Objective To explore the risk factors of mosquito-borne diseases and to evaluate the effect of 1% temophos granule on the mosquitoes, so as to provide information for mosquito control operations. Methods The survey used a random sampling of eight residential areas, setting up the experimental and the control group in July-September in 2017 in Qibao town, Minhang district, Shanghai. After putting 1% temophos granule(Abate) into the rain wells, we investigated the positive rate of mosquito larvae, monitored the density of adult mosquito by CO₂ mosquito trap, and calculated the mosq-ovitrap index utilizing Mosq-ovitrap. The Excel 2007 software was used to establish the databas. The SPSS 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Counting data were expressed as percentages, and Chi square test and Rank sum test were used for correlation analysis. Statistical significant difference was decided at P<0.05. Results A total of 1 200 rainwater wells were investigated. The positive rate of mosquitoes between experimental group(74/592, 12.50%) and untreated control group(138/608, 22.70%) of rainwater wells had statistically significant differences(χ²=21.443, P=0.000). The positive rate of mosquito between experimental group(21/161, 13.04%) and control group(68/166, 40.96%) of grate type rainwater wells had statistical significance (χ²=32.163, P=0.000). Yet, the positive rate of mosquitoes between experimental group (53/431, 12.30%) and control group (70/442, 15.84%) of inspection wells had no statistical significance (χ²=2.259, P=0.133). In total, 1 696 adult mosquitoes were captured by CO₂ mosquito traps. The experimental group(average density 0.58 mosquitos/hour) and control group(average density 2.36 mosquitos/hour) had statistical significance(Z=4.460, P=0.000). The test showed that the density of Culex pipiens pallens(Z=4.374, P=0.000) and the density of Aedes albopictus(Z=4.459, P=0.000) were statistically significant by rank sum test, and there was no significant difference in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus(Z=1.000, P=0.317). A total of 900 mosquito ovitraps were deployed, with 825 retrieved and 299 positives. The Mosq-ovitrap index(MOI) had statistically significant(χ²=61.285, P=0.000) between experimental and untreated control groups in Ae. albopictus, MOI in the experimental group was approximately half of the control group. Conclusion The density of larval and adult mosquitoes could be effectively reduced through dosing 1% temephos granule into rainwater wells especially grate type in residential areas. The control effect is particularly obvious to Ae. albopictus.

Objective To understand the seasonal dynamics of Aedes albopictus larvae and their insecticides resistance distribution in Shanghai and provide science evidence for rational application of insecticides. Methods Density of Ae. albopictus larvae was surveyed by Breteau index(BI) method and Mosquito and oviposition positive index (MOI) method in residential areas, green areas, indoors of public areas and other institutions once a month. Larvae resistance was tested by dipping method recommended by WHO. Results Aedes albopictus had one peak in Shanghai in 2015-2016, and the peak was from June to July. The highest BIs were 6.50 and 6.18 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The highest MOIs were 10.72 and 6.60 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The Ae. albopictus larvae showed medium to high resistance to Deltamethrin and beta Cypermethrin, and the highest resistance ratios were 77.00 and 81.00 in Putuo district respectively. Larvae developed low to medium resistance to propoxur, and low resistance to temephos. Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen density and resistance surveillance of Ae. albopictus, and choose insecticides reasonably to delay the development of insecticide resistance and improve control efficacy.

Objective To preliminarily explore biochemical resistance mechanism by comparison the biochemical characteristic of carboxylesterase in pyriproxyfen-resistantand susceptible population of Culex pipiens pallens. Methods The activity of carboxylesteres (CarE) was determined by van Aspern(1962). Results The tendency of CarE activity change in hydrolyzing α-naphthyl acetate (α-NA) or β-naphthyl acetate (β-NA) depended on substrate concentration. The hydrolyzing activity was significantly higher in resistant population than in susceptible population with α-NA and β-NA as substrates within the certain concentration range. When substrate was β-NA, the Kinetic parameters (K_m) and V_max of CarE were 27.20×10-5 mol/L and 115.00×10-5 A/(mg·pro·min) in resistance population respectively, and that of CarE in susceptible population were 104.00×10^-5 mol/L and 207.00×10^-5 A/(mg·pro·min). Difference between them was significant (t_b=2.74, t_c=3.16). When substrate was α-NA, there was no significant difference between K_m (131.00×10^-5 mol/L) in resistance population and K_m (75.20×10^-5 mol/L) in susceptible population; but difference was significant between V_max of them. The CarE from resistant population was more sensitive to DDVP (dichlorvos) and propoxur than that from susceptible population. Conclusion Enhanced CarE activity maybe attributable to the resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen.

Objective The Metro system is an important part of urban transportation, rodents can cause damages which lead to transit malfunctions. Rodent invasions were investigated in the Shanghai metro system. Methods Visual observations of standardized areas (15 m²) and food lure method were used in the investigation. Results Both showed evidence of rodent activity (3.8% for visual observation method and 9.8% for food lure method respectively). Conclusion Rodent invasions have been found in the Shanghai metro system. Rodent infestation will rise up along with the service time of the metro lines.

Objective To determine the cross-resistance spectrum of pyriproxyfen-resistant Culex pipiens pallens to other common insecticides and provide a basis for the optimal application of insecticides. Methods The larvae dipping method recommend by WHO was used to determine the median lethal concentration(LC₅₀)against insecticides tested. Results The resistance-ratio of Cx. pipiens pallens to pyriproxyfen increased to 5.69 after 12 generations of selection. There was a low cross resistance to deltamethrin and etofenprox, but no cross resistance to temephos, baytex and diflubenzuron. Conclusion The resistance to pyriproxyfen and cross-resistance to other insecticides are expected to occur after long-time application of pyriproxyfen,therefore strategies must be implemented to mitigate the development of resistance and cross resistance.

Objective To evaluate the application of black box method in mosquito surveillance by comparing the results from black box and lamp trap methods. Methods Two lamps were set at each surveillance site and one black box was put at a 10 m interval from each lamp. Surveillance was conducted twice every month. Results The total number of captured mosquitoes and the number of female mosquitoes by the lamp trap method was 3.50 times and 3.75 times higer than those monitored by black box method, respectively. The seasonal fluctuation curves reflected by both Methods were unimodal, with a peak in July. The monthly calculations of mosquitoes of the two Methods were highly correlated. Mosquitoes captured by the black box method included Culex pipens pallens (84.64%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (10.02%), and Anopheles sinensis (3.34%), and those by the lamp trap method were Cx. pipens pallens (80.47%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (11.79%), and An. sinensis (6.88%). Only a few Aedes albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus were trapped. The male-female ratios were similar between the two methods, whereas great difference in the mosquito number was found in distinct environments. Black box method was more effective in parks and hospitals than the other, while lamp trap was more effective in pasture lands and farms. Two peaks of mosquito density were shown on 05: 00 and 19: 00 with environmental difference between day and night. The day and night peaks of density were also present in parks, farms and pasture lands except hospitals and residential areas where only one night peak was shown. Conclusion With fewer requirements for equipment, operation skills and power supply, the black box method is an effective alternative to the lamp trap approach. Deployment before the night peak of density and collection after the early morning peak is recommended for mosquito monitoring.

Objective To compare mosquito densities using the black box method and the carbon dioxide method and explore the application of the black box approach. Methods The black box method and the carbon dioxide method were used to measure mosquito density and composition at seven locations in two districts of Shanghai. Correlations between species composition, sex ratios and seasonal variation were compared using the two Methods. Results The average mosquito density using the black box method (25.63 mosquitoes/box) was 3.50 times higher than the carbon dioxide method (7.32 mosquitoes/ device), and the average density of female mosquitoes using the black box method (14.65 mosquitoes/box) was 2.35 times higher than the carbon dioxide method (6.23 mosquitoes/device), densities were significantly different. The density indices of the two approaches were not correlated. The species composition recorded by the black box method was: Culex pipiens pallens (94.97%), Aedes albopictus (4.97%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (0.03%), and Anopheles sinensis (0.03%). The species composition recorded by the carbon dioxide method was: Cx. pipiens pallens (79.26%), Ae. albopictus (18.27%), Cx. tritaeriorhynchus (2.10%) and An. sinensis (0.37%). The differences in composition were also statistically significant. Conclusion As compared to the carbon dioxide method, the black box method is readily applicable, simple, affordable and can be used in most locations, particularly habitats dominated by Cx. pipiens pallens. The carbon dioxide method can be used for the monitoring of both Cx. pipiens pallens and Ae. albopictus.

Objective To compare the black box method with the labor hour method in terms of their differences in the surveillance of mosquito density and explore the possibility of substituting black box method for the labor hour method for the surveillance. Methods The differences between the black box method and the labor hour method in terms of their performance in the surveillance of mosquito density and species were compared based on the data from three independent surveillance sites, with the correlation of the two Methods in the surveillance of the species composition ratio, sex ratio and seasonal fluctuation trends examined. Results The Results showed that the density of mosquito by black box method was 1.51 mosquitoes per site, lower than that by labor hour method (3.13 mosquito per box), with a significant difference between them (t＝4.985, P＝0.0025). In terms of the seasonal fluctuation tendency of mosquitoes, similar findings from the two Methods were obtained with good correlation and significant statistical difference (r＝0.8833, P＝0.0084). It was found that the density of female mosquitoes by the labor hour method was 1.88 mosquitoes per site, higher than that by black box method (0.50 mosquito per box) with a significant difference between them (t＝5.043, P＝0.0023). There was no correlation between the fluctuation curves of the two methods(r＝0.4812, P＝0.2743). The species and composition of mosquitoes were also different with the two different methods. The main species collected by the black box method was Culex pipiens pallens(90.6%), followed by Cx.tritaeniorhynchus(4.1%), Aedes albopictus (2.4%) and Armigeres subalbatus(2.9%), with no Anopheles sinensis found. As far as the labor hour method was concerned, Cx. pipiens pallens(42.8%) and Ar. subalbatus (40.3%) were the main species collected, with Cx. tritaeriorhynchus, Ae. albopictus and An. sinensis accounting for 11.7%, 4.7% and 0.5% respectively. In addition, there was a different sex ratio of the mosquitoes collected with the two different methods, with the number of male mosquitoes larger than that of female ones in the surveillance with the black box method, and the opposite being true for the labor hour method. The quantity of female mosquitoes collected by the black box method was close to that by labor hour method, but there was a statistically significant difference (χ²＝146.18, P＜0.001). The quantity of male mosquitoes collected by the black box method was larger than that by the labor hour method with a statistically significant difference (χ²＝513.01, P＜0.0001). Conclusion The black box method, capable of capturing more female than male mosqitoes, is applicable to the surveillance of a variety of mosquito species , but the regularity and standard operating procedure (SOP) of the method as a surveillance tool remains to be studied.

Objective To screen highly attractive formulations to Musca domestica under simulated field conditions in order to determine the optimal bait that can be commercialized for fly density monitoring. Methods Two different bait formulations were used on fly traps in a simulated field to compare their attraction effects. Results After two rounds of screening, SA-8 baits (50 g stale fish gel, 100 g brown sugar and 100 g water) were remarkably superior over other compounds considering the capture rate and cost-effectiveness; its capture rate (36.95%) was higher than that of sugar-vinegar baits (12.64%) with significant difference (χ²＝214.35, P＜0.01). Conclusion SA-8 could be subject to the field test as a candidate bait for further verification of its attraction effect on M. domestica and other fly species.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of 0.5% pyriproxyfen granules for control of Aedes albopictus, providing the basis for mosquito control drugs and techniques during the Shanghai World Expo. Methods Larvae immersion was conducted to determine the mortality, pupation and eclosion rates at different concentrations under laboratory conditions and simulated field conditions. The control effects at 0.06 and 0.08 mg/L on different larval instars were assessed. Pyriproxyfen was applied on-site to the breeding sites of Ae. albopictus (water wells and other water bodies) in residential areas, and the mosquito density was measured using the mosquito biting method. The larvae-containing water bodies were collected from the experiment field for further observation of larval growth and development. Results (1)At the concentration gradient from 0.06 to 0.12 mg/L, the mortality of larvae was 25.75%-49.00% and the pupation rate 31.19%-40.25% under laboratory conditions; adult mosquitoes did not emerge. The pupation rate of the control group was 99.25%, and the eclosion rate was 95.47%;(2)the tested agent inhibited the pupation and eclosion of multiple larval instars at 0.06 and 0.08 mg/L, and the eclosion rate decreased as the concentration rose; (3) under the simulated environment, pyriproxyfen effectively inhibited the pupation and eclosion of mosquitoes at a concentration of above 0.5 mg/L in the shade; and(4)the density of both larval and adult mosquitoes reduced sharply at the breeding sites after on-site application of pyriproxyfen granules, according to the investigation of breeding sites and adult mosquito biting method. Only 0.24%-0.71% of the larvae collected from the water bodies developed into adults. Conclusion Pyriproxyfen can inhibit the growth and development of Ae. albopictus larvae. 1 mg/L of pyriproxyfen can be directly applied to the breeding sites for mosquito control.

Disease vectors are basically organisms that transmit pathogens of various diseases. Shanghai World Expo is to be held during the peak period of disease vectors. Therefore, to reduce densities of disease vectors and lessen the threat of vector?borne diseases has become an important part of public health protection during the Expo. An expert consultation was convened to elaborate issues on the control of disease vectors throughout the Expo, and expert advice was adopted by relevant departments. In view of this, inspection of disease vectors in various industries of the city is further strengthened; technical documents of control measures applicable for the Expo are developed, and emergency response training and drills are improved for the professional and technical personnel of vector control. As a result, a solid foundation has been laid for public health protection, particularly the control of vectors, during the Expo.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To verify the effect of simvastatin on the population dynamics of Blattella germanica. Methods　Two groups of B.germanica were reared with feedstuff containing 0.001% simvastatin and common feed, respectively. The population quantity of different development stages of B.germanica and their constitution ratio were investigate after breeding for different time. Results　The quantity of adult cockroaches with oothecae in the tested group reduced gradually after treatment for two months, six months and eight months, respectively. Accordingly, the quantity of male and female adult cockroach also decreased gradually. The nymphae quantity after treated for four months was two times than that after treatment for two months. However, it decreased rapidly in the sixth month, and the quantity of female adults and adults with oothecae reduced to zero in the eighth month. The quantity of male adults and nymphae was 2 and 15, respectively. The quantity of adults with oothscae was all higher than the initial number after they were bred with common feed for two months and six months. But in the forth month, it decreased a little compared to the initial number. And, it was basically equal to the initial number in the eighth month. With the decrease of the adults with oothecae, the quantity of male and female adults also reduced gradually. Similar to the tested group, the nymphae quantity in the control group was the highest after breeding for four month, and then it gradually decreased. In the eighth month, there were 78 nymphae, 5 adult cockroaches with oothacae, 8 female adults and 12 male adults. Conclusion　B.germanica would lose the capability of its population restoration after breeding with feed containing 0.001% simvastatin for eighth months.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To compare biological characteristics and population dynamics of deltamethirn-resistance strain and susceptible strain of Aedes albopictus in the laboratory. Methods　Biological characteristics of two mosquito strains such as reproduction, development and bloodsucking were observed and recorded in the laboratory, and the life tables of them were established. Results　The hatching rate, pupation rate and emergence rate of resistance strain were lower than that of susceptible strains， decreasing about 16.67%, 8.92%, and 0.44% respectively, and the difference of them were significant（P＜0.05）. The bloodsucking rate and the quantity of female filial generation reproduced by each female of resistance strain were also lower than that of susceptible strain. R₀ and rm of resistance strain were 151.86 and 0.16 respectively, however that of susceptible strain were 177.18 and 0.20.  Conclusion　The resistance of Ae.albopictus to deltamethrin results in the decrease of adaptability to environment change and the disadvantage of reproduction.