Objective To investigate the pathogen harborage in small mammals in Beijing area. Methods Night trapping method was used to capture the small mammals in Beijing area and the organ tissue was obtained from the trapped small mammals. PCR and Real-time PCR methods were used to detect the specific gene of Orientia tsutsugamushi, Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia in the small mammals tissue. Results In 500 samples obtained from Beijing area in 2013, the positive rate of O. tsutsugamushi was 2.40% which was distributed in 6 districts, and the highest was 21.43% in Haidian district. The positive rate of Babesia was 6.40% which was distributed in 11 districts, and the highest was 21.43% in Haidian district. Four samples were coinfected with O. tsutsugamushi and Babesia, and the coninfection rate was 0.80%. The B. burgdorferi was not detected in any of the rodents. Conclusion The O. tsutsugamushi harborage in small mammals in Beijing was not restricted in the area where the human cases were reported, and the surveillance of human cases, animal hosts and vectors should be reinforced in Beijing. The Babesia harborage was higher than O. tsutsugamushi both in distribution and infection rate, therefore the training of the fundamental medical practitioners and the surveillance and health education of the high risk group should be carried out in time.

Objective To learn the epidemic status of scrub typhus in suburban districts in Beijing, providing the basis for prevention and control of scrub typhus. Methods A total of 4 362 serum samples were collected from the residents in Pinggu, Miyun, Huairou and Mentougou districts of Beijing during April 2012 and December 2013. Scrub typhus IgG antibody was tested by ELISA method, and the seroepidemiological investigation was carried out. Results Among 4 362 samples, 460 were positive of scrub typhus IgG, the positive rate was 10.55%. The positive rate was 11.66% in Pinggu district, 9.47% in Miyun, 8.73% in Huairou and 2.26% in Mentougou district. The difference between Mentougou and other districts was statistically significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion The infection of scrub typhus exists in Pinggu, Miyun, Huairou and Mentougou districts. The infection rate in Pinggu was the highest. Miyun and Huairou also had high infection rate, and the surveillance, prevention and control of scrub typhus should be strengthened in these areas.

Objective To study the genotypes of the Hantavirus carried by the rodents in Changchun city. Methods Rat lung samples were collected in Changchun areas, and Hantavirus antigens in rat lungs were detected by immunofluorescence assay. The S gene fragment in HV-positive samples were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The gene sequences were analyzed by using DNAman software and Mega 6.0 software. Results In this study, 100 Rattus norvegicus were captured in Changchun areas, of which 3 (3.0%) samples were positive for HV antigen. The S gene fragment of 3 strains were amplified from 3 positive samples. Homology analysis indicated that the nucleotide homology from the three S segment sequences was 100%, while that to other SEOV nucleotide homology was 95.4%-100%. All the 3 strains were SEOV. Phylogenesis analysis showed that the 3 strains were in the same group on the phylogenetic tree, which belonged to S3 sub-genotype. Conclusion The study shows that the Hantavirus carried by R. norvegicus in Changchun city was SEOV, the sub-genotype SEOV-3.

Objective To map the land coverage by remote sensing, and to investigate the relationship between land coverage and the species diversity and density of small mammals in Beijing. Methods The 2009 land coverage for Beijing was provided by the MODIS Land Cover Type product (MCD12Q1) from NASA. Small beasts were captured using the trap-at-night method during 2009-2011 for species identification and density calculation. Results According to plant functional type (PFT) scheme, the proportion of urban and construction land was 12.19%, and the proportion of cropland was 39.24%. Natural vegetation accounted for 48.27%, of which 31.28% was covered by broadleaf forests, 10.91% by shrubs, and 3.68% by coniferous forests. The area of grass was relatively small, making up only 2.40% of the total area. Eight hundred and eighty one small mammals belonging to 10 species were captured with trap-at-night method. Of which 871 (98.86%) belonged to nine species of rodents and 10 belonged to one species of insectivores. The species compositions were statistically different in three different habitats including broadleaf forest, shrub, and cropland. The dominant rodents in broadleaf forest and cropland were Niviventer confucianus and Apodemus peninsulae, whereas N. confucianus and Rattus norvegicus were dominant in shrub. Conclusion The major hosts of plague confirmed in China could not adapt to the vegetation landscape with high proportion of trees and shrubs and low proportion of grasses in Beijing. Although the dominant rodents could be infected by Yersinia pestis, there is a small chance of natural foci of plague emerging in Beijing.

Objective To identify local rodent species and distribution in farmland of Yunnan province. Methods We studied monitoring data from 15 stations during 1994 to 2009 in order to determine the annual density change of mixed population in field. Student's t test was used to analyze changes in density and monthly changes are presented with diagrams. Results The distribution of rodent infestation could be divided into six areas by agriculture industry type. Although the rodent density did not change significantly during a years time, a bimodal pattern of the monthly change in the species and number was noted with two peaks during April to June and September to November. Six species were identified as the major causes of infestation, accounting for 88.32% of the total captured rodents. Conclusion Further research using national monitoring data from sentinel stations in Yunnan province is needed. Species diversity, activity distribution and infestation of out-of-field rodents and their relationship with in-field population are areas of concern.

　　【Abstract】　Five new species were found in samples collected from Hunan and Guangxi. There were Simulium (Gomphostilbia) huguangense sp.nov, S.(G.) guangxiense sp.nov, S.(G.) hunanense sp.nov, S.(G.) xiangxiense sp.nov and S.(G.) longshengense sp.nov, respectively, which morphological features were distributed in this paper. All specimens were deposited in the Xinbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Liaoning province.
　　（1） Simulium (Gomphostilbia) huguangense sp.nov
　　This new species relates to S.(G.) jianfengense Long, An and Hao et al, 1994 and S.(G.) siamense Takaoka, 1984, but differs from them in the foot color of its female, sexes genitalia, pupae gill filamentsstem foked branch and larvae hypostomium teeth and mandibles teeth.
　　（2） Simulium (Gomphostilbia) guangxiense sp.nov
　　The new species relates to S.(G.) miblosi Takaoka, 1983 and S.(G.) tenuistylum Datta, 1973, but differs from them in sexes genitalia, pupae gill filamens stem foked branch and larvae mandibles teeth.
　　（3） Simulium (Gomphostilbia) heteropara sp.nov
　　The new species relates to S.(G.) torautense Takaoka, 1988 and S.(G.) visayaense Takaoka, 1983, but differs from them in the genital fork basal of female，male ventral plate, pupae gill filamentsstem foked branch, larvae hypostomium teeth and mandibles teeth.
　　（4） Simulium (Gomphostilbia) xiangxiense sp.nov
　　The new species relates to S.(G.) tenuistylum Datta, 1973, but differs from it in sexes genitalia, pupae gill filamens stem foked branch and larvae postgenal cleft.
　　（5） Simulium (Gomphostilbia) penis sp.nov
　　The new species relates to S.(G.) jianfengense Long, An and Hao, 1994 and S.(G.) laoshanstum Ren, An and Kang, 1998, but differs from them in pupae gill filamens stem foked branch, larvae postgenal cleft and ventral dorsal view spin.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To detect the difference of the salivary protein spectrum from Aedes albopictus aged 3 days with blood-feed and sugar-feed, respectively.  Methods　The  salivary  protein was detected with Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit and SDS-PAGE. Results　The amount of salivary gland proteins in sugar-feed and blood-feed mosquitoes aged 3 days was approximately （1.243±0.460）μg/female and （0.945±0.460）μg/female, respectively.  There were at least twelve major proteins in sugar-feed mosquito salivary glands analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and no difference was detected in the electrophoretic bands between sugar-feed and blood-feed mosquitoes salivary gland. Conclusion　No specific protein was induced after Ae.albopictus feeding blood, but the total protein of salivary gland per female decreased after a blood meal.