Objective To provide the basis for plague prevention and control by investigating species composition and infection rate of Yersinia pestis in fleas collected from floor in the plague natural foci of Lijiang in Yunnan province. Methods Investigation was carried out at 8 villages of Yulong county and 5 villages of Gucheng district of Lijiang. Floor fleas were collected by sticky flea paper method. Species was identified based on morphological characteristics. Y. pestis was cultured from fleas in laboratory. Results The sticky flea paper 21 845 copies were collected in the 13 villages. The average flea index of 0.0249. The sex ratio of fleas was 1.95:1. In total, 545 fleas were collected, which belong to 2 families, 3 genera and 3 species, including Ctenocephalides felis felis (69.54% ), Pulex irritants (18.72% ), and Ctenophthalmus quadrarus (11.74%). Infection of Y. pestis was negative for all fleas. Conclusion There are 3 flea species from floor in the plague focus, Ct. felis felis, P. irritant were predominating species. Infection of Y. pestis was not found.

Objective To provide the basis for plague prevention and control by investigating in the flea species from dog and cat and infection rate of Yersinia pestis in the plague natural foci of Lijiang in Yunnan province. Methods Investigation was carried out at 3 villages of Yulong county and 3 villages of Gucheng district of Lijiang. Fleas on dog body and cat body were collected with insecticide bath, and identified based on morphological characteristics. Y. pestis was cultured from fleas in laboratory. Results There 93 dogs were investigated and there were fleas on 74 dogs, with average fleas infection rate is 79.57%, average fleas index is 2.63. Totally 245 fleas were collected from dog, and all are Pulex irritans. The sex ratio of fleas was 2.14:1. There were fleas on 28 of 37 investigated cats, average fleas infection rate is 75.68%, average fleas index is 2.46. Totally 91 fleas were collected, including P. irritans (46.15%), Ctenocephalides felis felis (53.85%). The sex ratio of cat fleas was 3.55:1. Infection of Y. pestis was negative for all fleas. Conclusion The P. irritans were predominat species to dog body fleas, P. irritans and C. felis felis were predominating species to cat body fleas. Infection of Y. pestis was not found.

Objective To investigate the species composition and distribution of parasitic fleas on small mammals in Shangri-la county, Yunnan province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the study on the epidemic foci of Marmota himalayana plague in the high-altitude areas of Northwest Yunnan. Methods Field investigation was conducted in four landscape areas with altitudes of 2500-4900 m in 6 villages or towns of Shangri-la county during June to July 2011. Small mammals were captured by trap rows, cages (in the daytime), snares, derrick knots, and caves; fleas were collected from them by combing and picking and were then classified and counted. Results A total of 334 fleas (26 species, 15 genera, 7 subfamilies, and 3 families) were collected from the body surfaces of 425 small mammals (21 species, 14 genera, 7 families and subfamilies, and 4 orders). Of the collected fleas, Frontopsylla diqingensis and Ctenophthalmus quadratus were found more frequently, accounting for 33.53% and 13.17%, respectively. It was the first time to detect and collect Callopsylla dolabris and Ceratophyllus silantiewi from the body surfaces and caves of M. himalayana, which were the main vectors in the epidemic foci of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau marmot plague, and the two species accounted for 11.38% and 6.59%, respectively, of the parasitic fleas. Conclusion F. diqingensis is the dominant species in the study areas, distributed at different altitudes and in all the four landscape areas. The nominate subspecies of Neopsylla specialis is not in centralized distribution at any altitude or landscape area, which is different from Yulong and Jianchuan foci of plague. The existence of C. dolabris and C. silantiewi on M. himalayana gives an important clue to the study on the epidemic foci of M. himalayana plague in this area.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To deeply know the role of the reporting of dead rodents in the monitering and control of commensal rodent plague and its cooperation with linking surveillance method. Methods  （1）To compare and analyze the function of dead rodents reporting and three plague?risk indicators reporting on the timely finding of the plague in rodents. （2）To analyze the relationship between dead rodents reporting and linking surveillance method and study the function of the latter. Results　（1） The reporting of dead rodents contributes to, and other two plague?risk indicators reporting has no relation to the detection of commensal rodent plague among rodents.（2）The two HD techniques in monitoring and control system of commensal rodent plague are dead rodents reporting and linking surveillance method, of which, the former is mainly in charge of the detection of the plague among rodents in time, and the latter has two roles, namely both decreasing and founding the epidemic foci among rodents, especially in decreasing them. Conclusion　The emphasis should be put on the popularization of 2HD technique in order to detect and control rodent plague in time in the monitoring and control of commensal rodent plague, and at the same time,  the reporting of three plague?risk indicator should be understood and treated correctly.

Objective To know deeply the incidence mechanism of commensal rodent plague and scientifically work out or choose appropriate surveillance and control measures.Methods The transmission route from rodents to humans of commensal rodent plague was expressed by mathematical language to show up the inherent relations among the decisive factors,and its relevant monitoring methods were analyzed and compared.Results(1)An incidence mode function of the plague was derived.(2) The linking surveillance method was more effective than the parallel surveillance method,and the former was more accordant with the epidemiology principles,the statistics requirements and the "benefit-cost ratio" requirement because of its smaller workload.Conclusion(1)The incidence mode function on commensal rodent plague disclosed the inherent relations among the decisive factors of the disease,and had the important guide function and wide application prospects to its prevention and control.(2)The linking surveillance method should be suited to the surveillance of plague compared to the parallel surveillance method.

Objective The paper reported the results of study on the toxiticy of cyhalothrin to Xenospylly cheopis in laboratory.Methods The residual smearing method was used.Results(1) The KT₅₀ was getting shorter with the concentration gradually creasing,and the death rates of 24 h were getting higher.(2) When the concentration of cyhalothrin were 12.50 mg/L,25.00 mg/L,50.00 mg/L and 100.00 mg/L,the KT₅₀<6 minutes,and the knock down rates of 11 minutes >(63.0%),the death rates of 24 h>84.0%.(3) When the concentration of cyhalothrin were 50.00 mg/L and 100.00 mg/L,the shoot down rates of 30 minutes in 450 days were 100% and the death rates of 24 h in 450 days >93.0%.Conclusion The toxicticy of cyhalothrin to Xenospylly cheopis is very good and cyhalothrin can be used to control the plague in field.

Objective To study the toxicity of chlorpyrifos,phoxim and dichlorvos to Xenospylly cheopis in laboratory.Methods The residual smearing method was used.Results (1) The LC₅₀ of chlorpyrifos phoxim and dichlorvos to X.cheopis were 5.961 5 mg/L,6.787 3 mg/L and 7.834 3 mg/L,respectively.(2) At the concentration of 100 and 200 mg/L,the KT₅₀ values of dichlorvos were(9.0 min) and(4.2) min and after treated for 24 hours both death rates were 100%,the KT₅₀ values of phoxim were 44.5 min and 23.6 min,the 24 hours death rates were 98.7% and 97.8%,while the death rates for chlorpyrifos tyeated 24 hours were 98.9% and 100%.(3) When at the concentration of 100 and 200 mg/L,after 18 min the knock down rates of dichlorvos were 94.5% and 100%,17 min treated the knock down rates of phoxim were 24.4% and 41.1%.(4) At the concentration of 50,100 and 200 mg/L,the 24 hours death rates for 30 days residue effect of phoxim were 0,but for dichlorvos were 0,16.7% and 31.0%.For chlorpyrifos at the concentration of 400,800 and 1 600 mg/L,after 24 hours the death rates for 210 days were 55.2%,75.0% and 96.4%.Conclusion The quick toxitocy of the three insecticides to X.cheopis is dichlorvos>phoxim>chlorpyrifos.The residue effects are low.

Objective To evaluate the anticoagulant rodenticides for Rattus flavipectus control.Methods The acceptability forRattus flavipectus to 6 anticoagulant rodenticide(Warfarin,Coumatetraly,Diphacin Na,Chlorophacinone-Na,Talon,Bromodiolone) were carried using the methods of select feeding test(single and group) in laboratory.Results The acceptability and toxic effects of "second generation" anticoagulant rodenticide(Talon,Bromodiolone) were better than "first generation"(Warfarin,Coumatetraly,Diphacin Na,Chlorophacinone-Na) for Rattus flavipectus. Conclusion "Second generation" anticoagulant rodenticides could be used in the places where the resistance of rodent to the "first generation" has was confirmed.

Objective This paper reported the results of studying on the toxicity of Bailitan to Xenopsylla cheopis in the field and laboratory.Methods The residual smearing method was used in laboratory test.The residual spraying method was used in field tests.Results(1) The K50 was getting shorter and shorter with the concentration gradually in creasing,and the mortality for 24 hours ≥70%;(2) When the concentrations of Bailitan were at 0.003 125%,0.006 25%,0.012 5%,0.025%,the shoot down rate of 10 minutes ≥78.90%,the mortality of 24 hours ≥97.78% ;(3) The shoot down rate of 120 days≥96.00%,the mortality of 120 days ≥93.00% ;(4) In field tests,the killing rate of 0.06% Bailitan to the fleas ground on the was 83.04%(2 days) and 77.09%(29 days).Conclusion Bailitan can be used to control the flees in the field.

Objective To screen bait for the control of Rattus flavipectus and Rattus norvegicus.Methods 15 kinds of food(paddy,rice,corn,millet,sunflower seeds,pumpkin seeds,peanut,broad bean,pea,soybean,deep-fried daugh stick,steamed bun,potato,apple,pear) were selected to evaluate the feeding acceptability of Rattus flavipectus and Rattus norvegicus by the method of select-feeding test using wheat as control in laboratory.Results The favourite food for Rattus flavipectus and Rattus norvegicus was millet,followed by paddy and fruits,while beans were undesirable.Conclusion Millet,rice,paddy,corn and wheat can be used as the bait mixed with rodenticide for Rattus flavipectus control,while millet and wheat for Rattus norvegicus control.The best bait was steamed bun for Rattus flavipectus and Rattus norvegicus trapping.