Hematophagous arthropods are important vectors for vector-borne diseases. The identification of hematophagous arthropods'hosts is critical to exploration of vector-borne disease ecology and further control measures. The strategy of bloodmeal identification is effective to ascertain arthropod hosts. With the development of molecular biology technology, DNA-based methods, which include PCR, DNA sequencing, restriction fragment length polymorphism, reverse line blot hybridization, and DNA fingerprinting, enhanced the specificity and sensitivity of hematophagous arthropod bloodmeal identification greatly. This paper reviewed the principles, advantages and disadvantages of molecular protocols for detection of host DNA, which might help to provide reference for the prevention and control of related vector-borne diseases.

According to reports in the literature and preserved Gamasid samples in Zhejiang province, through the complex evaluation and sorting, 53 species belonged to 27 genera,13 families were documented in Zhejiang province. This paper detailed the list of the names, distribution, and hosts.

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of endemic typhus nearly 10 years in Zhejiang province, and provide a scientific basis for prevention and control. Methods Through the National Disease Reporting Information system, typhus cases data were collected in Zhejiang province from 2005 to 2014, analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods. Results In total 39 typhus cases were reported in Zhejiang province from 2005 to 2014, the average annual incidence rate was 0.0086/100000. The incidence of the high risk season was June to September, and the cases were distributed in 6 cities, 18 counties (districts), and mainly in rural areas (87.18%). The male to female ratio was (1.05:1), the median age was 47 years old. The average time of clinical diagnosis and laboratory diagnosis were 10.0 d and 14.5 d, two diagnosis regimens of occupational distribution had statistically significant difference (χ²=7.257, P=0.006); gender constitute no statistical difference (χ²=1.293, P=0.256). Conclusion The key area of prevention and control typhus were rural and rural-urban fringe zone of Zhejiang province, health education in tourists and enhanced detection are warranted and improve the ability to detect.

Objective To get epidemiological data on plague hosts and vectors in the history of plague epidemic in Zhejiang province, and providing scientific basis for the prevention and control in the province. Methods The rodents were captured in the 20 surveillance sites in the province by trapping, then calculated the rodent density, flea index, flea infected rates, SPSS 17.0 software was applied for statistical analysis of the data; The animal livers and spleens were collected for Yersinia pestis culture and used for indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) detection F1 antibody of Y. pestis. Results The average indoor and outdoor rodent was 4.19% and 4.47%, there is a considerable difference between the rat density in different regions. The capture was 50 680 rodents, belong to 3 orders, 5 families, 9 genera and 16 species (Subfamily). There were 32 482 rodents and 1062 that were processed. Average flea infected rate was 3.27%, the flea infected rate were different among species, with statistical significance (χ²=3723.567, P=0.000). The fleas are 7 species from 3 genera and 3 families, among different areas there were significant differences (F=5.659, P=0.000). No plague were cultured or detected in 46 881 rodent samples and 49 327 serum samples. Conclusion The composition of plague hosts and vectors is stable, no mouse and human plague epidemic, however plague surveillance standardize should strengthen to be prepared for emergency and plague resurgence.

Objective To analyze the epidemic situation of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and the population distribution and virus-carrying status of the hosts in Zhejiang province, China, in 2013, and to provide scientific evidences for establishing further prevention and control measures. Methods The descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the three-dimensional (time, region, and population) distribution of HFRS. Rodents were captured by night trapping in five HFRS monitoring points in Zhejiang province. Lung and serum samples were collected followed by detection of hantavirus antigen and antibody using an immunofluorescence assay, and the rodent population distribution and virus-carrying status in Zhejiang province were analyzed. Results A total of 527 HFRS cases were reported in 2013 in Zhejiang province. The incidence rate was 0.9622/100 000, resulting in a 3.89% increase compared with 2012, and no death was reported. The cases were mostly seen in five cities (Ningbo, Taizhou, Shaoxing, Quzhou and Lishui), and all the prefectural level cities had cases reported except Zhoushan. There were two peaks of incidence, one in spring (May-June) and the other in winter (around December). The high-risk age group of HFRS was between 20 and 65 years, accounting for 93.17% of the overall incidence rate (491/527). A total of 13 785 effective traps were set in the five monitoring points, and 546 rodents were captured, so the average density of rodents was 3.96%. A total of 678 rodent serum samples were collected and 80 were positive (positive rate: 11.80%). A total of 669 lung samples were collected and 44 were positive (positive rate: 6.58%). There were significant differences in the positive rate of HFRS antibody and the virus-carrying rate between the five HFRS monitoring points (χ²=30.962, P<0.05 and χ²=9.83, P<0.05, respectively). Conclusion The incidence of HFRS in Zhejiang province in 2013 is on a rising trend compared with that in 2012, and the density of host animals and virus-carrying rate are both higher. Preventive measures should be taken into consideration to control the epidemic situation.

Objective To investigate the dynamic structure and distribution of plague hosts and vector communities in various regions of Zhejiang province to understand the epidemiological characteristics of plague. Methods The gray mathematical theory was adopted to measure the maximum effect indices based on relevant data of different regions, hosts, and flea populations. Results Fifteen types of animal host (25 588) as well as eight types of body flea (1944) were subject to quality measurement, resulting in differences between each pair of groups, indicating a dominant species among host animals of each region and a vector population in each dominant community. Given adequate privilege of each dominant group, early warning, prevention and investigation shall be implemented. Conclusion A typical mathematical matrix can be formed based on the number of rodents and species of fleas. The quality measurement indicated that the larger vector and flea numbers resulted in high measurement Results, suggestive of high risk of plague in the region.

【Abstract】 Objective To understand the population structure and distribution of host animals and fleas in historical flavipectus plague focus in ZheJiang, and to analyze the phenomenon of mixed and cross?channeling between house and wild mouse, so as to provide basic data for plague monitoring. Methods The species diversity of plague hosts and fleas were analyzed based on the monitoring data in 2007-2008. Results There were 3 orders, 4 families, 9 genus and 15 species animals found in historical flavipectus plague epidemic area, and about 4 families, 7genus, 7 species fleas were collected in this areas. Among the host animals, Rattus flavipectus accounted for 13.11%, 36.30% for R.norvegicus, 16.49% for Apodemus agrarius and 17.39% for Suncus  murinus. The fleas in those host were 32.91%, 42.20%, 14.56% and 0.74%, respectively. Leptopsylla segnis was the dominant species with the proportion of 64.34%. Monopsyllus anisus was 19.87% and Xenopsylla cheopis was 9.64%. The species diversity between host animals and fleas was significant difference. The index of species diversity was higher(H＞1), the population quantity of host animals was more stable. Conclusion The quantity and species of host animals were very rich. The cross?channeling phenomenon between house and wild mouse was obvious. Some fleas can parasitize many species of rodents, which will cause a serious threaten to human once the plague prevailed among rodents occurs. Presently, the reliability of surveillance data in some surveillance sites can not be ensured, and the species of animal was also singular.

Objective To find out flea population, distribution and its parasitism in historical plague epidemic area in Zhejiang. Methods Set up surveillance sites in the historical plague epidemic area, and identify the flea caught from mice. Results To detect 19 species of 61 859 rat-shape animals and 21 059 fleas were found on 13 species of rat-shape animal surface. The total infected rate was 12.38% and the total flea index was 0.340. The index of Xenopsylla cheopis was 0.032. 21 054 parasitical fleas belonged to 10 species, 9 genera and 4 families. Of which, Leptopsylla segnis accounted for 54.41%, 20.89% for Monopsyllus anisus and 9.50% for X.cheopis There were 13 kinds of parasitical hosts for L.segnis, 10 kinds for M.anisus and 6 kinds for X.cheopis. The main hosts of these three fleas were Rattus norvegicus and R.norvegicus from which L.segnis, M.anisus and X.cheopis were detected, and the proportion of them was 95.60%, 92.79% and 82.31% of total fleas respectively. Conclusion The dominant fleas were L.segnis, M.anisus and X.cheopis in Zhejiang province, and their main hosts were R.norvegicus and R.norvegicus. These fleas distributed widely and mostly in Zhejiang. As the main vector, X.cheopis parasitizes not only in domestic mice, but also in the wild mice such as R.losea and A.agrarius. It suggested that the main vectors such as X.cheopis should be surveyed intensively to understand its distribution and dynamic diversification in order to provide scientific data for plague prevention and control.