Objective To investigate the density distribution and seasonal variation of Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Aedes albopictus in different habitats in Tianshui, Gansu province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of mosquitoes and related infectious diseases in Tianshui. Methods A 4-year investigation was performed for 5-7 habitats twice a month from 2017 to 2020. The light trapping method was used to monitor adult Culex mosquitoes, and the double-layered mosquito net method was used to monitor adult Aedes mosquitoes in 3 habitats. SPSS 21.0 software was used to perform the chi-square test, Welch’s ANOVA analysis, and median test for the data of different years, habitats, and months. Results A total of 19 659 female mosquitoes were captured from 2017 to 2020, among which there were 5 759 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes (accounting for 29.29%), and there was a significant difference in the constituent ratio of different mosquito populations in the four years (χ²=851.227, P<0.001). The 4-year mean mosquito density was 5.81 mosquitoes/light/night, with the highest density of 17.17 mosquitoes/light/night in August, and the density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in 2017 and 2018 was significantly higher than that in 2019 and 2020, while mosquito density in July, August, and September of 2017-2018 was significantly different from that in other months (χ²= 12.000, P=0.035). The density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was significantly correlated with the number of Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases in the 4 years (r=0.629, P<0.001). The highest density of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was found in pigsties, i.e., 17.33 mosquitoes/light/night, while the highest density was observed in cattle sheds in 2017 and 2018 (with a high incidence rate of JE). The mean net trap index of Ae. albopictus was 4.10 mosquitoes/net/hour, and the highest net trap index was observed in August, with a significant difference in density across months (F=207.031, P=0.001). Ae. albopictus was found in all habitats monitored for 4 consecutive years, and the highest net trap index was observed at waste sites/construction sites, with a significant difference in the net trap index between different habitats (F=16.892, P=0.010). Conclusion Cattle sheds and pigsties are the dominant habitats of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and with the highest density in August of each year in Tianshui. Ae. albopictus is distributed in each habitat monitored in Tianshui, and waste sites/construction sites are important breeding sites for Ae. albopictus, with the peak density in July and August. It is necessary to strengthen the investigation of distribution and habitat of mosquito vector, and to control mosquito based on their ecological characteristics in Tianshui city, which could be more effectively prevent and control related mosquito-borne diseases.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, Aedes in various breeding sites of Southeastern Tibet were sampled, made into specimens, and subjected to taxonomic identification. Results Among the genus Aedes collected in Motuo county, a total of 6 species from 5 subgenera were identified, i.e., Ae. (Dan.) albotaeniatus (Leicester, 1904) from the subgenus Danielsia, Ae. (Pha.) assamensis (Theobald, 1908) from the subgenus Phagomyia, Ae. (Ken.) dissimilis (Leiceaster, 1908) from the subgenus Kenknightia, Ae. (Col.) macfarlanei (Edwands, 1914) from the subgenus Collessius, and Ae. (Ste.) malikuli (Huang, 1973) and Ae. (Ste.) pseudalbopictus (Borel, 1928) from the subgenus Stegomyia. Among them, the subgenera Danielsia, Phagomyia, and Kenknightia and the six mosquito species were first identified in Tibet, which were new records of the subgenera and species of mosquitoes in Tibet. In this article, a brief description and report was made on the important morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding sites, and the structural diagram of male terminalia of these six mosquito species. In addition, a directory was provided for the 13 subgenera and 23 species (subspecies) of Aedes currently known in Tibet. Conclusion There are 13 subgenera and 23 species (subspecies) of Aedes in Tibet, which account for 46% and 20%, respectively, of the total numbers of subgenera and species of Aedes in China.

Objective To investigate and understand the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae collected from various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results A batch of specimens of genus Tripteriodes was collected in Motuo county, and two species of mosquitoes, Tripteriodes (Rac.) aranoides (Theobald, 1901) and Tr. (Tri.) similis (Leicester, 1908), were identified. This genus and the two species were found in Tibet for the first time. This article briefly reports the important morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment, and the structure of the male terminalia of this genus and its two species of mosquitoes. Conclusion So far, there are two subgenera and two species of the genus Tripteriodes in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results A batch of Aedes specimens were collected in Motuo and was identified as subgenus Aedes and Ae. (Aed.) mubiensis Luh et Shih, 1958, which were discovered for the first time in Tibet Autonomous Region and were the new records of local subgenus and species. Aedes (Aed.) mubiensis was once found only in Guangxi, Guizhou and Sichuan in southwestern China. It is similar to Ae. (Aed.) esoensis in northeastern China. However, the two species can be distinguished according to the shape of the end of male basimere, the number of long bristles near the middle inner margin, and the width of the wrinkle zone on the inner margin of dorsal base.This article briefly describes and reports the main morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment, and male terminalia of this subgenus and mosquito species. Conclusion Up to now, there are 17 known species of Aedes in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeast Tibet. Results A batch of Topomyia specimens were collected in Motuo county and were identified as the following three species:Topomyia (Sua.) houghtoni Feng, 1941, Topomyia (Top.) zhengi Gong, 1991, and Topomyia (Top.) hirtusa Gong, 1989. Topomyia (Top.) hirtusa was discovered for the first time in Tibet and was a new record of local mosquito species. This article reports and briefly describes the main morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding environment, and structure of male terminalia of the three mosquito species. Conclusion Up to now, three species belonging to two subgenera of Topomyia are known in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results A batch of specimens of the genus Aedes were collected in Motuo county, Linzhi. Among them, Aedes (Diceromyia) whartoni Mattingly, 1965 was identified. The subgenus and species, which were first found in Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province, were a new record of subgenus and species in China. This article briefly describes and reports the main morphological characteristics, geographical distribution, breeding environment, and male terminalia structure of the subgenus Diceromyia and the species whartoni of Aedes. Conclusion Up to now, 16 species of Aedes are known in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in the southeastern area of Tibet. Results A batch of Anopheles specimens were collected in Linzhi, and they were identified as Anopheles gigas baileyi, An. lindesayi, An. maculatus, An. willmori, An. pseudowillmori, An. interruptus, and An. bengalensis, among which An. interruptus and An. bengalensis were found for the first time in Tibet and were the new records of mosquito species in this region. This article describes and reports the main morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding environment, and structure of male terminalia of the two species. Conclusion Up to now, 12 species of the two subgenera of Anopheles have been found in Tibet; however, the number of species will further increase with the development of mosquito investigation.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results The genus of Heizmannia and three mosquito species of Hz. heterospina, Hz. reidi, and Hz. macdonaldi were found and captured for the first time in Tibet. They were the new records of the genera and species of local mosquitoes. This article described and reported the main morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding environment, and the structure diagram of male terminalia of the genus and species. Conclusion Heizmannia belongs to the Oriental fauna. The distribution of this genus and related species was found for the first time in southeastern Tibet, suggesting that the mosquitoes in southeastern Tibet with a low altitude belong to the Oriental fauna. In addition, the discovery of this genus and related species shows high diversity of mosquitoes in southeastern Tibet.

Objective To investigate and understand the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region. Methods Mosquito larvae of various breeding habitats in southeastern Tibet were investigated and sampled. Results Genus Toxorhynchites, Udaya, and Orthopodomyia, and species Toxorhynchites gravely, Udaya argyrurus, and Orthopodomyia pheloides were first found in Tibet. They are all new records of mosquitoes in Tibet. In this paper, the main morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment of the three genera and species, and the morphology of male genitalia with the physical specimens are described and reported. Conclusion Due to the relatively low altitude, abundant rainfall and complex climate and environment in southeastern Tibet, mosquitoes are abundant. With the further investigation of the fauna, the genus and species richness of mosquitoes will undoubtedly increase further.

Objective To investigate and understand the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region. Methods Mosquito larvae of various breeding grounds in southeastern Tibet were investigated and sampled. Results Five species of the genus Armigeres were captured. They were Ar. subalbatus, Ar. seticoxitus, Ar. beisasi, Ar. flavus, and Ar. inchoatus. Among them, the latter four species were first found in Tibet. The main morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment of the four newly recorded species and the morphology of the male terminalia based on the authentic specimens were described and reported. Conclusion Due to the relatively low altitude, abundant rainfall and complex climate and environment in southeastern Tibet, the species of the genus Armigeres are relatively rich. With the deepening of the fauna investigation, the species will undoubtedly increase further.

Objective　To identify the species of a rodent sample captured in an imported container at the port of Zhejiang province, China. Methods　Morphological methods and DNA barcoding were applied for rodent identification. Results　The rodent had dark-brown fur with an approximate body length of 252 mm, a tail length of 220 mm, and a hind foot length of 40 mm. Genetic analysis of the mitochondrial cytB gene showed that the rodent shared the highest sequence homology with Bandicota indica and matched different individuals at a genetic distance of 0.048 to 0.175. Conclusion　Based on morphological characterization and DNA barcode comparison, the imported rodent sample was identified as B. indica. This species was captured for the first time at the port of Zhejiang province, which provided a reference to exclude invasion of exotic disease vectors.

Objective To determine the prevalence and gene sequence of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) in the rodents in Ningbo Meishan Port Area. Methods Two pairs of specific primers were designed according to LCMV N gene, and RT-PCR was used to detect LCMV in the rodent samples captured in Ningbo Meishan Port Area in 2012. The PCR products of positive samples were subject to sequencing and then to nucleotide homology and phylogenetic tree analyses. Results Fifty-three rodent samples were tested, and two samples from house mice Mus musculus were LCMV-positive. The two isolated LCMV strains had a homology of 75%-87% with the LCMV strains isolated in other countries; they had the highest homology (87%) with the strain WHI and belong to the same group in the phylogenetic tree as the strain WHI. Conclusion LCMV prevalence in local rodents is confirmed, and there are some genetic differences between the two newly detected LCMV strains and the LCMV strains isolated elsewhere.

Objective To confirm whether the principal vector for Japanese encephalitis (JE), Culex tritaeniorhynchus, was present in Medog and Mainling counties of Nyingtri, providing the basis for development of specific control measures; and to determine the species, abundance and distribution of vector mosquitoes in Nyingtri. Methods Light traps, human-bait mosquito nets and labor capture were used for investigation in the region. Results Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was found in Medog county with relatively high density. The predominant species in Medog county were Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Anopheles maculatus. However, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus was not detected in Mainling county, where the predominant species was An. messeae. Conclusion The principal vector for JE existed in Nyingtri, Tibet. This species was a new record in the region that had not spread to Mainling county.

       【Abstract】　Objective　To predict the risk indicators of the harm caused by vectors and the occurrence of related diseases during the Olympic Games by risk recognition and assessment methods. To take response measure timely and reduce effectively the harm caused by vectors in order to prevent the occurrence and prevalence of vector?borne diseases. Methods　To grade the risk by analyzing the occurrence probability and consequence of risk event comprehensively. Firstly, educe the list and confirm the classification of the risk by literature consultation, empirical analysis, brain storm and expert advice. Secondly, judge the risk level by risk assessment index matrix method and provide the standard to the risk classification. Results　The vector?borne diseases and nuisance caused by vectors could be potential during the Olympic Games. For the probability of the public health event caused by vectors, it certainly happens for the biting and infestation of vectors, and probably occurs for environment disruption. It is rare for the occurrence of cables bitten by rodent and power apparatus disruption. The levels of the public health event damaged by vector are as follows: it is moderate harm for the cable bitten and electronic facility disruption, and it is slight harm for the vector biting and infestation or environment disruption. Conclusion　The goal that there is no serious harmful events caused by vectors during Beijing Olympic Games would be certainly realized by scientific recognition and assessment of the risk, comprehensive surveillance of vectors, integrated control, scientific using of pesticide, the organization of emergency response team and the generalization of advanced technology.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To know about the density and seasonal fluctuation of main vectors at National Stadium by the surveillance, develop and implement the special strategy and control, in order to avoid the harmfulness caused by vectors during the opening and closing ceremony of Olympic Games. Methods　Night trapping method was used for the surveillance of rats, CO₂ trapping lamp method for the adult mosquitoes, lava-spoon method and check-container method for larva, baited cage trapping method for the flies and paste catching method for cockroaches. The integrated method was used for the vector prevention and control such as rats, mosquitoes, flies and cockroaches. The control effect was evaluated by density surveillance and questionnaire. Results　There were 84 spoons sampled from large-scale water, and the positive spoon was 0. A total of 46 containers were checked at the stadium, and no positive container was found. There was no response on the infestation of vectors at the opening and closing ceremony of the Olympic Games by questionnaires to 220 people, and nobody was bitten or annoyed by vectors. Conclusion　The strategy and method of vector control especially at the opening and closing ceremony of Olympic Games were successful and effective, which not only provided the safeguard for the opening and closing ceremony but also realized the aim without vector harm.

Objective To develop and implement effective strategies and measures of vector control in order to avoid the harmfulness caused by vectors during the Olympic Games,by analyzing the risks and challenges in vector control.Methods The risk of vector-borne diseases occurrence,nuisance and adverse impact caused by vectors was advanced by analyzing the species,density and the damage of vectors in recent years in Beijing.Control strategies were established according to the monitoring results of the vector population density,resistance and the pathogens in Olympic venues and in urban areas during 2005-2008,as well as the selection of effective control method and management measures.Results The risk of vector-borne diseases occurrence and nuisance caused by vectors existed in Beijing.It was the main control strategies for the vector control in the Olympic Games that included sound management mechanism,a comprehensive density monitoring,the scientific and rational use of pesticide,the consolidated vector control practices,and the organizing of emergency response team.Conclusion It produced the powerful technique support for the vector control of 2008 Olympic Games through the implementation of vectors monitoring and control,the development of vector control technology and the establishment of all kinds of vector control projects.No serious harmful events caused by vectors occurred during Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.

Objective To summarize successful experiences and heritage of vector control by analyzing the vector control efficacy in 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.Methods The density of vector was monitored comprehensively and systematically in the Olympic core area,Olympic venues and outside of Olympic venues.Large-scale vector control activities were carried out in the area within 2 km and the whole city,with Olympic venues as the key places of vector control.Results The density of vector in the Olympic venues and the whole city declined.The public health goal of the Olympic Games,which was "effective control for the quantity and species of vector in the area related to Olympic Games" was realized completely.Conclusion The measures and practices taken in the Olympic Games were effective.The unique experience,technology and control mechanisms were one of Olympic legacy,which would guide vector control practices in Beijing or the whole country in the future.

Objective To compare the efficacy of two new termiticides against termites.Methods Simulating field circumstance and doing soil and wood experiments.Results The mortality of termites was 100% contacted with Leanju and soilor wood treated withit got no damage.After using Juningdan for 3d,the mortality couldn't reach 100% while soil and wood got any damage.Conclusion Leanju was one of the potential subsitute for control in Bengbu region.

This paper reported the comparative efficacy on Pesguard SC 5 and Fendona SC 1.5 against housefly on three-plywood surface. The experimental results showed that the lasting effect of Pesguard and Fendona was 3 months for housefly and the quick efficacy of Fendona was better than that of Pesguard.

The efficacy test results of Pesguard 5FL are first reported in China. The valid standard is the mortality ≥70 percent, and the valid time with different applied doses on different surfaces could reach 10 weeks. Of the three kinds of surfaces, the three plywood surface required the least applied quantity and gave the best result.

This paper deals with the effects of four pyrethroids and six organophosphates on the fluidity and phase transition temperature of the mitochondrial membrane with fluorescence polarization technique using DPH as a probe. The results showed that the influence of the kind of pyrethroids and organophosphates on membrane fluidity were different. The presence of permethrin or Fenthion、Malathion、Trichlorfon and Omethoate increased the fluidity. But the membrane fluidity were decreased by adding Fenvalerate、Cypermethrin、deltamethrin or phoxim and acephate. Further effect of pyrethroids and organophosphates on the mitochondrial membrane was the shift of the phase transition temperatures. The phase transition temperature decreased by 1℃ in the prescence of Deltamethrin or Acephate、 Omethoate、Fenthion and increased by 2℃、3℃ and 3℃ respectively when adding Cypermethrin or Malathion、 Trichlorfon. Permethrin has no significant effect to phase transition temperature. The results suggest that the effect of pyrethroids and organophosphates on the membrane fluidity may be a critical element in their action mechanisms.