed in the fresh food section, cooked food section, storehouse, bakery, food section, vegetable and fruit section, etc., while the cockroach density in the grocery section was relatively low. The cockroach densities in the two experimental sites decreased by 89.96% and 81.38% three days after integrated control measures, by 93.89% and 90.21% three weeks after the measures, and by 95.05% and 89.27% two months after the measures. Conclusion Cockroaches invade the supermarkets seriously, with B. germanica as the dominant species. Integrated control measures can be used to quickly and effectively decrease the cockroach density in supermarket, and the control effects were durable.
  • Investigation of density of mosquitoes around Beijing Capital International Airport and its seasonal fluctuation in 2011
    TIAN Bo, ZHANG Song-jian, MA Tie-zheng, QUAN Fei, TANG Chao
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 562-563.
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    Objective To investigate the density and species of the mosquitoes around Beijing Capital International Airport (BCIA) and the seasonal fluctuation of mosquito density, and to provide a scientific basis for controlling mosquitoes. Methods The CO2 light traps were applied to collect adult mosquitoes, which were subsequently identified and classified. Results A total of 22 715 mosquitoes (4 species, 3 genera) were trapped, including Culex pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Anopheles sinensis, and Aedes albopictus, Cx. pipiens pallens were the dominant species (87.95%). The density index of mosquitoes was 44.54 mosquitoes per light trap in 1 hour. The peak density of mosquitoes occurred from August to September. Conclusion It provides a basis for controlling mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases by analyzing the density and species of the mosquitoes around BCIA and the seasonal fluctuation of mosquito density. The mosquito control should be strengthened around BCIA. Meanwhile, the density of mosquitoes should be subjected to systematic long-term monitoring and linked to mosquito-borne diseases by correlation analysis. Early warning system for vectors should be established to curb the incidence of mosquito-borne diseases.
  • Analysis of surveillance results of main vectors in Shenzhen Universiade venues from 2010 to 2011
    ZHOU Zhi-feng, ZHUANG Hou-xiong, WANG Yong-gang, FANG Qiong, CAO Li, LIN Bao-ni
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 564-566.
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    Objective To surveil the population distribution and density fluctuation of the main vectors in Shenzhen Universiade venues from 2010 to 2011, and to provide a scientific basis for controlling vectors. Methods The CO2 light trap was used for the surveillance of adult mosquitoes, the mosq-ovitrap for Aedes albopictus, the cage for flies and rats, and sticky board for cockroaches. Results Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquitoes caught in Shenzhen Universiade venues, accounting for 89.47% (476/532), and Ae. albopictus accounted for 9.96% of all caught mosquitoes. The dominant species of caught flies was Chrysomya megacephala (37.83%, 2428/6419), followed by Lucilia cuprina (19.16%, 1230/6419), and Boettcherisca peregrina (17.36%, 1114/6419). Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species of caught rats, accounting for 88.37% (38/43). Blattella germanica was the dominant species of caught cockroaches, accounting for 97.15% (477/491). Compared with the data obtained in 2010, the densities of main vectors decreased significantly in 2011. During the Universiade held in Shenzhen, the densities of main vectors were kept at low levels. The density of adult mosquitoes decreased by 20.55%, and the mosquito and oviposition positive index of Ae. albopictus decreased by 77.70%, and the densities of flies, rats, and cockroaches decreased by 91.29%, 44.38%, and 73.10%, respectively. Conclusion Surveillance and control significantly decreased the densities of the main vectors in Shenzhen Universiade venues and prevented the adverse effects of vectors during Universiade.
  • Analysis of surveillance results for Aedes albopictus as dengue vector in Ningbo city, China 2011
    MA Xiao, FAN Fei-neng, LV Hui, XU Rong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 567-568.
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    Objective To investigate the changes in the population density indices of Aedes albopictus and their influential factors in Ningbo city, China, and to provide a basis for the control of dengue vector. Methods The densities of Ae. albopictus larvae in different environments in Ningbo were monitored and investigated, and the relationship between the changes in densities and climate and environment were analyzed. Results The container index (CI), house index (HI), and Breteau index (BI) for Ae. albopictus in Ningbo were 9.26%, 8.88%, and 10.57, respectively, in 2011, and the total density of Ae. albopictus larvae reached the peak value in August. The density in the permanent container was significantly higher than that in the temporary container, with the maximum value in the pool and tank; the density in resident community was significantly higher than that in the park, construction site, and salvage station, with the minimum value in the school and hospital. Conclusion The population density of Ae. albopictus and its seasonal fluctuation were influenced by multiple factors.
  • Survey of density of pet dogs and disposal of dog attack injuries in Yuyao city, China in 2011
    SHI Ya-feng, MIAO Chao, WANG Ling-hong
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 569-571.
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    Objective To investigate the density of pet dogs, disposal of dog attack injuries, and residents’ knowledge about rabies in Yuyao city, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of rabies. Methods Stratified random cluster sampling was employed for data analysis. Firstly, five towns (subdistricts) were randomly selected from Yuyao. Then, two villages (communities) were randomly selected from each of the five towns (subdistricts). In each village (community), questionnaire survey was performed on households in a face-to-face manner. The obtained data were analyzed using EpiData 3.0 and SPSS 11.5. Results A total of 3000 households were surveyed, in which 383 households (12.77%) kept pet dogs. The mean density of pet dogs reached 16.13 dogs per 100 households, the immunization rate of dogs was 63.43%, and the dog attack injury rate was 0.69%. The rate of standard treatment for dog attack injuries was 75.00%. According to the survey, 93.91% of the participants knew that rabies vaccine should be given after dog attack injury, 88.13% were aware that rabies was an infectious disease with an extremely high fatality rate, and only 30.32% replied that the dog-bite wounds should be immediately flushed with water. The survey results revealed that the level of knowledge about rabies was significantly higher in urban population than in rural population. Conclusion The density of pet dogs is relatively high in the rural areas of Yuyao city, China. Some cases of dog attack injuries did not receive standard wound treatment or complete vaccination procedure, indicating that certain measures should be implemented to enhance residents’ knowledge about the prevention and control of rabies, control the number of pet dogs, and improve the immunization rate of pet dogs.
  • Investigation and analysis of ticks on body surfaces of host animals in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province, China
    YU Xiang-hua, ZHANG Xiao-he, NI Qing-xiang, CHEN Wei, BAO Chang-xian, LIN Xiao-yao, CHEN Sheng-ze, ZHU Jin-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 572-573,580.
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    Objective To investigate the distribution of the ticks on the body surfaces of host animals in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province, China, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of tick-borne diseases. Methods Ticks were collected from the body surfaces of cattle, hounds, wild boars, and murine-like animals. Results A total of 353 ticks (7 species, 4 genera, 1 family) were collected from the body surfaces of cattle, bounds, wild boars, and murine- like animals, with Haemaphysalis longicornis as the dominant species. The Shannon-Wiener indexes of cattle, hounds, wild boars, and murine-like animals were 0.8905, 0.5879, 0.8760, and 0, respectively. There were abundant and diverse species of ticks on the body surfaces of cattle and wild boars. Conclusion There are vector ticks in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang province, China, and measures should be taken to strengthen the surveillance on the seasonal fluctuation of tick population density and tick-borne diseases such as Lyme disease, Ehrlichiosis, and fever with thrombocytopenia.
  • Analysis of surveillance results of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Tiantai county, Zhejiang province, China from 2001 to 2011
    PANG Wei-long, CUI Qing-rong, QIU Xian-qian, GE Jun-hua, CHEN Yang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 574-576.
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    Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and the virus-carrying rate of host animals (rodents) in Tiantai county, Zhejiang province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for effective control of HFRS. Methods The data of the epidemic situation of HFRS in Tiantai were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method. Rodents were captured using traps and then investigated. Indirect immunofluorescence assay was adopted to identify specific IgG antibody. Direct immunofluorescence assay was used to identify hantavirus antigen in the mouse lung. Results A total of 452 cases of HFRS were reported from 2001 to 2011 in the whole county, with 3 deaths, an annual average incidence of 7.27/105, and a mortality rate of 0.66%. Throughout the whole county, the incidence of HFRS was primarily distributed in the towns and villages in the plain region at both sides of Shifeng River. This disease occurred in each month throughout the year, with May to July and October to December as high-incidence periods, accounting for 31.19% and 34.29% of all cases. People aged between 26-64 years were most easily infected, accounting for 86.06% of all cases. As for occupation, peasants constituted the majority of all cases, accounting for 82.52%. The ratio of male cases to female cases was 2.90:1. The coincidence rate of clinical diagnosis in these cases was 82.83%; the recessive infection rate of healthy population was 1.27%. The serological positive rate of mice was 5.20%. Apodemus agrarius was the dominating species in the field mice, followed by Rattus losea. R. norvegicus was dominant species in the house mice. The virus carrying rate of the mouse lung was 10.62%. Conclusion HFRS cases occurred every year in Tiantai county, Zhejiang province, China, and the virus carrying rate of host animals was relatively high. Measures should be taken to enhance surveillance and control of HFRS.
  • Analysis of epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Huxian, Xi’an, China from 1971 to 2010
    TAN Xin, XIAO Dan, YAN Yong-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 577-580.
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    Objective To analyze the epidemiological distribution of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Huxian, Xi’an, China, and to provide a scientific basis for effective control and prevention of HFRS. Methods The numbers of HFRS cases and deaths from HFRS in Huxian from 1971 to 2010 were collected. The incidence rate and mortality rate of HFRS, as well as the incidence rates in different areas, months, age groups, and occupations and their proportions, in Huxian from 1971 to 2010 were calculated. Chi-square test was used to determine the significance of difference in incidence between groups. The densities and virus-carrying rates of field mice and house mice and their proportions were calculated. Results The incidence of HFRS in Hu county reached its peak in 1984, with a case number of 1439 and an incidence rate of 298.65/105. Then, it began to decrease since 1990s, but fluctuantly increased in recent years. HFRS cases were reported in every month throughout the year, with the highest and second highest incidence in June to July and November. There was significant difference in incidence between plain and mountainous areas (plain areas: 53.07/105 vs. mountainous areas: 12.33/105, χ2=228.79, P<0.05). The 15-60 age group accounted for the highest percentage of HFRS cases, and most cases were peasants. As for the host animals, Apodemus agrarius was the dominant species in field mice, while Rattus tanezumi and R. norvegicus were the dominant species in house mice. The virus-carrying rate of mice was 2.78%, including 32 field mice (61.54%) carrying type Ⅰvirus, 3 (5.77%) house mice carrying type Ⅱ virus, and 17 mice (32.69%) carrying unclassified virus. Conclusion The incidence of HFRS decreased in general during the past 40 years in Huxian, Xi’an, China. However, Huxian is still one of the regions with the highest HFRS incidence in China, and the incidence of HFRS showed a rising trend in recent years. In addition to Ap. agrarius, which had been the only rodent species carrying virus causing HFRS in Huxian, more species of rodents carried other types of virus causing HFRS. It is necessary to strengthen the prevention, surveillance, and further study of HFRS in Huxian.
  • Analysis of epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and its control strategy in one troop in Shaanxi province, China
    DI WU Jin-xue, SHI Yao-yong, YUAN Jian
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 581-583.
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    Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the encampment of a troop in Shaanxi province, China, and to provide a basis for troops to control the epidemic situation of HFRS effectively. Methods The epidemic situation of HFRS was analyzed by descriptive epidemiology. The mouse density was monitored by trap-at-night method and powder-trace method. The HFRS antibody was detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Results Four cases of HFRS were reported in the troop from November 24th to December 11th, 2009. As for host animals, Apodemus agrarius was the dominant species locally, accounting for 94.38% of the mice trapped in the wild. There were 3.12% of the trapped mice which carried the virus causing HFRS. The mouse density was 3.00% before killing and decreased to zero after killing. A total of 159 sera were tested in the encampment, and 136 of them were positive with IgM. Conclusion The encampment is the epidemic region of field mouse-type HFRS. Surveillance should be strengthened, and comprehensive measures should be taken for prevention and control of HFRS.
  • Experimental study on killing of rodents and their parasitic fleas by aluminium phosphide in natural epidemic foci of Meriones unguiculatus plague
    WANG Zhi-yu, SHI Xian-ming, GAO Wen-lin, CHEN Yong-jiang, CUI Yao-ren
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 583-584.
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  • Investigation of insecticide resistance of Musca domestica in Yinchuan city, China
    HAN Kun, ZHANG Shu?bin, FU Da?ren, ZENG Jia?hui, MA Xue?ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 585-585.
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  • Investigation of resistance of Musca domestica to six insecticides in urban area of Taizhou city, China
    LIU Ling?chu, REN Zhang?yao, CHEN Cai?rong, ZOU Fan?kai
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 586-586.
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  • Analysis of fly surveillance results in Changping district, Beijing, China in 2011
    HE Hong-guo, LIU Shuo, ZHENG Chao-yang
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 587-587.
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  • Pathogenic investigation of brucellosis among farm animals in Aletai, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
    LI Jin-ping, YAN Hao, YAN Jing-hua, DILI Xia-ti
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 588-588.
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  • Advances in research on overwintering mechanism of Culex pipiens pallens
    LIU Li-juan, LI Ya-ping
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 589-591.
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    The common house mosquito, Culex pipiens pallens, is important as a vector of several mosquito-borne diseases. The mosquitoes are more vulnerable in winter than in other seasons, so the population of mosquitoes in the second year is influenced by the number of overwintering mosquitoes. The physiological and ecological characteristics of Cx. pipiens pallens change a lot for bad weather in winter. This paper reviews the worldwide research on overwintering of Cx. pipiens pallens to consider further research in the future and provide reference for basic research on Cx. pipiens pallens.
  • Advances in research on risk assement technology for vectors and vector-borne diseases
    MA Hong-mei, CHEN Hai-ying, XIONG Zhi-wei, LIU Xiao-qing
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 592-595.
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    Risk assessment technology is more and more wildly applied in the control of vectors and vector-borne diseases. This paper discusses the theory of risk management, and reviews the latest research advances in qualitative risk analysis and quantitative risk analysis, with emphasis on the application of risk assessment matrix, Delphi method, mathematical statistics, mathematical modeling, and geographic information system in this field, and compares the two risk analysis methods.
  • Distribution and prevention countermeasures of rodent in Yinchuan Hedong Airport
    WU Jian-hua, ZHENG Yan-juan, CHEN Zhi-ming, ZHANG Jia-xun, LEI Jing, XU Xiao-ping, LIU Yue-shu, WANG Ling, WANG Jin-xiang, YANG Peng, XU Qing-wei
    Chines Journal of Vector Biology and Control. 2012, 23(6): 596-596,600.
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