Objective To study the rodent and cockroach infestations in underground tube wells in Beijing, China, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control strategies. Methods A total of 100 streets were selected in Beijing in 2019, and 50 underground tube wells were selected randomly in each street for monitoring (four times). Bait stealing and visual inspection were used for rodent and cockroach density monitoring, respectively. The data were recorded in Excel 2007 software, and a descriptive analysis was conducted. Results Among all the underground tube wells selected in Beijing, the mean value of rodent positivity was 1.06%, and the mean value of cockroach positivity was 0.04%. The number of rodent-positive tube wells was highest (28) in Chaoyang and Haidian districts and lowest (2) in Shunyi district. There were 7 cockroach-positive tube wells, 3 in Fengtai district, 3 in Xicheng district, and 1 in Dongcheng district. Compared with the rural areas, the urban areas had a higher rodent-positive rate of tube wells. Sewage wells had the highest rodent-positive rate (46.92%), followed by electric wells (26.07%) and other wells (12.79%). The main cockroach-infested wells were sewage wells, rainwater wells, and electric wells. Conclusion Varying degrees of rodent infestation were found in the underground tube wells of Beijing in 2019, more severe in the urban areas than in the rural areas. Some administrative divisions had cockroach infestation. Rodent prevention and control in underground tube wells must not be overlooked, and cockroach infestation in underground tube wells should also be closely monitored.

Objective To investigate the effect of residual spraying of lambda-cyhalothrin microcapsule suspension on hedgerow in preventing and controlling mosquitoes. Methods This test was initiated on August 13, 2015, with a duration of one month. Two areas (control area and test area) with similar natural conditions and mosquito density were studied. Residual spraying was implemented using low-volume spray on the leaves (especially the backside) of the hedgerow in the test area. The change in the density of adult mosquitoes after spraying was continuously monitored by the CO₂ lamp trapping method. The prevention and control effect was evaluated by the decrease rate (%) of relative density. Results After residual spraying of the hedgerow in the test area, the relative density of mosquitoes showed a decrease rate of more than 80% within 2 weeks and a decrease rate of more than 70% at 3 and 4 weeks after treatment as compared with those in the control area (no insecticide treatment). The study above was repeated once in the same place in mid-August, 2017, with the obtained results basically consistent with those in 2015. Conclusion Taking account of environmental safety and sustainable control of mosquitoes, it can achieve a good control effect on relatively high-density adult mosquitoes by standardized residual spraying on hedgerow using proper insecticides and dosage forms under feasible application environments and conditions accompanied by environmental control measures.

Objective To investigate the biting rate dynamics of mosquitoes in Beijing Olympic Forest Park (BOFP), and to analyze the correlation between biting rate and the population density measured by the lamp trapping method. Methods A dynamic monitoring of the biting rate and population density of mosquitoes was conducted by human landing catch and CO₂ trapping lamp from July to September, 2013. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between the mosquito density measured by the lamp trapping method and biting rate, and a linear regression analysis was used to build a linear model for prediction of the biting rate based on the mosquito density measured using the CO₂ trapping lamp. Results Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquito community in Beijing, followed by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. The biting rate of mosquitoes continuously increased from July to September, and a trough of lamp trapping mosquito density was detected in August. There was a linear correlation between lamp trapping mosquito density and biting rate in July and September, while there was no correlation between them in August. Conclusion The mosquito density measured by the lamp trapping method is closely correlated with the biting rate of mosquitoes. Cx. pipiens pallens is the dominant species of mosquito community in Beijing, and the probability of people being bitten by mosquitoes is significantly correlated with the population density of Cx. pipiens pallens.

Objective　To examine vector prevention and control practices for large-scale events in China by describing vector monitoring and control as a part of pest control operations (PCO) in the 2008 Beijing Olypmic Games. Methods　Candidate PCO companies were first screened, and eligible bid winners were then trained and tested, during which the services provided were supervised and inspected by the government designated agency. Results　The PCO companies achieved satisfying vector control rates during the 2008 Olympic Games. Conclusion　A government-funded pest control model for large-scale events has been established, which utilizes well-trained PCO companies under the management, coordination and supervision of health care administrators knowledgable of technical protocols formulated by the disease prevention and control system.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To analyse effect factors of trap method and bait method, and to discuss how to improve the accuracy of surveillance methods. Methods　Two methods combined with powder trace method were used in this study and its effect factors were analyzed. Results　The invalid areas surveyed by bait method accounted for 53%, suggesting that the inducement of sweet potato was very weak. Successful surveillance area accounted for 8% and 67% by trap method and powder?trace method, respectively, showing that the reason leading to the insensitivity of rodent to trap method was its strong repellence to new substance. Conclusion　There are many factors to affect the surveillance of rodent such as the repellence of rodent to new substance, the lure of baits, the abundance of food, the sensitivity of surveillance facility and the layout of surveillance sites. It is good to improve the accuracy of surveillance by single factor analysis.

　　【Abstract】　The rule of rodent control in village is parts of key technical standards regarding public health safety supported by the 11th five?year plan. To determine standard contents based on the reference of relevant standards at home and abroad, and to emphasize the rodent control technology in rural such as the put of baits, the establishment of prevention facilities and the elimination of rodent breeding sites. This article aims to discuss the writing significance, writing principle, working process as well as the problem in writing process.

　　【Abstract】　Objective　To summarize the successful experience and disadvantage for Beijing Olympic Game by analyzing the integrated vector management (IVM) strategy in green homeland media village.  Methods　The integrated management measure was used in this study in which the principles like “devoting main efforts into source reduction, putting chemical control first and combining physical control with environment management”. Results　Random investigation showed that above 80% people selected no vectors or seldom vectors. The density of mosquito and fly declined quickly, and the average densities of them were 18.5/lamp·2 h and 29.4/cage·d, which was little higher than that in the other nuclear areas. Rodent and cockroach density was 0. Conclusion　It is essential to define organization, carry out the responsibilities and eliminate the breeding site inside and outside of green homeland media village.

       【Abstract】　Objective　To predict the risk indicators of the harm caused by vectors and the occurrence of related diseases during the Olympic Games by risk recognition and assessment methods. To take response measure timely and reduce effectively the harm caused by vectors in order to prevent the occurrence and prevalence of vector?borne diseases. Methods　To grade the risk by analyzing the occurrence probability and consequence of risk event comprehensively. Firstly, educe the list and confirm the classification of the risk by literature consultation, empirical analysis, brain storm and expert advice. Secondly, judge the risk level by risk assessment index matrix method and provide the standard to the risk classification. Results　The vector?borne diseases and nuisance caused by vectors could be potential during the Olympic Games. For the probability of the public health event caused by vectors, it certainly happens for the biting and infestation of vectors, and probably occurs for environment disruption. It is rare for the occurrence of cables bitten by rodent and power apparatus disruption. The levels of the public health event damaged by vector are as follows: it is moderate harm for the cable bitten and electronic facility disruption, and it is slight harm for the vector biting and infestation or environment disruption. Conclusion　The goal that there is no serious harmful events caused by vectors during Beijing Olympic Games would be certainly realized by scientific recognition and assessment of the risk, comprehensive surveillance of vectors, integrated control, scientific using of pesticide, the organization of emergency response team and the generalization of advanced technology.

　　【Abstract】 　Objective　To know about the population distribution and seasonal fluctuation of main vectors by the successive monitoring from 2006 to 2008 in Beijing Olympic venues, and to provide the scientific basis for vector control. Methods 　The CO₂ trapping lamp method was used for the surveillance of mosquitoes, baited cage trapping method for the flies, night trapping method for rats and paste catching method for cockroaches. Results　Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquito, accounting for 96.94% of the caught mosquitoes in Beijing Olympic venues. The dominant species of fly was Sarcophaginae, accounting for 46.13 % of the caught flies. Mus musculus Linnaeus was the dominant species of rats, accounting for 63.30 % of the caught rats. Blattella germanica was the dominant species of cockroaches, and all the captured cockroaches were German cockroaches. Compared with 2006 and 2007, the density of main vectors decreased significantly in 2008. During the period of the Olympic Games, the density of main vectors had been in the low level. The density of mosquito declined 88.57% and 89.26%, 69.88% and 81.63% for the fly density, 100% for the rat density and 99.98% for the cockroach density. Conclusion　The density of main vectors decreased significantly during the period of Beijing Olympic Games. No serious harmful events caused by vectors occurred in Beijing 2008 Olympic Games. The goal about vector control had been realized completely.

Objective To investigate mosquito breeding at the victim temporary habitation of Jiuzhou gymnasium,and bring forward the control measure based on the investigation results.Methods Investigate the density of mosquito larva in the river and rice field by lava-spoon method,investigate in the downcomer,lawn,bamboo and wood by the check-container method and investigate the biting of mosquito to victims in the temporary habitation by inquiry method.Results With the coming of summer,the density of mosquito rose gradually,especially in the rice field.The density index was 0.028 lava/spoon on 29 May in east rice field of gymnasium,and 1.830 lava/spoon on 7 June.The density index increased 64 times within 9 days.Conclusion Control mosquito with the integrated management method,improve Jiuzhou gymnasium and circumjacent environments,and eliminate or control larva breeding sites.

Objective To improve original bait method,establish new bait-box method for monitoring rodent density,and primarily discuss the feasibility of the methods. Methods The quantity of bait eaten by rodents was observed. The masculine rate of bait-box and the bait's daily-losing-weight were tested in the area where the rodent density being in a high level. Results The masculine rate of bait-box and the bait's daily-losing-weight were linear interrelated. Two curves were fit logistic curve in density of rodent while the real density of rodent was relatively stable. They reach maximum and tend to be stable in 60th day. Conclusion This method is tend to monitor the density of rodent long at the same places.

Objective To study the effect of Empire 20 in field for cookroach control and to evolute the applied prospect of chlorphrifos in China. Methods Three kinds of field,one restaurant(A1),one eatery(A2) and one bakery(A3) and two concentration Empire 20 (100 fold and 50 fold dilurtions) were selected,the cockroach densities of experiment and control were tested before and after spraying with sticktrap adhesive method,and the longlasting efficacies were observed. Results The longlasting efficacy was poor effect for cockroach at A1 and A2 experimental area. The longlasting period was about ten days for A3,and met the need for field control. Conclusion The efficacy of killing and longlasting efficacy of Empire 20 for cockroach will be better if the longlasting insecticides is reserved at the environment.

Objective To explore the relativity between the bait palatability and efficacy.Methods The palatability of baits and gel baits keeping for 0/15/30 days under natural condition were tested.The efficacy of the baits and the gel baits were tested and LT₅₀ and 72 h mortality were calculated respectively.The relativity between palatability and efficacy was checked up.Results It is relative between palatability and efficacy of the baits and the gel baits keeping 0/15/30 days under natural condition.Conclusion The efficacy could be improved if palatability of the bait or gel bait was improved and holding water and antisepsis capability of gel bait under natural condition was improved.

Objective To compare difference of two methods for insecticide resistance detection in the resistance ratio of the German Cockroach,Blattella germanica.Methods Insecticide resistance was detected by methods of WHO and Atkinson & Zhai respectively.Results The resistance ratio(RR) measured by surface contact was 6.93 folds for permethrin,13.85 for deltamethrin and 5.60 for cypermethrin based on KT₅₀.As measured by topical application,the resistance ratio based on LD₅₀ was 22.17 folds for permethrin,64.32 for deltamethrin and 27.03 for cypermethrin.It means that the resistance ratios of this insect to permethrin,deltamethrin and cypermethrin by topical application were 3.20,4.64 and 4.83 times higher than that by surface contact method.Conclusion The results suggested that surface contact method do not accurately assess insecticides susceptibility in field populations of German cockroaches,topical application was more sensitive than surface contact tests for measuring insecticide resistance.

Objective To observe the effect of chain-bait Mortein Plus Nest Kill in all kind of condition and application foreground in fact.Methods To test the killing effect of the bait according to the national standard.To collect the dejecta and body of the cockroach as the food of the cockroach to the next experiment.Then,to test the chain effect to the imago and nymphae respectively.To test the effect with and without other food respectively.Results The killing effect of the bait reached the B level of the national standard and good chain effect to imago and nymphae.But the effect will go down if other food is available.Conclusion The Mortein Plus Nest Kill has chain-bait effect.