Objective To investigate the flea control effect in some rural residential areas of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, China. Methods Some rural residential areas in Xinjiang were selected as the experimental areas, and 8% beta-cypermethrin wettable powder diluted 100 times was used to control the fleas via residual spraying. The flea infestation rate, flea index, and biting rate were compared before and after the flea control to evaluate the control effect. The independent samples t-test or one-way analysis of variance and chi-square test were used to compare the flea index, flea infestation rate, and biting rate. Results Before the flea control, the flea infestation rate was 86.25% (69/80) and the total flea index was 0.23 (213/914), with no significant differences between different villages (P=0.599, Fisher's exact test; F=0.103, P=0.924). The biting rate was 62.71% (148/236), 89.47% (34/38), and 83.82% (57/68), respectively, in adults, young children (6 months to 4 years of age), and elder children (6-8 years of age). The biting rate was significantly higher in young and elder children than in adults (χ²=10.510, P=0.001; χ²=10.714,P=0.001). The biting rate of cadres stationed in the villages was 76.29% (74/97). On days 2-3 after the flea control, the flea infestation rate and total flea index were significantly reduced to 6.25% (5/80) and 0.02 (19/914), respectively (χ²=102.979, P<0.001; t=38.476, P<0.001); the biting rate was significantly reduced to 4.41% (10/227), 8.11% (3/37), and 6.06% (4/66), respectively, in adults, young children, and elder children (χ²=174.983, 49.653, and 85.613, all P<0.001); the biting rate of cadres stationed in the villages was significantly reduced to 2.94% (3/102) (χ²=112.757, P<0.001). Conclusion Residual spraying with 8% beta-cypermethrin wettable powder diluted 100 times had a good effect of flea control in the rural residential areas in Xinjiang, which holds promise for application.

Objective To investigate the rodent species composition in Haloxylon ammodendron forest along the north margin of Junggar basin, and to provide a basis for ecological restoration, plague control, and construction of "healthy silk road" in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, China. Methods Following the protocols for field rodent study, an investigation of rodents was conducted in H. ammodendron forest along the north margin of Junggar basin from October to November, 2019. Small nocturnal rodents and Rhombomys opimus were investigated by 5-m wire clamping method and route-cave group method, respectively. The data were analyzed by WPS Office 2019 software. Results A total of 67 nocturnal rodents were caught by 1 950 effective small plate clips, with a capture rate of 3.44%. A total of 36 rodents were caught by 350 small bow clips, with a capture rate of 10.29%. In the captured or observed 110 rodents, 8 rodent species were identified, belonging to 7 genera and 4 families. Rhombomys opimus and Meriones meridianus were the dominant species in the survey area, accounting for 71.84% of the total rodent counts. The mean density of Rh. opimus was 15.83 rodents/hm². Cricetidae accounted for the highest proportion of rodents (86.36%) in H. ammodendron forest. Conclusion Rhombomys opimus and M. meridianus are the dominant species in H. ammodendron forest. Rhombomys opimus feeding on H. ammodendron is most detrimental to forest. Moreover, R. opimus and other rodents are hosts and vectors of many pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, strengthening the surveillance of rodents is of great practical significance in accelerating ecological restoration of H. ammodendron forest and formulating the preventive measures against rodent-borne diseases.

Objective To investigate the prevalence of animal plague in Marmota baibacina-Spermophilus undulatus natural focus and provide basis for prevention and control of plague. Methods Surveillance was carried out on the density of S. undulatus and M. baibacina in Guertu between 2006 and 2010 according to the rule of plague prevention and surveillance in Xinjiang. The four-step test was performed for inspect visceral organs and body fleas of S. undulatus. Indirect hemagglutination assay was used to detect F1 antibody in the serum of S. undulatus and shepherd dogs. Statistical analysis was performed using Excel 2007 software according to animal plague epidemiology. Results The mean density of S. undulatus and M. baibacina in Guertu plague focus between 2006 and 2010 were 14.64/hm² and 0.61/hm², respectively. The rate of carrying flea was 90.72% and the mean flea index was 7.09. The serological test showed that 130 were positive for F1 antibody among 2 532 serum samples of S. undulatus, and 8 were positive for F1 antibody among 132 serum samples of shepherd dogs. A total of 67 strains of Yersinia pestis were isolated from S. undulatus and its body fleas. Conclusion The plague among S. undulatus in Xinjiang has been prevalent for many years, and human beings might be infected. Thus, surveillance should be performed actively and publicity should be also carried out at the same time.

Objective Through the investigation of the plague natural infectious at Qinghe county in Altay district, to master the situation of plague natural foci in this district. Methods The investigation of rodents on fauna, species, density, and ectoparasites were conducted by the sandwich methods, route methods, site observation and others in Daqinghe, Xiaoqinghe, Bianhaizi, Zhonghaizi, Huahaizi, Halabaliqike, Qiaolakesaiyi and other mountains at Qinghe in Xinjiang during 2015-2017. IHA was used to test F1 antibody/antigen against plague; "Four-step test" was used to test Yersinia pestis. Results The preliminary investigation of mountains in Qinghe indicated that there were 5 species of rodents belonging to 5 genera and 3 families, including Marmota baibacina, Citellus undulatus, Clethrionomys rufocanus, Microtus gregalis, and Ochotona alpina. Among these, M. baibacina were distributed in forest steppe zones and mountain grassland at the altitude of 1 750-2 700 m, average density was 0.31 catches per hectare; C. undulatus were distributed in Huahaizi, Zhonghaizi, Bianhaizi, Halabaliqike, and Qiaolakesaiyi districts, average density was 4.60 catches C. undulatus per hectare; Four M. baibacinas and 552 C. undulatus were captured, infestation rate of fleas was 25% and 45%, respectively. The study used "Four-steptest" to detect Y. pestis, and used plague RIHA to test F1 antigen in 4 viscus samples from M. baibacina, 552 viscus samples from C. undulatus, 13 viscus samples and skeletons of self-dead M. baibacina and C. undulatus, as well as 583 fleas. The results of "Four-step test" and F1 antigen were negative. The IHA was used to test 552 serums of C. undulatus,the results indicated 1 serum sample was positive, positive rate was 0.18%, antibody titers was 1:2⁹. The IHA was also used to test 129 sera of herding dogs, the results indicated 6 sera were positive, positive rate was 4.65%, the mean antibody titers was 1:2^3.83. Conclusion The study indicated the mountain areas have potential plague natural infections at Qinghe county in Xinjiang. It is suggested to conduct further investigation on plague foci of natural infections at Qinghe county in Xinjiang.

Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between incidence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and meteorological factors. Methods We collected HFRS epidemiological data and meteorological data from 2000 to 2014 in Anqiu city. Excel 2007 was used for summarizing data and descriptive analysis. SAS 9.2 was used for correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis. Results The HFRS incidence was positively associated with annual sunshine hours and the annual average wind speed. The HFRS incidence of this month was inversely associated with this month's temperature, precipitation, average pressure, average wind speed and last one and two month's temperature; but positively was associated with last two month's humidity, last month's sunshine hours and atmospheric pressure. The paper established a regression equation model for multi-analysis of relativities between weather factors and the reported incidence of HFRS. This month's sunlight(x2), last month's precipitation(x5), last two month's temperature (x8) and humidity(x9) as the independent variables, the HFRS incidence of this month as the dependent variables, the regression equation was established, y=0.019 1x2-0.014 2x5-0.239 0x8+0.061 5x9, R²=0.639. Conclusion The HFRS incidence is associated with meteorological factors which can be used to predict the incidence.

Objective To gather the basic information of small mammals and their ectoparasites in Sichuan province, China,including species composition, predominant species, and parasitism, and to explore the public health and veterinary significance of the investigation.Methods Small mammals were captured alive with baited mouse traps in 6 areas of Sichuan province. All the ectoparasites of the hosts were thoroughly collected. Small mammals and ectoparasites were identified and classified separately. The composition ratio (C), prevalence (P), and average ectoparasite abundance (A) were determined to reflect the prevalence and density of ectoparasites.Results A total of 447 small mammals were caught in the 6 areas of Sichuan, belonging to 7 species, 6 genera, 2 families, and 2 orders. Apodemus agrariusandAnourosorex squamipeswere the predominant species in studied areas. Of the 282 individuals ofA. squamipesand 165 rodents identified in this study, 376 (84.12%) were infested with 55 species of ectoparasites, including 33 species of chigger mites, 15 species of gamasid mites, 5 species of fleas, and 2 species of sucking louses.Conclusion There are diverse ectoparasites on small mammals in this study. Fourteen species of ectoparasites were reported to be related to human diseases. Small mammals are highly potential natural reservoirs ofYesinia pestis,hemorrhagic fever viruses, scrub typhus,etc., of which the public health significance should be concerned.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of new Bunia virus infections among hosts and vectors in Zhoushan Island area and to provide scientific evidence for their prevention and control. Methods Case surveillance was performed in accordance with the Ministry of Health Prevention Guide. In places with positive cases, ticks were collected using cloth flag method or from the body of rodents. Murine-like animals were captured every 3-months, using rodent cages; they were identified, and then their liver, spleen, blood, and lung were collected under aseptic conditions; RNA was extracted and subjected to fluorescence quantitative PCR. Twenty-five serum samples of cattle, sheep, and other animals were collected. A database was created using EpiData 3.1, and statistical analysis was performed using Excel 2003. Results In Daishan county, Zhejiang province, China, from 2011 to 2012, 24 human cases of new Bunia virus infection (in 11 males and 13 females) were confirmed, including 2 deaths; the minimum age was 47 years, and the maximum age was 85 years; 70.83% of all cases were aged over 60 years. Four cases had a history of tick bite. These cases were sporadic, with one case of familial clustering of infection and one case of imported infection. A total of 111 rodents were captured in the field, and 251 ticks were collected by either cloth flag method or from the body of animals. New Bunia virus nucleic acid was detected in ticks. Two new Bunia virus strains were isolated from the blood of two human cases; the S genes of virus strains had a high degree of homology, but with some difference from those of new Bunia viruses from six other provinces in China. Conclusion In recent years, there have been many cases of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Daishan county, and new Bunia virus was detected in ticks. Thus, measures should be taken to enhance the study and surveillance of this disease.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To study medical mollusc in Beijing region.  Methods　All medical molluscan specimens were collated and analyzed, which were collected from Beijing and deposited in the Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, based on field work, literature, museum records and expert assistant.  Results　A total of 29 important species of molluscs related to 48 kinds of parasites in Beijing region had been identified, which belonged to 10 families, 2 Class.  Conclusion　Molluscs played a key role in transmitting parasitic diseases as intermediate host. There were no reports on medical molluscan diversity, distribution and its parasites in Beijing region for more than thirty years. This study showed that so many medical mollusc could survive in Beijing region and it should be paid more attention for department of public health management.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To understand the objective level of the bacterial embolus forming of the fleas （Citellophilus tesquorum altaicus） after its hibernation.  Methods　C. tesquorum altaicus hungered for 3 d were fed with the dying mice infected by Yersina pestis on September 28, 2006, and no blood-sucking fleas were removed. Four hundred and thirteen infected fleas were put into the deepfreez at 2 to 4 ℃ and relative humidity （RH） 75%-85%. The infected fleas were taken out from refrigerator on April 6, 2007, and sucked blood from non-infected mouse one time. Then they were put into the incubator at 20 to 22 ℃ and RH 75%-85%. They were fed for 0.5-1 h at one day intervals.  The  forming  of  bacterial  embolus  was  observed  by   microscope.  Results　There  were 235 C.tesquorum altaicus alive after hibernation, and nine fleas formed the bacterial embolus, which the forming rate of bacterial embolus was 3.83% （9/235）. Conclusion　The forming rate of bacterial embolus of the fleas carrying the plague to over-winter was obviously lower than that of the fleas in the active stage （13.8%）, which might be related to fleas diapause at the disadvantage environment and the situation that some fleas got rid off plague or the  plague quantity carried by fleas decreased, less than 10² to 10⁴.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To investigate control effect of flies in temporary shelters of post-earthquake disaster areas and to provide the science evidence for its control. Methods　Manage environmental sanitation and spray periodically insecticide to control flies in temporary shelters. Investigate fly population by cage-trap method, monitor flies density by eye balling method in washrooms, trash piles(cans), inside and outside of tents, and survey the management of flies breeding sites and prevention and control measure of civilians by field observation. Results　Houseflies was the dominant species （96.85%） in the temporary shelters. The average fly density was less than one fly/m2 around temporary shelters after the earthquake for 4-8 weeks. At the fifth week post-earthquake, all the shelters were equipped with washroom. About 76.92% trash containers were equipped, and 69.23% of domestic garbage were cleaned up and transported away without delay. 94.01% of food-leavings was covered, and 93.00% of tableware was deposited in the cupboard. Conclusion　It was effective to take the integrated pest management measures to control flies in the temporary shelters. The control of breeding sites should be strengthened in the future.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　Know the dynamic change of mosquito population constitution and its density and its seasonal fluctuation in Three Gorges Reservoir area. Methods　The mosquitoes were captured by direct current electric mosquito-catching trap at the fixed time and places, and then identified and counted. Results　The dominant species of mosquitoes were Armigeres subalbatus, Culex pipiens quinqusfasciatus, Anopheles sinensis, Cx.tritaeniorhynchus and Cx.pipiens pallens in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The density of mosquito in room was higher than outside. Conclusion　The density of mosquito tended to decline from 1997 to 2007, and mosquito monitoring should be strengthened.

Objective To study the epidemic status of eperythrozoonsis in humen,mammalian,transmitting vectors in the area of Three Gorges Reservoir.Methods Capillary blood was collected,fixed up,dyed and then examined the eperythrozoon for infective rate of human,mammalian and bird using microscope.The insects and acarids were anatomized and examined for the eperythrozoon using microscope.Results The infective rate of humen was 56.11%,the infective rate of new borns was 96.59%.19 species animals was investigated and 17 species were infected by eperythrozoon.The infective rate of domestic animals was 93.03%,that of poultry 80.85%,of rodent 56.29%,of other mammalian animals 100%.There was no eperythrozoon found in frogs and snakes.The infective rate of mosquits,ticks,louse,stablefly,flea and acarid was respectively 72.12%,100%,89.36%,91.78%,42.86% and 66.67% respectively.Conclusion The area of Three Gorges Reservoir is epidemic region of eperythrozoonsis.Many animals infected by eperythrozoon and the infective rates are high in some animals.Insects may be transmission medium of eperythrozoonsis.The eperythrozoonsis may be spreaded by upright from mather to newborn.

Objective The effect of rodent control on the shift of rodent's species composition and density during Anting Newtown construction was evaluated to provide basic information for new uptown rodents control strategy. Methods Glue trap method was used for the survey of rodent species and densities at the building site of Anting Newtown,before and after the villages dismantled. Results Before the villages,which were on the building site,were dismantled,Mus musculus,Apodemus agrarius,Rattus norvegicus,Sorex sp. were the main species,accounted for 83.9 ( 26/31 ),9.7 ( 3/31 ),3.2 ( 1/31 ) and 3.2 ( 1/31 ) respectively,and the rodents density was 12.2 . When 0.005 bromadiolone bait was applied for one month,rodent density was 1.9,from which 84.4 of rodents control effect was obtained. When the inhabitants removed the density decreased to 1.5 . On ground of the buildings site,which villages were dismantled,non rodents were captured with glue trap method. During the buildings were constructed,integrated rodents management strategy was applied,especially separating the builders abode from the building site for about 1.5 km and educating builder for pest management,one year later non rodent was captured on the building site,while the rodent density was 3.1 at the other builders abode. Conclusion Using rodenticides before inhabitant remove and housebreaking and then applying integrated rodents management during the construction was approved a significant control strategy to decrease the rodent density and the species composition of rodents structure will be changed consequently.

The aim of the trials was to demonstrate the efficacy of Stratagem against commensal rodents in special environments. Stratagem, provided by CYANAMID, is a new generation of anticoagulant rodenticide with good palatability. The effect was determined by comparing the positive rates of rodent tracks. The trials were divided into three stages. For the first stage, the Stratagem ready made baits, Stratagem bait block and cut wheat bait with 0.005% flocoumafen, were used at the average dosage 10 gram/15 m². The population decline rates (deratization rates)were 87.74% in the hospital, 91.39% in the hotel and 86.67% in the chicken farm, respectively. For the second stage, the Stratagem powder with 0.1% flocoumafen was mixed in the ratio 19:1 with breadcrumbs, or carrot pieces. They were used for remnant rodents. The population decline rates were up to 98.82% in the hospital, 98.07% in the hotel. For the third stage, through environment administration especially for food management and rodent proof measures, the population decline rates went up to 100% in the hospital, 99.14% in the hotel. Four months later, the rodent population densities were up to 0.3% in the hospital, 0.85% in the hotel, 13.89% in the chicken farm, respectively. Because of the lack of the second and the third stages, the rodent infestation became very heavy in the chicken farm four months later.